水通道蛋白-1在鼻息肉中的表达及其调节机制

目的：研究水通道蛋白-1(aquaporin1, AQP1)在鼻息肉组织中的表达,探讨其 与鼻息肉水肿形成及发展的关系。方法：取鼻中隔偏曲矫正术患者下鼻甲黏膜30例和鼻息肉组织60例。鼻息肉组Ⅱ型1期10例, 2期15例, 3期25例,Ⅲ型10例。采用免疫组织化学检测AQP1在不同类型及不同临床分期鼻息肉和下鼻甲黏膜组织中的表达及在不同类型鼻息肉组织中的表达。结果：（1）鼻息肉上皮层AQP1阳性细胞数显著高于下鼻甲黏膜(Ｐ＜0 01); 不同分型分期鼻息肉上皮层AQP1的阳性细胞数又有差异,Ⅱ型3期和Ⅲ型鼻息肉显著低于Ⅱ型1期鼻息肉(Ｐ＜0 01); 而在鼻息肉血管内皮及腺体细胞中的AQP1的表达明显高于下鼻甲(Ｐ＜0 01); （2）Ⅱ型3期和Ⅲ型鼻息肉血管内皮中AQP1阳性细胞数显著高于Ⅱ型1期鼻息肉和下鼻甲黏膜上皮下组织(Ｐ＜0 01)。结论：AQP1在鼻息肉组织中的异常表达可能与鼻息肉的发生和发展密切相关, 具体机制有待进一步研究。     

鼻腔应用丙酸氟替卡松对鼻息肉组织中水通道蛋白-2表达的影响

目的 :探讨鼻腔局部应用丙酸氟替卡松 (FP)喷雾剂对鼻息肉组织中水通道蛋白 2 (AQP 2 )表达的影响及类固醇激素治疗鼻息肉的作用机制。方法 :将 2 6例慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者分为Ⅱ型组 (3期Ⅱ型 14例 )和Ⅲ型组 (Ⅲ型 12例 ) ;Ⅱ型组又分为FP组 (7例 )和对照组 (7例 ) ,Ⅲ型组亦分为FP组 (6例 )和对照组 (6例 )。Ⅱ型组和Ⅲ型组中的FP组术前应用FP喷雾剂喷鼻 7d ,对照组术前鼻腔不予任何处理。术中取 2 6例患者的鼻息肉组织 ,采用SP免疫组化技术检测鼻息肉组织中AQP 2的表达。结果 :Ⅱ型组和Ⅲ型组中的FP组鼻息肉体积明显缩小 ,鼻息肉组织中AQP 2表达的阳性细胞数和面密度值均明显低于对照组 (均P <0 .0 1)。结论 :在FP作用下鼻息肉水肿减轻、体积缩小 ,可能与AQP 2表达减少有关 ,这为类固醇激素治疗鼻息肉作用机制的阐明提供了新的方向     

Tenascin在鼻息肉组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨Tenascin(TN)在鼻息肉组织中的表达和分布特征及其在鼻息肉发生中的可能作用。方法：采用免疫组化链霉菌抗生物素蛋白—过氧化物酶(SP)法检测24例鼻息肉标本(鼻息肉组)和15例慢性肥厚性鼻炎下鼻甲标本(下鼻甲组)中TN的表达，并以5例健康者(对照组)下鼻甲黏膜作对照。结果：鼻息肉组和下鼻甲组黏膜上皮细胞及腺上皮细胞均表达TN；鼻息肉组TN的黏膜上皮阳性细胞表达的吸光度值显著高于下鼻甲组(P＜0．01)；鼻息肉组TN的腺上皮阳性细胞表达的吸光度值显著高于下鼻甲组(P＜0．01)；对照组下鼻甲组织中黏膜上皮及腺体几乎检测不到TN的表达；鼻息肉组腺体TN阳性率明显高于下鼻甲组(P＜0．05)。结论：TN在鼻息肉组织中的高表达与鼻息肉的发生、发展相关；TN在鼻腔内的表达细胞是黏膜上皮细胞和浆液性腺上皮细胞。     

