大宛齐油田薄互层油藏提高采收率对策研究

大宛齐油田属于复杂断块油藏,纵向多套油层发育,含油砂体面积小且厚度薄,注采井距仅为50~70m,油田开发过程中采用多层合采和合注的方式,层间矛盾突出。基于大量的产液剖面、吸水剖面等资料对井区层间矛盾进行系统分析,同时建立油藏数学模型,采用正交实验设计方法对含油单砂体采收率的主控因素和层间矛盾进行了系统研究,明确砂体规模、水体大小是影响砂体采收率的关键因素,基于研究成果对井区提出了砂体分类、分级动用、对应精细注水等开发调整对策并取得了良好的应用效果,对井区的下步调整和同类油田开发具有一定的指导意义。     

复杂断块油藏微断裂精细解释技术及应用——以大宛齐油田为例

大宛齐油田属典型复杂断块型油田,搞清油田内部断裂空间展布与配置关系对油田的滚动开发和注水方案的编制与实施均十分重要。依托浅三维地震资料,尝试运用构造导向滤波、小波分频、相干等解释性处理手段,针对原始叠前地震深度偏移资料存在的问题进行处理,展开微断裂精细解释,最终形成大宛齐油田断裂解释成果,经大量井资料证实,断层空间位置与配置关系可靠,符合地质规律,能够有效指导大宛齐油田滚动开发、注水方案编制等工作的顺利开展,并且形成一套复杂断块油藏微断裂精细解释技术。     

轮古油田缝洞型油藏注气吞吐数值模拟研究

轮古油田奥陶系油藏非均质性强, 储集体类型及油水关系复杂, 开发难度大。前期主要依靠弹性驱动和注 水补充能量提高油藏采收率, 但注水难以动用溢出口以上顶部阁楼油。针对井周高部位大量剩余油无法采出的难题, 论 述注气开发机理和适用性, 并在注N2 吞吐现场试验基础上, 运用数值模拟方法系统研究原油黏度、水体能量等因素对 单井注气吞吐开发效果的影响, 优化轮次注气量、注气速度、焖井时间等注气参数, 进一步优化轮古油田碳酸盐岩缝洞 型油藏的单井注气开发技术政策。     

东河塘油田东河砂岩组产量递减规律和影响因素分析

针对将进入高含水期的东河塘油田东河砂岩组油藏,应用油藏工程、数值模拟和矿场统计等方法研究了影响产量递减的主要因素及产量递减的变化规律。研究发现:东河塘油田东河油层组产量呈指数型递减;影响递减率的主要因素是含水上升率,其次是采液速度;影响初始递减率的主要因素是稳产期末的相关指标。该研究对油田动态分析和开发调整具有一定的指导意义。     

轮南油田三叠系储层非均质性及剩余油分布研究

轮南油田经历20余年开发,受储层非均质性的影响,剩余油在油藏内的流动和分布特征日渐复杂,油田开发矛盾日益突出。通过精细分析轮南油田三叠系储层的层内、层间、平面、微观非均质性,探讨了储层非均质性对剩余油的控制作用。研究结果表明,轮南油田三叠系各小层主要表现为复合正韵律,层内非均质程度总体上为中等—强,夹层不稳定分布;层间物性差异大,隔层发育,非均质严重;平面上三叠系砂体为多期河道叠置而成,横向变化快,储层物性受沉积相带控制,平面非均质性较强;储层微观孔隙类型以粒间孔为主,中—粗孔喉,分布欠均一,峰态属于缓峰型。受储层非均质性影响,剩余油主要分布在物性较差的小层和正韵律的顶部以及平面上河道两侧及其末端的砂体内。该研究为下一步勘探开发提供了依据。     

塔中4油田CⅠ油藏油层分类及单砂体劈产方法探究

塔中4油田CⅠ油藏大多数井合采多个单砂体,各单砂体产能及采出程度差异大,对各单砂体产量的准确劈分是剩余油研究的关键。油藏精细描述阶段CⅠ油藏的产量劈分主要依据KH及产液剖面资料,但结果显示动静矛盾突出。结合生产实例,在单砂体分类模型的基础上,采用了新的劈产模型及标准:①依据含油饱和度与比产油贡献的模型结合油层厚度确定劈产系数；②参考试油资料和单层测试数据,结合单砂体的储量及边水能量核查微调劈产系数。最终利用动态资料(产液剖面、试油)确定产能与饱和度及油层厚度的关系,提高了劈分结果的精度和可信度,为下步剩余油挖潜提供了重要依据。     

