体表心电图特征对典型的房室结折返性心动过速和房室折返性心动过速的鉴别作用

对150例射频消融明确诊断的窄QRS心动过速患者的窦性心律和发作室上性心动过速时的心电图进行分析,从而归纳出典型的房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)和房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)心电图特征的差异.结果 5项心电图指标对区分这两种心动过速类型有意义.认为对于AVNRT有预测作用的为伪r′波(V1导联)和伪S波(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联).对于AVRT有预测作用的为逆传P波,RP′间期≥70 ms及ST段改变.     

阵发性房室结及房室折返性心动过速导致的人心房有效不应期的变化

目的 :探讨阵发性房室结折返性心动过速 （AVNRT）和房室折返性心动过速 （AVRT）对人心房有效不应期（ERP）的影响。方法 :对 86例住院进行电生理检查和 （或 ）导管射频消融术中出现自发或诱发的 AVNRT和 AVRT患者 ,分别于 AVNRT和 AVRT发生前及发生终止后在 5 0 0 ,4 0 0和 30 0 ms等不同基础周长下测量心房 ERP。结果 :阵发性 AVNRT和 AVRT持续时间分别为 14± 6 m in及 14± 7min。AVNRT和 AVRT终止后即刻心房 ERP缩短 ,与各自心动过速前相比均 P<0 .0 1。该缩短改变可以在 5 m in内恢复。结论 :阵发性 AVNRT和 AVRT可以使人心房 ERP缩短 ,造成短暂心房电重构     

从慢慢型和慢快型房室结折返性心动过速电生理特性的差异分析折返环的不同

目的从慢慢型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）和慢快型AVNRT的电生理特性的差异分析两型AVNRT间折返环的不同.方法在500例AVNRT患者中的59例慢慢型和60例慢快型之间,比较部分电生理特性的异同;同时在部分慢慢型和慢快型患者中应用2种方法（1）比较起搏时和心动过速时的HA间期的长度;（2）比较心动过速时心室刺激重整心动过速的不同.比较下传共径（LCP）的异同.结果慢慢型的前传慢径和逆传慢径有明显不同的传导时间;慢慢型的逆传慢径与慢快型的逆传快径有明显不同的传导时间和递减特性;和慢快型相比,2种方法均显示慢慢型有较长的LCP.结论 （1）慢慢型AVNRT中前传慢径和逆传慢径的传导时间明显不同;慢慢型较慢快型有较长的下传共径;（2）研究结果支持慢慢型AVNRT可能应用房室结的右侧后延伸和左侧后延伸分别形成心动过速的前传和逆传支而形成折返.     

心动过速发作时不同剂量的三磷酸腺苷对房室结快、慢径阻断作用的研究

在心动过速发作时 ,观察不同剂量的三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)对房室结 (AVN)快、慢径的阻断作用 ,进一步探讨快、慢径的电生理特性。对符合诊断的 2 4例房室结双径且可诱发出房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT)的病人进行研究 ,用食管调搏或心内电生理检查方法重复诱发心动过速。静脉给予不同剂量ATP ,以 0 .0 5mg/kg为起始剂量 ,0 .0 2 5mg/kg为递增量 ,直至ATP用量达 0 .2 0mg/kg。在AVNRT发作时 ,观察不同剂量的ATP对同一病人房室结快、慢径的阻断情况。在 2 0例 (83.3% )的患者中 ,ATP终止AVNRT于前传慢径 ,其ATP用量为 0 .119± 0 .0 43mg/kg;在 3例(12 .5 % )的患者中 ,ATP终止AVNRT于逆传快径 ,其用量为 0 .175± 0 .0 2 9mg/kg;在 1例 (4 .2 % )的患者中 ,较小剂量ATP终止AVNRT于前传慢径 ,递增剂量则终止于逆传快径。结论 :心动过速发作时较小剂量的ATP多使前传慢径阻断而较大剂量的ATP多使逆传快径阻断     