水通道蛋白-5在人鼻息肉组织中的表达及与复发的关系

目的观察水通道蛋白-5（aquaporin-5，AQP5）在鼻息肉组织及正常下鼻甲黏膜组织中不同部位的表达及分布；观察AQP5在鼻息肉术后未复发及复发患者鼻息肉组织中的表达及分布；研究AQP5在鼻息肉发病机制中的作用；初步探讨AQP5在鼻息肉中的表达程度与鼻息肉复发的关系。方法取63例鼻息肉组织和13例下鼻甲组织，应用HE染色和免疫组织化学技术检NIAQP5在下鼻甲黏膜组织和鼻息肉组织中的阳性细胞的表达及分布；检NIAQP5在未复发和复发患者鼻息肉组织中的阳性细胞的表达。结果鼻息肉上皮细胞层AQP5阳性细胞表达与下鼻甲比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；鼻息肉固有层腺体AQP5阳性细胞表达比下鼻甲显著增高，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；鼻息肉血管及血窦内皮细胞AQP5阳性细胞表达比下鼻甲增高，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；AQP5在鼻息肉患者术后未复发组中的阳性细胞表达显著降低，与复发组比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论AQP5可能参与鼻息肉组织黏膜水肿的形成。AQP5的高表达可能与术后鼻息肉复发有一定关系。     

水通道蛋白1在鼻息肉组织中的表达

目的：明确水通道蛋白（Aquaporin 1,AQP1)在鼻息肉组织的表达及分布并探讨其与鼻息肉组织水肿的关系。方法：取正常下鼻甲组织14例和鼻息肉组织26例，4％多聚甲醛固定，石蜡包埋，连续切片，应用免疫组织化学技术检测AQP1蛋白在鼻息肉组织的表达及分布，结果：鼻息肉组AQP1在血管内皮，浆液性腺中的阳性细胞表达率显著高于正常下鼻甲（P＜0．01），而下鼻甲组AQP1在上皮细胞层和纤毛细胞层的阳性细胞表达率显著高于鼻息肉组。结论：提示AQP1在鼻息肉中的高表达与鼻息肉组织水肿的发生密切相关，具体调控机制有待进一步明确。     

水通道蛋白1在鼻息肉组织中的表达

目的明确水通道蛋白1(Aquaporin1,AQP1)在鼻息肉组织的表达及分布并探讨其与鼻息肉组织水肿的关系.方法取正常下鼻甲组织14例和鼻息肉组织26例,4%多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,连续切片,应用免疫组织化学技术检测AQP1蛋白在鼻息肉组织的表达及分布.结果鼻息肉组AQP1在血管内皮,浆液性腺中的阳性细胞表达率显著高于正常下鼻甲(P＜0.01);而下鼻甲组AQP1在上皮细胞层和纤毛细胞层的阳性细胞表达率显著高于鼻息肉组.结论提示AQP1在鼻息肉中的高表达与鼻息肉组织水肿的发生密切相关,具体调控机制有待进一步明确.     