塔中4油田组合油藏三维地质建模方法

组合油藏由于其油藏内各单砂体空间展布和空间接触关系各异,“一砂一藏”,综合开发评价难度大,进行地质建模十分必要。国内外针对单个油藏进行随机性或确定性地质建模技术已十分成熟,但针对复杂组合油藏进行地质建模尚无成熟方法。以塔中4油田422井区CI油组为例,常规建模通过N/G(净毛比)控制砂岩尖灭,无法直观体现单砂体向边部变薄、尖灭的地质现象,本次研究通过精细小层对比、岩心分析建立单砂体地层格架模型,真实展现了单砂体尖灭及构造形态;结合断点数据、地震解释数据、油气充注模式对工区内每条断层断开层位进行分析;为每个单砂体油藏建立虚拟相模型,使每个单砂体油藏独立出来,实现灵活操作;根据井控程度高低,分别采用随机建模、确定性建模方法建立单砂体油藏物性模型及流体分布模型,使建模更加合理。通过该方法建立的地质模型已成功应用于塔中4油田开发方案的编制。     

哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏水驱采收率预测

哈得逊东河砂岩油藏目前采出程度低,含水上升较快,需要明确水驱剩余可采储量,指导该区块后期合理开发。采用室内实验、水驱曲线法及油藏数值模拟法3种方法对哈得逊油田东河砂岩油藏水驱采收率进行了预测。室内水驱实验表明,在注入2倍孔隙体积水体时驱油效率为50.14%,利用谢尔卡乔夫公式计算目前井网水驱采收率为33.56%；水驱曲线法分析认为丁型水驱曲线与该区块实际生产数据符合程度最好,预测水驱开发采收率为31.47%；数值模拟法预测目前井网水驱采收率为33.76%。推荐丁型水驱曲线预测该区块采收率。目前哈得逊东河砂岩油藏的采出程度为27.15%,水驱剩余可采储量相对较小,建议对于剩余油富集区域完善注采井网,提高储量控制程度和动用程度,进一步提高水驱采收率。     

哈拉哈塘油田缝洞型挥发性油藏注水保压开采实践与认识——以热瓦普区块为例

哈拉哈塘油田南部热瓦普区块奥陶系缝洞型油藏部分试采井为弱挥发油生产特征,当油藏压力低于饱和压力后,原油急剧收缩脱气,油层内气饱和度增加,生产气油比持续攀升,日产油能力迅速下降,导致天然能量过快衰竭,造成油藏最终采收率偏低。针对该区油藏地质特征,借鉴国内外此类油藏开发实践和经验,首次在热普3-5井实施超深缝洞型挥发油注水保压开采现场试验。通过多轮次注水补充能量,将油藏压力恢复至饱和压力以上,生产气油比显著下降,单井日产油量升高,有效遏制住由于地层脱气造成天然能量过快衰竭的不利形势。     

轮南油田2井区高温高盐油藏整体调驱先导试验油井受效差异

轮南油田2井区TI油组是典型的高温高盐油藏,经过注水实现高效开发,但长期注水导致层间、层内矛盾凸显,注水开发效率不断降低。为改善水驱开发效果,采用高温改性“微米微球+颗粒+凝胶/冻胶”调驱体系,在该油组东部开展了4井组的整体深部调驱矿场先导试验。试验实施后整体增油效果明显,但不同井组和油井增油差异很大。研究认为,油井控制储量、储层物性和注采对应关系是影响调驱油井增油效果的关键因素;注采井组控制剩余可采储量越大越有利于调驱、储层物性越好越利于调驱受效,注水一线受效油井调驱增油好于二线井。     

塔中Ⅰ号气田奥陶系气油比变化规律及生产应用

塔中奥陶系油气藏为礁滩型和层间岩溶储集体控制的碳酸盐岩缝洞型准层状凝析气藏,整体富气局部含油,储层非均质性强,相态特征复杂,气油比变化大。通过对塔中I号气田气油比变化特征,划分出基本稳定型、上升型、波动型和先升后降型4种气油比变化类型。分析了不同变化特征的主控因素,储集空间类型、驱动方式、相态变化及钻井轨迹是影响气油比变化的重要原因。根据这些影响因素,结合生产需要,提出了根据气油比变化在该气田的应用方法,如出水预警机制、钻井轨迹优化、提高采收率对策等。     

