秸秆还田下减量施氮对作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响--测试文章

秸秆还田条件下,采用多年田间定位试验研究了N肥减量施用对作物产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤表观N平衡的影响,旨在为关中小麦/玉米一年二熟轮作区合理施用N肥提供依据。结果表明：与常规施N处理(玉米季施氮187.5 kg·hm^-2,小麦季施氮150 kg·hm^-2)相比,2008—2011年三年中,15%减N、30%减N两个处理均未显著降低作物籽粒与秸秆产量;2010—2011年生长季中,15%减N处理降低了作物秸秆N、P、K周年总吸收量,增加了籽粒N、P、K周年总吸收量,其中籽粒P周年总吸收量增加达显著性水平;30%减N处理显著降低了籽粒N和秸秆N、K周年总吸收量,降幅分别为12.9%、41.9%、18.5%,在小麦收获后,30%减N处理的N素盈余量只有11.3 kg·hm^-2,有潜在缺N危险。综合考虑产量、养分吸收利用及土壤表观N平衡,在秸秆还田条件下,15%减N处理的施N量（即玉米季施氮159 kg·hm^-2,小麦季施氮127.5 kg·hm^-2）为本地区最佳N肥用量。     

磷钾肥对云南旱作马铃薯产量和养分吸收的影响--测试文章

在云南省曲靖地区的低肥力和中高肥力试验地分别开展旱作马铃薯的田间小区试验,研究磷钾施用量对马铃薯生物量、养分利用、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明：相同施肥量的条件下,中高肥力试验地的东山组马铃薯产量远高于低肥力的越州组,产量相差10 305.00～20 140.20 kg·hm^-2;越州组NP2K3(N,150 kg·hm^-2; P₂O₅,90 kg·hm^-2; K₂O, 405 kg·hm^-2)处理产量产值最高,NP2K1(N,150 kg·hm^-2; P₂O₅,90 kg·hm^-2; K₂O, 135 kg·hm^-2)处理净收益最高; 东山组NP2K2(N,150 kg·hm^-2; P₂O₅,90 kg·hm^-2; K₂O, 270 kg·hm^-2)处理产量、产值及净收益均是最高; 两组试验的马铃薯干重变化趋势相似,NP2K2处理的干重积累量较多,无钾无磷处理干重积累少;马铃薯体内累积K最多,其次为N,最后为P, NPK养分吸收积累的高峰期在马铃薯块茎膨大期到淀粉积累期; 东山组的马铃薯PK利用效率明显高于越州组。NP1K2(N,150 kg·hm^-2; P₂O₅,45 kg·hm^-2; K₂O, 270 kg·hm^-2)处理的P肥利用率和P素农学效率较高,P肥利用率和P素农学效率都有随施P量增加而降低的趋势。NP2K1处理的K肥利用率和K素农学效率最高,K肥利用率和K素农学效率均有随施K量增加而降低的趋势。     

不同密度条件下旱地胡麻灌浆特性研究--测试文章

在定西干旱生态条件下,以陇亚10号胡麻为材料,研究了密度对籽粒灌浆特性和农艺性状的影响。结果表明：随着种植密度的增大,胡麻分枝数、蒴果数减小,株高波动性变化;胡麻籽粒干物质积累过程呈“S”型曲线,可用Logistic模型进行模拟,相关系数达0.99以上,花后6～31 d籽粒干物质积累速度最大; 胡麻最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和灌浆持续期均受种植密度的影响,处理间平均灌浆速率差异明显,其中以600 万株·hm^-2的平均灌浆速率最高,1 050 万株·hm^-2的平均灌浆速率最低;不同密度处理间百粒重和产量存在显著性差异,600 万株·hm^-2处理的百粒重和籽粒产量最大,显著高于1 200 万株·hm^-2处理。说明在实际生产中要根据不同胡麻品种类型选择最佳的种植密度。     