阵发性房室或房室结折返性心动过速患者射频消融治疗前后有关心房颤动的研究

心房颤动 (房颤 )是房室旁路参与的房室折返性心动过速 (AVRT )及阵发性房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT )患者常见的并发症 ,国外报道发生率为 19%～ 44% ,并因其对显性预激患者具有潜在的导致恶性室性心律失常、血栓栓塞及猝死的危险而倍受重视。射频消融治疗已成为目前治疗AVRT和AVNRT的一线治疗。本研究的目的是总结AVRT和AVNRT患者射频消融治疗前后房颤的发生情况 ,从而分析成功的射频消融慢径及房室旁路对房颤的预防作用。资料和方法对象为 1994年 1月～ 1999年 12月在我院导管室接受射频消融治疗成功的 90例AVRT和AVNRT…     

房室旁道合并房室结双径路形成的窄QRS波群心动过速

阵发性室上性心动过速中最常见的类型为房室旁道参与折返形成的顺向性房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）和房室结双径路折返引起的慢快型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）,两者均为窄QRS波群,心动过速频率又比较接近,有时较难鉴别。尤其隐匿性房室旁道合并存在房室结双径路者,因窦性心律时无心室预激表现,     

体表心电图对房室结折返性与房室折返性心动过速的鉴别诊断

为探讨体表心电图对房室结折返性和房室折返性心动过速的鉴别诊断价值,对以射频导管消融、心脏电生理检查、心外膜标测的方法确诊房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)和房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)的88例患者的室上性心动过速发作时心电图作对照研究。结果显示:(1)P'波出现率在AVNRT占33％,在AVRT占100％(P<0.01)。(2)R-P'间期<80ms时常见于AVNRT,而≥80ms多见于AVRT(P<0.01)。(3)AVNRT在下壁导联(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF)常见假性S波,而V_1导联常合并假性r波。(4)AVRT无文氏现象,但常出现束支传导阻滞改变且符合Coumel-Slama定律。认为以上特点对两者鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

消融房室结慢径路导致窦性心律时的长PR间期恢复正常

房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)是以房室结双径路为基础的折返性室上性心动过速。大多数患者窦性心律时体表心电图的PR间期在正常范围。本文报道1例消融术前窦性心律时伴长PR间期的AVNRT患者，消融房室结慢径路后PR间期恢复正常。     

慢快型房室结折返性心动过速的诱发及终止方式

慢快型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）是阵发性室上性心动过速的另一常见类型，有时在体表心电图不易与顺向性房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）鉴别。了解慢快型AVNRT的诱发和终止方式及其电生理特征，在与AVRT的诊断及鉴别诊断方面有着重要的临床意义。     

射频消融房室结慢径对老年人房室结电生理功能的影响

目的　分析和比较应用射频消融房室结慢径治疗房室结折返性心动过速对老年人和青年人房室结电生理功能的影响。方法　 76例仅患有慢 快型房室结折返性心动过速的患者分为两组 ,老年组 (≥ 6 0岁 ) 36例和青年组(14～ 4 5岁 ) 4 0例 ,均为行慢径消融术成功病例 ,对比消融前后和两组间的房室结功能参数 ,分析和比较这两组患者在射频消融前后房室结电生理特点的异同。结果　所有病例均消融成功。两组病例消融后较消融前房室结前传文氏周期及最长A2 H2 间期均缩短 ,而老年组的心动过速周长、消融前后窦性心率周长及消融后房室结前传文氏周期均较青年组延长。结论　老年人的房室结前传电生理特性较青年人为差 ,而对房室结折返性心动过速患者的慢径有效消融后 ,房室结电生理特性的变化规律不受年龄因素影响     