哈6区块开发井低效原因分析及治理对策

随着塔里木哈拉哈塘油田哈6区块的开发进程逐渐深入,碳酸盐岩油田开发井低效比例较高这一问题逐渐暴露出来。通过对哈6区块的地质和开发特征进行分析,认为造成该区块开发井低效的主要因素包括构造、地质屏障、储集体规模、裂缝、地层能量及油层伤害等。根据影响因素提出精细刻画大型缝洞体、寻找构造高部位、重视储层非均质、采用各种增产措施并减少不必要作业等方法预防和治理低效井。     

近视屈光度与眼轴长度的相关性分析

目的 探讨近视屈光度与眼轴长度的相关程度。方法 以2004年2月至2005年2月在本院门诊就诊的部分近视患者，应用眼科A型超声生物测量仪，对82例（164只眼）患者的近视屈光程度和屈光各要素（眼轴长度、前房深度、晶体厚度、玻璃体腔长度）测量值进行分析。结果 眼轴长度（标准化回归系数b’j=0．909）及玻璃体腔长度（标准化回归系数b’j=0．893）均与近视屈光度呈显著正相关；用逐步回归多元线性分析法分析玻璃体腔长度、晶体厚度及前房深度各屈光要素，其中玻璃体腔长度对眼轴长度的影响最大。结论 眼轴增长是近视眼发生、发展的重要因素，尤其对中、高度近视眼作用更为显著；眼轴长度的增长基本为玻璃体腔的延长。     

利用生产数据实时求取地层压力

超高压及异常高压气藏地层压力有缆实测难度大、风险高,且存在极大的安全隐患。通过对产能二项式方程及考虑储层应力敏感等因素的综合研究,寻求到一种利用生产数据实时求取地层压力的方法,从与实测数据的对比情况来看,该方法误差不超过0.8%,计算结果可有效地应用于科研与生产。对制定合理的开发技术政策,跟踪数值模拟研究,优化单井配产,提高气田最终采收率均具有重要作用,对于其他同类型气藏开发更具有借鉴和指导意义。     

The problem of biliary sludge

The authors review current literature on etiology, pathogenesis and classification of biliary sludge (BS); they analyse factors promoting formation of BS and show that ultrasonic investigation is the key diagnostic method, detecting various forms of BS and differentiating BS with parietal new-growths of the gallbladder, evaluating function of the latter and controlling efficacy of conservative therapy. Follow-up results demonstrate that BS can disappear spontaneously, be persistent in a part of patients, form stones in 20% patients. Clinical picture in BS has no specific symptoms but in 33-75% cases it is associated with development of biliary pancreatitis as a results of secondary dysfunction of the Oddi's sphincter. The latest findings on efficacy of litholytic therapy in BS and data on possible use of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs as inhibitors of mucin production to prevent recurrent cholelithiasis are presented.     

星形胶质细胞与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)是目前最常见的神经退行性疾病,主要表现为进行性的认知和记忆力下降,其发生、发展与星形胶质细胞在内的多种因素有关。近年来发现,星形胶质细胞可通过多种机制影响AD病理过程,如增加Aβ的产生及沉积、加速异常Tau蛋白的缠结、通过炎症因子加剧Aβ的神经毒性、能量供应不足及神经递质释放障碍损害神经功能正常活动等。各个因素在AD不同阶段反复作用,互相影响,形成恶性循环,导致淀粉样斑块形成、神经元纤维缠结、突触减少及神经元丢失。保护星形胶质细胞的正常功能可能成为AD治疗的新靶点。     