不同耕作覆盖措施下延收对春玉米产量及籽粒品质的影响

选用5种耕作覆盖方式和7个采收时期研究延收对籽粒产量、千粒重、籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量及其对应的产出量的影响，为玉米获得高产优质提供依据。结果表明：适时延收可使玉米产量及主要营养成分产出量明显增加，延收15 d，产量增幅为10.19%～15.62%，千粒重增幅为14.70%～20.39%；籽粒蛋白质含量增加0.26%～1.29%，产出量增加117～230 kg·hm^-2；脂肪含量增加0.05%～0.40%，产出量增加54～78 kg·hm^-2；淀粉含量虽然降低0.5%～4.9%，但产出量仍然增加340～773 kg·hm^-2。黄土高原地区春玉米延收15 d具有明显的增产和提高籽粒品质产量的效果，但增幅因耕作和覆盖方式不同而存在差异。     

近50年河南省夏玉米生产潜力及产量差时空变化特征--测试文章

利用河南省96个县1961—2010年气象资料和夏玉米实际产量,采用逐步订正模型,计算了近50年河南省夏玉米光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力,分析了光温生产潜力与气候生产潜力、光温生产潜力与实际产量两种产量差的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1) 光温生产潜力由北向南、由东向西递减,近50年呈极显著下降趋势,全省平均每10 a减少696.8 kg·hm^-2,北、中大部分站点和南部的部分站点下降幅度较大。(2) 气候生产潜力南部高于北部、东部高于西部,近50年变化趋势不明显。光温生产潜力与气候生产潜力之间的产量差呈极显著下降趋势,平均每10 a减少958.7 kg·hm^-2。(3) 夏玉米实际产量极显著增加,光温生产潜力与实际产量之间的产量差极显著下降,平均每10 a减少1 718.0 kg·hm^-2,但71.9%的站点产量差大于24 000 kg·hm^-2,产量潜力仍有较大提升空间。降水是制约河南省西部夏玉米产量的主要因素,可通过灌溉提高产量;后期热量不足影响北部玉米产量进一步提高,选用中早熟品种和改进栽培技术是提高产量的途径;东部可通过增加灌溉面积、选用优良品种和科学施肥等措施缩小产量差。     

大气CO2浓度升高与氮肥营养对滴灌棉田“棉花-土壤”系统氮分布的影响

通过半开顶式CO₂人工气候室,研究了CO₂浓度升高（360、540 μmol·mol^-1和720 μmol·mol^-1）与不同氮肥营养（0、150、300 kg·hm^-2和450 kg·hm^-2）相互作用对蕾铃期棉花-土壤氮含量变化及棉花氮素吸收的影响,结果显示：大气CO₂浓度增加,高氮肥处理下棉花叶片、蕾铃中氮含量显著降低,茎秆、根系中氮含量增加,棉花整株氮含量表现为下降;相同的CO₂浓度下,随着氮素营养的增加棉花各器官氮积累量呈增加趋势,其中蕾铃、叶片氮积累量较高,茎秆、根系氮积累量相对较少,说明CO₂浓度增加与增施氮肥促进了土壤氮素向植株叶片和生殖器官运输。通过对土壤无机氮含量的测定分析,CO₂浓度升高为540 μmol·mol^-1,各施氮水平下棉田土壤NO₃^--N含量显著降低,NH₄⁺-N含量在低氮水平下有少量增加,在高氮水平下表现为降低;CO₂浓度升高为720 μmol·mol^-1,土壤NO₃^--N含量表现为降低,NH₄⁺-N含量呈增加趋势。研究表明：大气CO₂浓度增加且浓度范围在500～720 μmol·mol^-1,增加氮肥施用量可有效促进棉花对氮素养分尤其是NO₃^--N的吸收利用。     

不同秸秆还田量对旱地全膜双垄沟播土壤水分及玉米生长的影响

在通渭半干旱区通过试验研究了不同秸秆还田量对全膜双垄沟播玉米生长形状、土壤水分状况及产量的影响。试验设计了3个还田量梯度,即玉米秸秆按6 000 kg·hm^-2（低量还田处理）、9 000 kg·hm^-2（中量还田处理）、12 000 kg·hm^-2（高量还田处理）整秆还田,不还田处理作为对照。结果表明,在生育前期时,0～200 cm土壤水分呈现出还田量越高土壤含水量越高的趋势,在出苗期最为明显,高、中、低还田量处理较对照土壤含水量分别高出6.07%、1.24%、0.31%,而在抽雄期后,则表现为低量还田处理>中量还田处理>不还田处理>高量还田处理,叶面积大小表现为高量还田处理>中量还田处理>低量还田处理>不还田处理。耗水量表现为低量还田处理<中量还田处理<不还田处理<高量还田处理。产量及水分利用效率以6 000 kg·hm^-2还田量处理最高,适宜在半干旱旱作区进行推广。     