Influence of age and gender on the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of age and gender on the mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that PSVT mechanism may be influenced by age and gender, but contemporary data are limited. METHODS: In 1,754 patients undergoing catheter ablation of 1,856 PSVTs between 1991 and 2003, the mechanism was classified as atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), or atrial tachycardia (AT). Patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and age <5 years were excluded. RESULTS: The mean age was 45 +/- 19 years (range 5-96), and the majority were women (62%). Overall, AVNRT was the predominant mechanism (n = 1,042 [56%]), followed by AVRT (n = 500 [27%]) and AT (n = 315 [17%]). There was a strong relationship between age and PSVT mechanism; the proportion of AVRT in both sexes decreased with age, whereas AVNRT and AT increased (PM < .001 by ANOVA). The majority of patients with AVRT were men (273/500 [54.6%]), whereas the majority of patients with AVNRT and AT were women (727/1,042 [70%] and 195/315 [62%], respectively). The distribution of PSVT mechanism was significantly influenced by gender (P < .001). In women, 63% had AVNRT, 20% had AVRT, and 17.0% had AT. In men, 45% had AVNRT, 39% had AVRT, and 17% had AT. AVNRT replaced AVRT as the dominant PSVT mechanism at age 40 in men and at age 10 in women. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of PSVT in patients presenting for ablation is significantly influenced by both age and gender.     

Paroxysmal regular supraventricular tachycardia: the diagnostic accuracy of the transesophageal ventriculo-atrial interval

Objective: To establish the diagnostic accuracy of the transesophageal ventriculo‐atrial (VA) interval in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and normal baseline electrocardiogram (ECG). Methods: The transesophageal VA interval during tachycardia was recorded in 318 patients (age 45 ± 17 years, 58% female) with PSVT and a normal surface ECG between attacks. Subsequently, all patients underwent an ablation procedure establishing the correct tachycardia diagnosis. Results: AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), AV reentrant tachycardia through a concealed accessory pathway (AVRT), and ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) were found in 213, 95, and 10 cases, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified an optimal cutoff for a binary categorization of AVNRT versus AVRT/EAT at ≤80 ms (area under the curve 0.891). Owing to a biphasic distribution, AVNRT was very likely at VA intervals ≤90 ms with a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of 87%, 91%, and 95%. In the range 91–160 ms the corresponding values for AVRT were 88%, 95%, and 88% (90%, 99%, and 98% in male patients). In the small group with VA intervals >160 ms (n = 29), the diagnosis was less clear (PPV of 67% for AVNRT). Conclusions: In patients with sudden onset regular tachycardia and a normal ECG during sinus rhythm, a transesophageal VA interval of ≤80 ms has the highest diagnostic accuracy to diagnose AVNRT versus AVRT/EAT. Overall, the biphasic distribution of VA intervals suggests considering AVNRT at 90 ms and below and AVRT between 91 and 160 ms (in particular in male patients) while the diagnosis is vague at VA intervals above 160 ms. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2011;16(4):327–335     

Adenosine in the noninvasive diagnosis of dual AV nodal conduction: use as a follow-up parameter after slow pathway ablation in AVNRT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate if administration of adenosine during sinus rhythm to patients with PSVT of unknown mechanism is capable to detect dual AV nodal conduction and furthermore to evaluate this diagnostic parameter as a controlling test after slow pathway ablation in AVNRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Before electrophysiological study 35 consecutive patients with PSVT were given adenosine during sinus rhythm. After radiofrequency ablation the adenosine test was repeated in a subset of 19 patients. The electrophysiological study revealed 19 patients (54%) with typical AVNRT (study group), 10 (29%) with atrioventricular reentry tachycardia (AVRT), 4 (11%) with ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) and 2 patients (6%) with inducible atrial flutter (AF) (control group). We observed a sudden increment of the PQ interval of more than 50 msec between two consecutive beats in 15 of 19 patients (79%) in the study group (75+/-35 msec) and in 2 patients (1 with EAT, AF) of the control group (19+/-12 msec) (p<0.001). After slow pathway radiofrequency ablation the sudden increment of PQ interval persisted in 4 of 12 patients (33%) of the study group. Three of these 4 patients had a relapse of AVNRT during a follow-up of 3 months. CONCLUSION: The administration of adenosine during sinus rhythm is an excellent noninvasive diagnostic test for identifying dual AV nodal conduction and additionally for verifying radiofrequency ablation results in patients with AVNRT.     