Arp2/3 Branched Actin Network Mediates Filopodia-Like Bundles Formation In Vitro

During cellular migration, regulated actin assembly takes place at the cell leading edge, with continuous disassembly deeper in the cell interior. Actin polymerization at the plasma membrane results in the extension of cellular protrusions in the form of lamellipodia and filopodia. To understand how cells regulate the transformation of lamellipodia into filopodia, and to determine the major factors that control their transition, we studied actin self-assembly in the presence of Arp2/3 complex, WASp-VCA and fascin, the major proteins participating in the assembly of lamellipodia and filopodia. We show that in the early stages of actin polymerization fascin is passive while Arp2/3 mediates the formation of dense and highly branched aster-like networks of actin. Once filaments in the periphery of an aster get long enough, fascin becomes active, linking the filaments into bundles which emanate radially from the aster's surface, resulting in the formation of star-like structures. We show that the number of bundles nucleated per star, as well as their thickness and length, is controlled by the initial concentration of Arp2/3 complex ([Arp2/3]). Specifically, we tested several values of [Arp2/3] and found that for given initial concentrations of actin and fascin, the number of bundles per star, as well as their length and thickness are larger when [Arp2/3] is lower. Our experimental findings can be interpreted and explained using a theoretical scheme which combines Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for aster growth, with a simple mechanistic model for bundles' formation and growth. According to this model, bundles emerge from the aster's (sparsely branched) surface layer. Bundles begin to form when the bending energy associated with bringing two filaments into contact is compensated by the energetic gain resulting from their fascin linking energy. As time evolves the initially thin and short bundles elongate, thus reducing their bending energy and allowing them to further associate and create thicker bundles, until all actin monomers are consumed. This process is essentially irreversible on the time scale of actin polymerization. Two structural parameters, L, which is proportional to the length of filament tips at the aster periphery and b, the spacing between their origins, dictate the onset of bundling; both depending on [Arp2/3]. Cells may use a similar mechanism to regulate filopodia formation along the cell leading edge. Such a mechanism may allow cells to have control over the localization of filopodia by recruiting specific proteins that regulate filaments length (e.g., Dia2) to specific sites along lamellipodia.     

Role of psychological factors in studying recovery from a transactional stress-coping approach: implications for mental health nursing practices

Over the last decade, the experience of recovering from psychiatric disabilities has received increased attention in mental health nursing. Recovery is a complex experience that can be understood in terms of construct, process, and outcomes. New theoretical frameworks are needed to better understand antecedents, process variables, and outcomes related to recovery. Considering that recovery is a stressful and challenging experience, the transactional stress-coping theory appears relevant to explore the appraisal and coping processes involved in recovery. Based on this theory, a new framework has been built to better understand the phenomenon of stress in recovery. More specifically, a review of the recovery literature had led to the identification of several key recovery concepts, which were then linked to major stress-coping concepts, namely contextual factors, potential stressors, primary and secondary appraisals, coping strategies, and short-term and long-term outcomes. This paper focuses on specific types of personal characteristics that are included in the broad category of contextual factors, namely psychological factors. These factors may act as coping resources, helping people to deal successfully with events interfering with the achievement of recovery goals. The main purpose of this paper is to offer a detailed discussion about how mental health nursing practices may promote the role of psychological factors within the stress-coping process. Three categories of psychological factors are discussed: views about oneself, psychological empowerment, and personal/philosophical orientations in life. A brief summary of the new framework is first offered to introduce its major concepts and basic mechanisms.     

Comparison of muscle sizes and moment arms of two rotator cuff muscles measured by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to investigate ultrasound (US) and anthropometry (AN) as valid alternatives to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) regarding muscle size characteristics of two rotator cuff muscles. METHODS: Eight healthy females (age 27-54 yrs.) went through MRI and US scannings and AN measurements, where muscle thickness, cross-section area (CSA), moment arm, muscle length and width were measured on supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle. RESULTS: The agreement between the methods was very satisfactory for CSA, and satisfactory for muscle thickness, moment arm, muscle length and width, with a mean difference below 2 mm in thickness and below 5 mm in muscle length and width. Volume could be estimated satisfactory in supraspinatus muscle, but not in infraspinatus muscle, where volume had to be calculated from thickness, length and width. As a significant relation was found in the MRI measurements between thickness and CSA, thickness measurements may replace CSA in inaccessible muscles. CONCLUSIONS: US was a valid method in measuring CSA, muscle thickness and moment arm. Combined with anthropometric measures of muscle length and width, volume can be calculated, which is important when defining the physiological cross-sectional area and muscle function. Further development and validation of the method is needed, however.