北疆春播、麦后复播青贮玉米物质生产和温光生态效应利用的比较--测试文章

以新玉15号为供试品种，研究了春播和麦后复播青贮玉米（复播1期，6月30日播种；复播2期，7月10日播种）在产量、干物质积累和光温气候资源利用等方面的差异。结果表明：春播、复播1期、复播2期的群体干物质产量分别为15 615、17 615、14 671 kg·hm^-2，春播、复播1期、复播2期鲜重产量53 988、67 251、68 327 kg·hm^-2；复播青贮玉米生育期明显缩短，光合有效辐射和≥10℃积温较春播少；复播1期苗期、穗期、灌浆期均处于最适温度范围之内；春播、复播1期、复播2期的LAI峰值为5.01、5.72、6.36，总光合势分别为2.45×10⁶、2.84×10⁶、3.37×10⁶ m²·d^-1·hm^-2。复播青贮玉米的产量潜力主要在于大口期之前生育期优越的光温资源条件，且大口期之前干物质积累速率较春播快。     

玉米/鹰嘴豆间作条件下不同施磷量对灌耕灰钙土无机磷组分的影响--测试文章

在甘肃引黄灌区的灌耕灰钙土区域,通过玉米/鹰嘴豆间作种植,采用蒋柏藩、顾益初石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法研究了施磷水平和间作种植方式对玉米、鹰嘴豆土壤无机磷素形态的影响。结果表明：研究区各无机磷形态含量顺序为O-P＞Ca₁₀-P＞Ca₈-P＞Al-P＞Fe-P＞Ca₂-P,施磷能够显著提高玉米和鹰嘴豆土壤中Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P的含量,O-P和Ca₁₀-P的含量不随施磷量增加发生显著性变化;与单作相比,间作种植对鹰嘴豆土壤带各无机磷组分含量没有显著影响,但间作玉米种植带土壤各组分无机磷含量均低于单作土壤,其中不施磷肥处理下Fe-P、施纯磷 40 kg·hm^-2处理下Al-P及施纯磷 80 kg·hm^-2处理下Ca₁₀-P的含量显著低于单作土壤。     

施用硅肥对田间春小麦花后源库关系的影响

以两个黑龙江春小麦品种即龙麦26（不耐密）和克旱16（耐密）为材,在田间机播条件下进行不同硅肥用量基施试验,通过测定不同生育期的光合性能、籽粒灌浆速率及产量构成因素,以探明基施硅肥对春小麦源库特性及产量的影响。结果表明,基施硅肥可协调小麦源库关系,使小麦源足、库大。两个春小麦品种施入硅肥后穗长和小穗数增加,千粒重未达到显著水平,硅肥提高了不耐密品种的穗粒数和穗粒重,增加了耐密品种的穗数。不耐密品种龙麦26、耐密品种克旱16的最优硅肥施用量分别为30 kg·hm^-2、60 kg·hm^-2,过多施入硅肥反倒有不利影响。     

The influence of changing nicotine to tar ratios on human puffing behaviour and perceived sensory response

