Metatarsal osteotomy in rheumatoid arthritis

Thirty-eight feet in 28 patients with rheumatoid forefoot deformity were operated on with a proximal valgus osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone to reduce splaying of the forefoot. Each patient also underwent additional surgical procedures for associated conditions of the forefoot. The mean follow-up period was 3.7 years. Both the entire forefoot and the medial border of the foot were substantially improved in all but 2 cases. Residual symptoms were slightly more pronounced in the anterior footpad and the lesser toes (5 cases).

A proximal valgus osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone, performed in combination with other surgical procedures, affords a good correction of the rheumatoid foot deformity with long-term improvement.     

Joint-preserving surgery in rheumatoid forefoot: preliminary study with more-than-two-year follow-up

The authors propose a joint-preserving surgery for rheumatoid forefoot deformities as an alternative to the "classic" surgical approach to the rheumatoid forefoot. The main principle is joint preservation by shortening osteotomies of all the metatarsals performed at the primary location of the rheumatoid forefoot lesions, namely the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints and metatarsal heads. A scarf osteotomy is normally performed on the first ray. A Weil osteotomy is performed on the lesser metatarsals. Excellent correction of the hallux valgus deformity in the rheumatoid forefoot can be achieved with a scarf osteotomy in 92% of cases without the need for MTP joint arthrodesis. Similarly, 86% of the lateral metatarsal heads can be preserved using Weil osteotomies.     

Pedal ectrodactyly: a case report with a new surgical management.

A case report is presented regarding a patient with type IV bilateral ectrodactyly treated with a double surgical approach: in forefoot to correct the malformation and in rearfoot to prevent secondary deformity of the subtalar joint. The forefoot was enlarged and in particular the second and third rays were absent. There was also a metatarsus primus varus with interphalangeal hallux abductus. The second cuneiform bone was removed with a wedge resection of the midfoot. The reduction in transverse diameter of the forefoot was obtained by cerclage of the first and fourth metatarsal bones. For hallux valgus, a percutaneous distal osteotomy of the proximal phalanx was performed. Several months after the forefoot correction, subtalar joint pronation was noted secondary to the altered forefoot mechanics and was treated with a subtalar Arthroereisis. The contralateral foot was addressed using similar techniques, except all procedures were done in a single surgical session. A favorable outcome for the patient 1 year and 6 months after surgery seems to justify this approach.     

Rheumatoid Forefoot Reconstruction in Nonrheumatic Patients: Lesser Metatarsal Head Resection versus Osteotomy

In the literature, first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis with lesser metatarsal head resection seems to be a reliable procedure in rheumatoid foot deformity. Maybe this procedure could be proposed in nonrheumatoid severe forefoot deformity (hallux valgus angle >40° and lesser metatarsophalangeal dislocation). The aim of this study was to compare radiological and clinical outcomes between lesser metatarsal head resection and lesser metatarsal head osteotomy in nonrheumatoid patients. Thirty-nine patients (56 feet) suffering from well-defined nonrheumatoid severe forefoot deformity were retrospectively enrolled in our institution between 2009 and 2015. Metatarsal head resection and metatarsal head osteotomy represented 13 patients (20 feet) and 26 patients (36 feet), respectively. In this observational study, a rheumatoid population (21 patients) was included as the control. The clinical outcome measures consisted of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score, Foot and Ankle Ability Measurement, and Short Form-36. The radiological outcomes were: intermetatarsal angle, hallux valgus angle, and metatarsophalangeal alignment. Mean follow-up was 24 months. Satisfaction rate was, respectively, 92% for resection, 91% for osteotomy procedure, and 80% for surgery in rheumatoid patients. Short Form-36 global score was, respectively, 80.7 (52.5-96.4), 76 (57.7-93), and 68.3 (22.6-86). No functional outcome difference was found between resection and osteotomy procedures, except that the metatarsal head resection group had poorer results in sports activities than the osteotomy group. Complications were similar between osteotomy and resection (p > .05). The radiological outcomes were improved significantly from preoperative to postoperative. First metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis with lesser metatarsal head resection in nonrheumatoid severe forefoot deformity might be a good therapeutic option.     

Scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus correction. Local anatomy, surgical technique, and combination with other forefoot procedures

At first, scarf osteotomy can be technically demanding. The aim of the author has been to develop an efficient technique, make it easier and more accurate, and to achieve immediate reproducibility of results. Neither the skin incision nor the length of the osteotomy result in postoperative edema, whereas the strong fixation enables very early functional recovery. Complications are rare and avoidable. The sum of the scarf's advantages results in a reliable surgical procedure. The scarf osteotomy is extremely versatile, because it allows a wide range of fragment displacement. This is why the scarf is not a single osteotomy but several. This means its indications are broad, from mild to the most advanced deformities, including arthritic, juvenile, iatrogenic, and even rheumatoid hallux valgus. The contraindications of scarf osteotomy are a very large hallux valgus deformity with a very thin first metatarsal; extremely deformed MPT joint, and hallux valgus combined with a severe pes planus and hypermobility of the first metatarsal (the Lapidus procedure is preferable at this stage). Finally, we should remember the two following points: 1. Whatever the indication, the scarf first metatarsal osteotomy is only one of the four steps necessary for correcting hallux valgus deformity: a) MTP lateral release, b) Scarf osteotomy, c) medial capsulorraphy, and d) great toe proximal osteotomy. 2. The scarf is just one element of the different procedures, including the Weil lesser ray osteotomy, which allow precise forefoot management according to each static disorder. These techniques have very significantly extended the indications for most static disorders where corrective surgery preserves the joints and their mobility.     

Hallux Valgus With Second Brachymetatarsia Discovered Accidentally: A Case Report

Hallux valgus deformity is one of the most common foot and ankle diseases, while brachymetatarsia is a rare foot anomaly with pathological shortening of a metatarsal bone. We present a case of hallux valgus deformity possibly due to second brachymetatarsia. As the hallux valgus was associated with dorsal dislocation of the second toe that made it difficult to evaluate the length of the second toe, the patient was unaware of the second metatarsal shortening until the lengths of the toes compared by manual reposition of the second MTP joint. In this case, proximal osteotomy of the first metatarsal on the hallux valgus and single-stage bone lengthening of the second metatarsal with iliac bone grafting on the second brachymetatarsia were performed. One year after the operation, the callosity of the third toe resolved and the clinical scores were improved. In the case of a hallux valgus deformity with second dorsal dislocation of the toes, surgeons should consider that there are rare cases with second metatarsal shortening. When hallux valgus associated with second brachymetatarsia is diagnosed, second metatarsal lengthening should be considered in addition to hallux valgus surgery.     

Hypermobility of the first metatarsal bone in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis treated by lapidus procedure

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Foot deformities and related problems of the forefoot are very common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The laxity of the medial cuneometatarsal joint and its synovitis are important factors in the development of forefoot deformity. The impaired joint causes the first metatarsal bone to become unstable in the frontal and sagittal planes. In this retrospective study we evaluated data of patients with rheumatoid arthritis who underwent Lapidus procedure. We evaluated the role of the instability in a group of patients, focusing mainly on the clinical symptoms and X-ray signs of the instability. METHODS: The study group included 125 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The indications of the Lapidus procedure were a hallux valgus deformity greater than 15 degrees and varus deformity of the first metatarsal bone with the intermetatarsal angle greater than 15 degrees on anterio-posterior weight-bearing X-ray. RESULTS: Data of 143 Lapidus procedures of 125 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2010 was evaluated. Signs and symptoms of the first metatarsal bone instability was found in 92 feet (64.3 %) in our group. The AOFAS score was 48.6 before and 87.6 six months after the foot reconstruction. Nonunion of the medial cuneometatarsal joint arthrodesis on X-rays occurred in seven feet (4.9 %). CONCLUSION: The Lapidus procedure provides the possibility to correct the first metatarsal bone varus position and its instability, as well as providing the possibility to achieve a painless foot for walking. We recommend using the procedure as a preventive surgery in poorly symptomatic patients with rheumatoid arthritis in case of the first metatarsal bone hypermobility.     

Shortening Proximal Chevron Metatarsal Osteotomy for Patients With a Hallux Valgus Deformity With Advanced Arthritis

To correct hallux valgus deformities in patients with advanced arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, we designed a new reverse chevron-type shortening osteotomy technique that could be used to correct valgus deformities at the proximal metatarsal level, as well as shorten and lower the metatarsal, in a 1-time procedure. Sixteen feet in 16 patients with a minimum of 18 months follow-up who underwent a shortening proximal chevron metatarsal osteotomy for a hallux valgus deformity with advanced arthritic change between January 2014 and March 2016 were reviewed in this study. Double chevron osteotomies with 20° of plantar-ward obliquity at the proximal metatarsal level were made at 5-mm intervals for simultaneous valgus correction and metatarsal shortening. An additional Weil osteotomy of the second metatarsal was performed in all feet. Patients’ mean age was 57.88 ± 6.55 years. The deformity was satisfactorily corrected by the operation. The first metatarsal was shortened by approximately 8.75 mm, and the relative length of the second metatarsal did not differ significantly postoperatively (p?=?.179). The relative second metatarsal height, as seen on forefoot axial radiographs, was maintained constantly, with no significant difference (p?=?.215). No painful plantar callosity or transfer metatarsalgia under the second metatarsal head was observed postoperatively. A shortening proximal chevron metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus deformities with advanced arthritic change showed a good result with respect to deformity correction and pain relief. Appropriate lowering and an additional Weil osteotomy effectively prevented postoperative pain and painful callosity under the second metatarsal head.     