蛋白激酶C导致鼻息肉组织中嗜酸粒细胞浸润增多

目的　探讨蛋白激酶C (proteinkinaseC ,PKC)在鼻息肉组织中嗜酸粒细胞 (eosinophlis,EOS)浸润增多的意义。方法　采用原位杂交和免疫组化法 ,对 2 6例鼻息肉组织和 2 0例下鼻甲黏膜进行PKC和促细胞凋亡基因Bax、抑凋亡基因B细胞淋巴瘤、白血病 2 (B celllymphoma leukemia 2 ,Bcl 2 )进行检测 ;用May Gr櫣ｎｗａｌｄ Giemsa(MGG)常规染色鉴别EOS。结果　①EOS中Bcl 2mRNA及其蛋白的阳性细胞表达率鼻息肉组均高于下鼻甲组 (P <0 0 1) ,而鼻息肉组EOS中BaxmRNA及其蛋白的阳性细胞的表达率均略高于下鼻甲组 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;②鼻息肉组 2 6例EOS中均有PKC表达 ,而下鼻甲组EOS只有 7例偶有PKC表达。 2组标本EOS中PKC的表达率差异有显著性。且鼻息肉组嗜酸细胞中PKC与Bcl 2mRNA及其蛋白的表达分别呈明显的正相关 (r1 =0 0 875 ,r2 =0 0 82 3,P <0 0 1)。结论　鼻息肉EOS中PKC表达增多与凋亡抑制密切相关 ,推测激活PKC传导途径是鼻息肉组织EOS凋亡抑制之一     

鼻息肉中环氧化酶2的表达及意义

目的探讨环氧化酶2(COX2)在鼻息肉组织中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组织化学ABC法对48例鼻息肉(按鼻窦炎鼻息肉临床分型分期标准分为A、B两组,A组包括Ⅱ型1、2期鼻窦炎鼻息肉共27例;B组包括Ⅱ型3期及Ⅲ型鼻窦炎鼻息肉共21例)和30例正常下鼻甲黏膜中COX2的表达进行检测。结果COX2在鼻息肉中的表达明显高于正常下鼻甲黏膜(P<0.05),而B组鼻息肉中COX2的表达亦高于A组鼻息肉(P<0.05)。结论COX2在鼻息肉组织中的高表达可能是鼻息肉发生、发展诸多因素中的重要因素之一。     

还氧合酶-2与鼻息肉发病的关系

目的探讨还氧合酶-2(COX-2)在鼻息肉组织中的表达,分析它在鼻息肉发病过程中的作用,为鼻息肉发病机制的研究提供理论依据,并为鼻息肉的药物治疗寻找新的特异性靶点。方法选取34例未应用任何药物的鼻息肉手术组织标本,根据1997年海口会议标准,分为鼻息肉A组（Ⅱ型1、2期鼻窦炎鼻息肉）和鼻息肉B组（Ⅱ型3期及Ⅲ型鼻窦炎鼻息肉）。同时取10例手术患者的下鼻甲游离缘作为正常对照。采用免疫组织化学SP法对鼻息肉和正常下鼻甲黏膜组织中的COX-2进行观测并拍照。采用JD901图像分析软件分析阳性染色面积和染色密度。结果 COX2在正常下鼻甲黏膜组织中无或极少量表达,在鼻息肉组织中均显示高表达（P<0.01）;Ⅲ型鼻息肉组织中的阳性表达面积和密度均高于Ⅱ型鼻息肉组(P<0.05)。结论COX-2在鼻息肉组织中高表达,且与鼻息肉的分型有关,表明其催化产物PGE2参与了鼻息肉的发生发展。     

水通道蛋白-5在人鼻息肉组织中的表达

目的：探讨水通道蛋白-5(aquaporin-5,AQP-5)在维护正常鼻生理功能及在鼻息肉发病机制中的作用;明确AQP-5在下鼻甲和鼻息肉组织中不同部位的表达及分布。方法：取30例鼻息肉组织和12例下鼻甲组织,用4%多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,连贯切片,应用免疫组织化学技术检测AQP-5在下鼻甲黏膜组织和鼻息肉组织中的阳性细胞的表达及分布。结果：下鼻甲AQP-5的黏膜固有层腺体的阳性细胞表达显著高于鼻息肉组织;而鼻息肉组织AQP-5的血管内皮的阳性细胞表达则显著高于下鼻甲黏膜组织。结论：AQP-5在鼻息肉组织固有层毛细血管及血窦内皮细胞呈过度表达,在腺体表达减少,AQP-5在病理状态下对鼻息肉的形成有一定作用。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.