Rationale Smokers modify their smoking behaviour when switching from their usual product to higher or lower tar and nicotine-yield cigarettes.Objective The aims of the current study were to assess the influence of varying nicotine yields at constant tar yield on human puffing measures, nicotine deliveries under human smoking conditions and the sensory response to mainstream cigarette smoke. These assessments would allow an evaluation of the degree of compensation and the various possible causes of changes, if any.Methods The participants were 13 regular smokers of commercial or hand-rolled cigarettes. They were tested with four cigarettes, which exhibited a wide range of nicotine to 'tar' ratios at a relatively constant 'tar' yield. Their smoking behaviour was monitored by placing the test cigarettes into an orifice-type holder/flowmeter attached to a custom-built smoker behaviour analyser. In addition, a comprehensive sensory evaluation of the products was carried out.Results The differences in the nicotine to tar ratios of the samples did not significantly influence the puffing behaviour patterns, i.e. puff number and interval, total and average puff volume, integrated pressure and puff duration. Additionally the pre- to post-exhaled CO boosts were not significantly influenced by the experimental samples used in the study. However, the nicotine yields obtained by the smokers were significantly influenced by the machine-smoked nicotine yields or the nicotine to tar ratios of the samples. The machine-smoked nicotine yields were highly correlated with the nicotine yields obtained under human smoking conditions. For the sensory evaluation, there was only a significant difference between the samples in the intensity of the impact.Conclusion These observations imply that these puffing variables are not controlled by the nicotine yield of the cigarette.     

Preparation and separation of epothilones with anticancer activity

Epothilone is a kind of macrolide compound, which has anticancer activity and strong inhibitory effect on breast cancer and rectal cancer cells. Herein, the chemical and biological synthesis of epothilones and how to improve fermentation yield and separation methods were summarized and discussed.     

微量元素锌与蔬菜产量和品质的关系

锌是蔬菜生长发育必需的微量元素之一,对锌在蔬菜体内的含量与分布,锌与蔬菜产量、品质的关系等方面的研究现状做一综述,并提出了该研究未来的发展趋势,以引起人们对锌肥的重视。     

氨基酸对利用红色糖多孢菌发酵生产红霉素的产量及组分影响研究

研究红色糖多孢菌发酵生产红霉素过程中几种氨基酸对产量及组分的影响。通过摇瓶实验证实了0h时向合成培养基中分别添加数种氨基酸，对红霉素的产量与组分都有着重要的影响。本文重点研究甘氨酸在红色糖多孢菌发酵中对产量和组分的影响，试验结果表明，0h添加0．05％的甘氨酸产量明显提高（72．2％），红霉素A组分相对百分含量提高9．7％，红霉素C组分减少78．7％。通过50L FUS-50（A）发酵罐进行验证，红霉素产量达到8939u／ml，比对照提高12．2％，EMA：EMC从5．1：1提高到8.2：1。     

沈糯9号在黑龙江省东南部生育特性及开发潜力分析--测试文章

以当地糯玉米主栽品种垦粘1号和京科糯2000为对照,在5个种植密度下对沈糯9号及两个当地对照品种的鲜穗产量、鲜籽粒产量、穗部性状、植株性状及熟期进行了研究。结果表明：密度对三个品种产量的影响达极显著水平;各密度下鲜穗产量、穗长、穗粗、穗行数均显著高于垦粘1号和京科糯2000;籽粒深度、行粒数、百粒重及株高与京科糯2000相当,显著高于垦粘1号,但穗位显著低于京科糯2000;沈糯9号熟期较垦粘1号和京科糯2000分别晚6 d和早9 d。综上所述,沈糯9号在产量、穗部性状及田间长势均优于垦粘1号和京科糯2000,且填补了垦粘1号和京科糯2000之间的熟期空白,因此,沈糯9号在黑龙江省东南部乃至全省的开发前景十分可观。     

四-(三氟乙烷氧基)空核酞菁的合成与光谱性质研究

目的 合成了一种新的化合物即四-(三氟乙烷氧基)空核酞菁(H₂PcF),并研究其光谱性质。方法 以4-硝基邻苯二腈和三氟乙醇为起始原料,通过亲核取代反应合成4-三氟乙烷氧基邻苯二腈;再利用醇锂法合成H₂PcF,并通过熔点、红外、质谱、元素分析等进行表征;同时研究其光谱性质(包括紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱)。结果 H₂PcF的合成产率是34.7%,在可见光尤其是光动力治疗窗(600~800 nm)有较强的吸收,且具有很强的荧光性质和较高的荧光量子产率(φ_F=0.29)。结论 H₂PcF具有良好的溶解性和光谱特性,在光电材料或光学治疗方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