Hallux metatarsophalangeal arthroplasty in the rheumatoid forefoot

Surgical options for treatment of the hallux valgus deformity in the rheumatoid forefoot are numerous, but long-term results of many of these procedures have been less than satisfactory. Controversy exists as to whether excision or fusion is preferred for the treatment of the hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. The role of replacement arthroplasty needs to be evaluated. The available surgical options for treatment of the arthritic first MTP joint in rheumatoid arthritis include arthrodesis, excision of the metatarsal head with or without interposition of the soft tissues, excision of the proximal phalanx, and silicone hinge replacement. This article discusses the various types of arthroplasty of the first MTP joint and the reported outcomes in the rheumatoid forefoot.     

Analysis of results of treatment of hallux valgus by Dega osteotomy]

The evaluation included sixty eight feet (forty one patients) treated with Dega osteotomy for hallux valgus deformity. Patient's average age at the time of surgery was 47 years (ranging from 11 to 65). The average duration of follow-up was 4.5 years (ranging from 2 to 10). The clinical and X-ray examination found good results in 29% of cases, fair results in 59% and poor results in 12% of cases. Fair results were associated with persistent wide forefoot and shortening of first metatarsal bone. Poor results were associated with persistent valgus deformity of hallux, jatrogenic hallux varus (2 cases), shortening of first metatarsal bone amounting to more than 1.0 cm.     

Joint preserving surgery for rheumatoid forefoot deformities improves pain and corrects deformity at midterm follow-up

BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that commonly affects the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints. Conventional surgical treatment involves joint-sacrificing surgery to relieve pain and correct deformity.ObjectivesWe retrospectively reviewed 49 patients with rheumatoid forefoot deformities who underwent 66 joint preserving procedures with Scarf osteotomy of the first metatarsal and Weil's shortening osteotomy of the lesser metatarsals.MethodThere were 5 males and 44 females with mean age 56.1 years and mean follow-up 51 months. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically with hallux valgus angle (HVA) and inter-metatarsal angle (IMA).ResultsMean AOFAS score improved from 39.8 preoperatively to 88.7 at final follow-up. Subjectively patients reported their outcome as excellent in 49 feet (74%), good in 9 feet, fair in 7 feet and poor in 1 foot. Five feet had residual stiffness and 11 residual pain. Mean HVA and IMA decreased from 32° to 14° and from 15° to 11° respectively.ConclusionIn intermediate to severe stages of the disease, joint preserving surgery by Scarf osteotomy of the first MTP joint and Weil osteotomy of the lesser metatarsals may be performed as an alternative to joint-sacrificing procedures and should be considered as a complement to the various surgical treatments of the rheumatoid forefoot.     

Forces under the hallux valgus foot before and after surgery.

Abnormalities in the hallux valgus foot and changes after surgery were investigated by measuring the distribuiion of load on the foot in walking. Hallux valgus was associated with reduced load imposed on the toes, and on the medial side of the forefoot, compared with a large sample of healthy feet. Abnormalities correlated with the degree of the deformity. Both Keller's operation and a wedge displacement osteotomy of the first metatarsal not only failed to restore normal loading but increased the abnormalities of loading seen preoperatively. A large decrease in the angle between first and second metatarsals as a result of surgery minimized this increase. A silastic arthroplasty did not carry high loads when used to treat hallux valgus, but near normal loads were imposed on it when used for hallux rigidus. Considerable variability was found in the loading distribution on the healthy feet. The distribution between first and second metatarsal heads was partially dependent upon their protrusions, relative to the direction of walking. The changes in the relationships between the loadings on the forefoot and skeletal shape in response to surgical operations are important for our understanding of treatment of the hallux valgus foot.     

Plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy for correction of fixed forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformity

BACKGROUND: Flatfoot presents as a wide spectrum of foot deformities that include varying degrees of hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and forefoot varus. Medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy, lateral column lengthening, and subtalar fusion can correct heel valgus, but may not adequately correct the fixed forefoot varus component. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform (Cotton) osteotomy in the correction of forefoot varus. METHODS: Sixteen feet (15 patients) had plantarflexion opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomies to correct forefoot varus associated with flatfoot deformities from several etiologies, including congenital flatfoot (six feet, average age 37 years), tarsal coalition (five feet, average age 15 years), overcorrected clubfoot deformity (two feet, ages 17 years and 18 years), skewfoot (one foot, age 15 years), chronic posterior tibial tendon insufficiency (one foot, 41 years), and rheumatoid arthritis (one foot, age 56 years). RESULTS: Standing radiographs showed an average improvement in the anterior-posterior talo-first metatarsal angle of 7 degrees (9 degrees preoperative, 2 degrees postoperative). The talonavicular coverage angle improved an average of 15 degrees (20 degrees preoperative, 5 degrees postoperative). The lateral talo-first metatarsal angle improved an average of 14 degrees (-13 degrees preoperative, 1 degree postoperative). Correcting for radiographic magnification, the distance from the mid-medial cuneiform to the floor on the lateral radiograph averaged 40 mm preoperatively and 47 mm postoperatively (average improvement 7 mm). All patients at followup described mild to no pain with ambulation. There were no nonunions or malunions. CONCLUSIONS: Opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy is an important adjunctive procedure to correct the forefoot varus component of a flatfoot deformity. Advantages of this technique in comparison to first tarsometatarsal arthrodesis include predictable union, preservation of first ray mobility, and the ability to easily vary the amount of correction. Because of the variety of hindfoot procedures done in these patients, the degree of hindfoot correction contributed by the cuneiform osteotomy alone could not be determined. We have had excellent results without major complications using this technique.     

Ludloff截骨治疗中重度拇外翻的临床疗效观察

目的研究Ludloff截骨术对中、重度拇外翻的治疗效果。方法 2007年9月至2008年10月对26例（34足）中、重度拇外翻患者使用Ludloff截骨配合远端软组织手术进行矫形手术治疗,截骨使用螺钉固定。男4例,女22例,年龄48～67岁,平均58岁。术后采用AOFAS评分对患足进行临床功能评价,同时拍负重位足的正侧位X线片进行影像学评价,比较术后AOFAS评分及跖拇角和第一二跖间角的变化,了解患者的满意程度。结果平均随访时间25个月（19～36个月）。在最后一次随访时,31足基本无痛,3足偶有疼痛或轻微疼痛。患者对拇外翻畸形纠正满意。AOFAS评分为从术前的51分（27～65分）提高到术后的88分（72～96分）,HVA从术前的31°（21°～42°）改善为10.3°（7°～15°）,IMA从术前的17°（16°～23°）改善为术后的7.8°（6°～10°）。23例（31足）患者对治疗效果满意,3例（3足）比较满意。所有患者均对外形满意。没有严重的并发症出现。结论 Ludloff截骨术是治疗中重度拇外翻可靠有效的方法。     

Surgical treatment of severe hallux valgus: the state of practice among academic foot and ankle surgeons

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the operative procedures used for treatment of severe hallux valgus by academic foot and ankle surgeons practicing in the United States. METHODS: A patient with severe hallux valgus deformity was developed as a hypothetical case: a 50-year-old woman with a severe deformity (intermetatarsal angle = 20 degrees; hallux valgus angle = 42 degrees). The patient was symptomatic with pain, did not improve with conservative measures, and wanted the deformity corrected. This case was sent to academic foot and ankle surgeons in a survey to determine their preferred operative treatment for this case. The overall response rate was 84% (128 of 153). To be included in the study group each surgeon had to have 1) foot and ankle patients comprising 50% or more of his clinical practice and 2) direct responsibility for teaching orthopaedic residents. One hundred and five respondents met the inclusion criteria and formed the study group; however, three surveys with invalid responses were deleted. RESULTS: Fifty-two percent (54 of 102) of the respondents chose a metatarsal osteotomy, 26% (26 of 102) a first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthrodesis, and 24% (24 of 102) a Lapidus procedure. Two respondents chose both an arthrodesis and a metatarsal osteotomy. Among the 54 respondents who chose metatarsal osteotomies, 24 used a Ludloff, 16 a proximal crescentic, eight a proximal chevron, two a scarf, two a distal chevron, and two other. In addition, secondary procedures to enhance the correction included a Weil osteotomy in 46% (47 of 102) and an Akin osteotomy in 30% (31 of 102). CONCLUSIONS: There was a wide variation in the type of procedure used to correct this severe hallux valgus deformity; approximately 50% of the respondents chose a metatarsal osteotomy, 25% chose a first MTP joint arthrodesis, and 25% a Lapidus procedure.     