Radiofrequency ablation for treating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia complicated by atrial fibrillation:A single-center retrospective analysis

Background The effect of selective radiofrequency ablation for treating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(PSVT) and its associated paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(PAF) was assessed. Methods Data were collected retrospectively from patients diagnosed of PSVT and subsequently treated with radiofrequency ablation. Regular monthly follow-up by dynamic electrocardiography(ECG) was performed. Incident rates of atrial fibrillation before and after ablation were compared. Results 382 PSVT patients with 58 having atrial fibrillation were enrolled. The order of complicated PAF from high to low in these patients was displayed as: atrial tachycardia(AT),atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia(AVRT) and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia(AVNRT). Among AVRT patients, PAF was more frequent in patients having accessory pathways. AVNRT patients had significantly lower PAF rate comparing to other patients. PAF incident rate was significantly reduced by radiofrequency ablation therapy. Conclusion We advise regular dynamic ECG for PSVT patients, especially those with atrial flutter, AT or pre-excitation syndrome. Selective radiofrequency ablation is a feasible approach for treating AF complicated PSVT patients.     

希氏束旁起搏鉴别间隔部隐匿性AVRT与AVNRT的临床价值

目的：探讨希氏束旁起搏鉴别间隔部隐匿性房室旁道与慢一快型房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）的临床价值。方法：采用希氏束逆传不应期心室早搏刺激法将61例患者分别诊断为37例慢一快AVNRT和24例间隔部房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）；再对61例患者采用希氏束旁起搏方法进一步检测。结果：采用希氏束旁起搏法检测37例AVNRT患者中有6例未检测成功，其余31例均为逆传房室结图形；24例AVRT患者中4例未检测成功，15例呈逆传旁道／旁道图形，5例呈非逆传旁道／旁道图形。如以逆传旁道／旁道图形为标准，鉴别间隔快旁路引起的AVRT与慢一快型房室结折返性心动过速，敏感性75％，特异性可达1009／6。结论：希氏束旁刺激法对鉴别诊断AVRT与AVNRT有较高的特异性。     

The adenosine triphosphate test: a bedside diagnostic tool for identifying the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia in patients with palpitations.

OBJECTIVES: This study assesses the value of the "ATP test" (injection of adenosine triphosphate [ATP] during sinus rhythm) for identifying patients with palpitations of unclear etiology who actually have atrioventricular (AV) nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT) or AV re-entry tachycardia (AVRT). BACKGROUND: Because AVNRT and AVRT can be cured with radiofrequency ablation, documentation of spontaneous AVNRT or AVRT usually prompts referral for electrophysiologic (EP) evaluation. However, these paroxysmal arrhythmias may elude clinical diagnosis. We recently showed that administration of ATP during sinus rhythm often reveals dual AV node physiology or a concealed accessory pathway (AP) in patients with documented AVNRT or AVRT. Thus, we postulated that the ATP test could identify patients with palpitations who actually have AVNRT or AVRT and would therefore benefit from EP evaluation. METHODS: One hundred forty-six patients (54 with "palpitations without documented arrhythmias" and 92 with "documentation of arrhythmias of unclear mechanism") underwent a noninvasive ATP test. ATP was injected during sinus rhythm using 10 mg increments. The ATP test was considered positive when prospectively defined signs of dual AV node physiology or concealed AP were disclosed in the electrocardiogram. These findings were correlated with the results of EP evaluation. RESULTS: A positive ATP test predicted induction of AVNRT or AVRT with a positive predictive value of 93% (sensitivity 71%) but a negative predictive value of 37% (specificity 76%). CONCLUSIONS: A bedside ATP test identifies patients with palpitations who are likely to have AVNRT or AVRT (and who are therefore likely to benefit from EP evaluation) with a high positive predictive value.     