Towards the re-introduction of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) in the West Balkan Countries: The case of Serbia and Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Vetchlings (Lathyrus spp.) are widely distributed in both Serbia and Srpska, and represent a valuable component of local floras all over the Balkan Peninsula. Despite this and the existence of a traditional Serbian name for grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), sastrica, and a pan-Slavic name for all vetchlings, grahor, today they are almost forgotten crops. The joint action of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops and the Faculty of Agriculture is aimed at re-introducing grass pea and other vetchlings as multifunctional crops. Within the legume collection in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, a small Lathyrus spp. collection, including about 100 accessions of 16 species, most of them being grass pea, was established in 2002. The landraces of grass pea were collected in several regions of Serbia and Srpska, where they are used for human consumption. Grass pea is commonly used boiled and along with other pulses, with no reports on lathyrism among the local people. The first Serbian breeding programme in Novi Sad produced already two grass pea lines that were registered in November 2009 under the names of Studenica and Sitnica, developed from the crosses of Polish cultivars and local Serbian landraces.     

剖宫产术影响产妇泌乳的原因分析及护理对策

目的分析研究剖宫产手术对产妇泌乳的影响,总结改良护理干预对剖宫产产妇泌乳的作用。方法选择2012年6月至2013年6月我院剖宫产产妇280例为临床研究对象,根据分娩方式不同分为两组。对照组为经阴道分娩,实验组为剖宫产分娩,观察比较两组产妇产后泌乳的效果。结果相较于实验组,对照组产妇的泌乳时间快,48 h内泌乳量多,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论剖宫产术一定程度上使得产妇泌乳时间退后,且泌乳量减少,采取相应临床护理干预能一定程度上提高产妇的母乳喂养成功率,促进产妇泌乳,有积极临床意义。     

Physico-Mechanical Characterization of the Extrusion-Spheronization Process. Part II: Rheological Determinants for Successful Extrusion and Spheronization

Spheres are widely used as the basis for the design of multiparticulate drug delivery systems. Although the extrusion and spheronization processes are frequently used to produce such spheres, there is a lack of basic understanding of these processes and of the requisite properties of excipients and formulations. It is hypothesized that the rheological or mechanical properties of the wet mass may address the requirements of both extrusion and spheronization. The fact that certain formulations can be extruded, yet not be successfully spheronized, suggests that the two processes depend on different formulation attributes, and that there are different rheological criteria that must be met for each process to be successful. As a preliminary test of these hypotheses, methods were developed to measure the rheological behavior and mechanical properties (plastic yield value, tensile strength, yield loci) of the wet mass and/or extrudate for a model formulation system (microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose). The finished spheres were characterized in terms of particle size, bulk density, individual bead crushing strength, and sphericity. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed by which the independent formulation variables could be related to the dependent rheological/mechanical properties and finished pellet characteristics. It was observed that there was a critical range of rheological/mechanical variables within which pellets having desirable criteria such as yield of 18/25 mesh cut >60%, a shape factor >0.85, etc., can be prepared. Screen pressure was shown to be the most critical variable affecting the yield of 18/25 mesh cut, while the yield value and tensile strength markedly influenced the shape factor. Thus, for the formulations studied, it was possible to define a window of rheological/mechanical properties within which both extrusion and spheronization can be successfully carried out.     

Cd (II) and Ni (II) uptake by novel biosorbent prepared from oil palm residual biomass and Al2O3 nanoparticles

Major efforts have been made relating to the development of novel biosorbents applied to remove wastewater pollutants such as heavy metal ions and dyes. This work is focused on preparing a biosorbent from oil palm bagasse and alumina nanoparticles and using it for cadmium and nickel uptake. FT-IR, SEM and EDX analyses were carried out to test the diversification of functional groups, morphology and elemental composition. Batch adsorption experiments were performed varying pH (2, 4 and 6) and particle size (0.355, 0.5 and 1 mm) in order to determine suitable parameter values for further experiments using chemically modified biomass. The presence of absorption bands attributed to bonds with aluminum indicated a successful synthesis of this biosorbent. The carbon and oxygen elements most contribute to biosorbent composition due to the nature of this lignocellulosic biomass. The highest removal yields (87% for cadmium and 81% for nickel) were achieved at pH = 6 and particle size = 0.355 mm. In addition, the modification with alumina nanoparticles using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as organic solvent reflected no significant enhancement of adsorption process.