Percutaneous double metatarsal osteotomy for correction of severe hallux valgus deformity

Double osteotomy of the first metatarsal is an option in treatment of severe hallux valgus deformity. Good short-term results have been reported with percutaneous surgery in hallux valgus with moderate deformity. We report short-term results with percutaneous double osteotomy of the first metatarsal in severe deformities. This is a prospective study of 6 patients with severe hallux valgus deformity who were treated with percutaneous double osteotomy of the first metatarsal (proximal closing wedge and distal chevron osteotomy) in 2008. They were assessed preoperatively and one year and two years after surgery, with clinical and radiological AOFAS MTP-IP score. All patients were satisfied. The AOFAS score improved from 34 to 84. The postoperative radiological assessment showed significant improvement, compared with preoperative values of the intermetatarsal and hallux valgus angles. No complications were encountered. Post-operative stiffness of the first MT joint was observed but resolved after physiotherapy. This preliminary study showed that correction of severe hallux valgus deformity by percutaneous double osteotomy can achieve good clinical and radiological results. A larger number of cases with a longer follow-up is needed to firmly demonstrate the advantages of this technique compared with classical open surgical techniques in the treatment of severe hallux valgus deformities.     

足横弓重建法治疗外翻

目的 :介绍一种伴有足横弓塌陷的严重外翻的手术方法。方法 :12例伴有足横弓塌陷的严重的外翻足首先经X线、CT检测其三维畸形程度 ,而后手术中采用第一跖骨基底截骨 ,远端外推、下压、外旋以纠正第一跖骨的三维畸形 ,恢复足横弓正常形态 ,矫形位置以克氏针固定 :对外翻角 (HVA)的纠正采用常规第一跖趾关节软组织手术。结果 :术后 3～ 12月随访 ,优 6例、良 4例、中 2例 ,优良率 83 % ,其中 ,前足底中部痛性胼胝均有明显减轻。结论 :足横弓重建手术是严重外翻较好的选择术式。     

Minimally Invasive Retrocapital Osteotomy of the First Metatarsal in Hallux Valgus Deformity

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous retrocapital distal osteotomy of the first metatarsal for surgical treatment of hallux valgus. INDICATIONS: Mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity in both juveniles and adults. Recurrent hallux valgus deformity after previous surgery. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Severe degenerative changes of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (hallux valgus et rigidus). Previous Keller's procedure. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A percutaneous distal linear osteotomy of the first metatarsal is performed and stabilized with a Kirschner wire. The surgical technique follows these steps: distal Kirschner wire insertion; skin incision; sparse periosteal detachment; distal retrocapital osteotomy of the first metatarsal; correction of the first intermetatarsal angle by lateral displacement of the capital fragment; stabilization with Kischner wire insertion into the proximal metatarsal; postoperative taping. RESULTS: The patients were satisfied following 107 (91%) of 118 consecutive percutaneous procedures with a follow-up of 35.9 months (range 24-78 months). According to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux metatarsophalangeal-interphalangeal scale for the clinical assessment, a mean score of 88.2 +/- 12.9 was obtained at follow-up. The clinical results can be compared to those obtained with open techniques, with the advantages of a minimally invasive procedure.     

Percutaneous sagittal plane closing wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal

Osteotomy of the first metatarsal in the sagittal plane is useful in correction of numerous deformity of the foot. Plantarflexion osteotomy of the first metatarsal can be used to treat hallux rigidus, hallux limitus, forefoot varus in flatfoot deformity and iatrogenic metatarsus primus elevates. Dorsiflexion osteotomy of the first metatarsal is an important component in surgical correction of pes cavus. It is also indicated in recalcitrant diabetic neuropathic ulcers at the first metatarsal head. We described a minimally invasive technique of sagittal plane corrective osteotomy of the first metatarsal, which can be either a plantarflexion or dorsiflexion one.     

Hallux Valgus Surgery in the Athlete: Current Evidence

Hallux valgus is a common disorder characterized by a medial deviation of the 1st metatarsal, eventually leading to subluxation and pain of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint. This can inhibit sports activity. Despite being a common forefoot pathology, debate exists regarding the appropriate surgical approach in the athletic population. Paucity in literature exists with reporting of outcomes of 1st metatarsal procedures leading to best outcomes. This review was able to identify 5 studies of surgical correction of hallux valgus in athletes published to date. The aim is to guide the physician in treating athletes with hallux valgus deformity. Currently, the literature supports distal 1st metatarsal osteotomy (Chevron) with a return to activity of approximately 3 months for mild to moderate deformity, and the Ludloff osteotomy for moderate to severe deformity at a slightly slower time frame of return to sports. At best, the Lapidus procedure allows approximately 80% of patients to return to activity. Studies need to document activity level and return to sport in order to help guide treatment.