食管电生理诊断阵发性室上性心动过速

目的探讨食管电生理诊断阵发性室上性心动过速(paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT)及分型的准确性。方法收集经食管电生理和心内电生理检查并行射频消融治疗的PSVT42例,将两种电生理对PSVT的诊断及分型进行比较,用X2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果两种电生理检查诊断房室结双径路、慢快型房室结折返性心动过速、常见的顺向型房室折返性心动过速差异无显著性,食管电生理对房室旁路的粗略定位准确性较高,但对快慢型房室结折返性心动过速、慢房室旁路参予的房室折返性心动过速与房性心动过速不易辨别。结论食管电生理诊断常见类型的PSVT与心内电生理有相似的价值,且具有无创、简便、费用低等优点;但对不常见或复杂的PSVT不易辨别。     

Influence of age on the electrophysiological mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of age on the mechanism of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). Previous studies have shown age and sex differences between certain arrhythmias and especially changes in electrophysiological characteristics of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Four hundred and eighty five patients aged 9-86 years, with PSVT and without Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in sinus rhythm, were studied. The esophageal or intracardiac electrophysiological study used a standardized atrial pacing protocol. Paroxysmal junctional tachycardia was induced in 475 patients. The mechanism of tachycardia was not influenced by age and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) was found as the main cause of PSVT in all ranges of age. Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) using a concealed accessory pathway (AP) had a similar incidence from youth to elderly. The ratio male/female (M/F) and the inducibility of other arrhythmias (atrial flutter/fibrillation) (AF/AFl) were also found to be similar in all ranges of age. The age of the patients did not influence the mechanism of the tachycardia. Most of PVST were related to a AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Concealed accessory pathway was identified with a similar incidence in young and old patients.     

体外无创性起搏终止快速心律失常的临床观察

为评价体外无创性程控起搏终止快速心律失常的疗效、安全性和患者的耐受性，对３１例房室折返性心动过速（ＡＶＲＴ）、１６例房室结折返性心动过速（ＡＶＮＲＴ）、１例房性心动过速、３例心房扑动和２例室性心动过速患者进行体外程控起搏终止心动过速的治疗。４７例ＡＶＲＴ和ＡＶＮＲＴ患者的６７次发作中６１次（９１．０％）被成功终止，其中ＡＶＲＴ的有效率（９３．５％）高于ＡＶＮＲＴ（８５．７％），Ｐ＜０．０５。１例室性心动过速被终止。所有房性心律失常都未被终止。同一输出电流强度下，递减刺激法终止ＡＶＲＴ和ＡＶＮＲＴ的总成功率（８６．４％）高于期前刺激法（４１．０％）和短阵超速抑制法（５５．０％），Ｐ均＜０．０５。部分患者有胸部皮肤疼痛感，但大多数患者能够耐受，且无心肌损伤。因此，体外无创性程控起搏可作为一种终止ＡＶＲＴ和ＡＶＮＲＴ的紧急治疗手段运用于临床     

Electrophysiological effects and clinical efficacy of flecainide in childhood patients with supraventricular reciprocating paroxysmal tachycardia

The electrophysiologic effects of intravenous (i.v.) flecainide were evaluated in 13 patients (pts) with recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT): 6 pts had an overt accessory pathway, 2 a concealed anomalous pathway and 5 had an idionodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Another patients with overt preexcitation underwent electrophysiologic testing as part of a diagnostic investigation for syncope. After flecainide the effective refractory period of the right atrium and retrograde AV node, and anterograde and retrograde Wenckebach point significantly increased. The drug blocked retrograde conduction on the accessory pathway in 3 pts whereas anterograde conduction was blocked in all 7 pts with overt anomalous pathway. The mean cycle length of the atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) and of the AVNRT increased respectively from 269 +/- 34 msec to 332 +/- 25 msec (P less than .005) and from 286 +/- 9 msec to 380 +/- 64 msec (P less than .05). After i.v. flecainide, reentrant supraventricular tachycardia was no longer inducible in pts with AVRT and 1 with AVNRT, inducible but non sustained (less than or equal to 30 seconds in duration) in 1 pt with AVRT and in 3 with AVNRT. Thirteen pts continued oral flecainide treatment for a mean of 7.2 +/- 3.6 months (range 3 to 12 months). Tachycardia recurred in all 3 pts whose arrhythmia remained inducible and sustained after i.v. flecainide, and in 1 of 10 pts whose re-entrant supraventricular tachycardia was suppressed (6 pts) or inducible but non sustained (4 pts). Thus flecainide is an highly effective and well tolerated drug for the control of PSVT in infancy. The electrophysiologic drug testing with flecainide predicts its efficacy during chronic therapy in most patients.