高效液相色谱法同时测定银黄胶囊中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立同时测定银黄胶囊中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。方法:色谱柱为SymmetryR-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为318nm,柱温为30℃。结果:绿原酸在进样量0.217 4~2.174 0μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 8)(n=5),平均回收率为99.26%(n=6),RSD为0.56%;黄芩苷在进样量0.807 6~8.076 0μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9)(n=5),平均回收率为98.43%(n=6),RSD为1.07%。结论:该含量测定方法简单可行,重复性好,为有效控制银黄胶囊的质量提供依据。     

测定栀子金花丸中三种成分的含量及栀子苷的溶出度

目的:建立同时测定栀子金花丸中栀子苷、盐酸小檗碱和黄芩苷含量的方法,并测定丸中栀子苷的溶出度。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 ml/min,检测波长为254 nm;采用《中国药典》中桨法测定栀子金花丸中栀子苷在水中的溶出量,计算累积溶出度。结果:栀子苷在0.007~0.336μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为2.5%;盐酸小檗碱在0.013~0.624μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为1.7%;黄芩苷在0.010 5~0.630μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.0%,RSD为2.3%。栀子苷45 min和120 min累积溶出度分别为79.9%和92.7%结论:建立的方法简便、重复性好,可用于栀子金花丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定华山参中山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、阿托品的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定华山参中山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、阿托品的含量。方法色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-50 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(含0.08%三乙胺,用磷酸调p H至6.0)(15∶85);检测波长:210 nm;柱温:30℃;流速:1.0 m L·min-1。结果山莨菪碱在0.058 8~2.949 1μg线性范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.03%(n=6),RSD为0.13%;东莨菪碱在0.145 7~7.284 1μg线性范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.77%(n=6),RSD为0.97%;阿托品在0.161 7~8.084 4μg线性范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.20%(n=6),RSD为0.80%。结论方法稳定、可靠,可作为华山参的质量控制方法。     

HPLC-DAD法同时测定肝八味胶囊中4种成分的含量

目的 用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时测定肝八味胶囊中4种成分的含量。方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以乙腈为流动相A,以水为流动相B,梯度洗脱;检测波长为240nm;流速1.0ml/min。结果 丹酚酸B对照品在15.026~100.17μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为96.6%(n=6),RSD=1.8%(n=6);芍药苷对照品在14.335~95.564μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为97.0%(n=6),RSD=1.7%(n=6);虎杖苷对照品在8.235~54.90μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为97.2%(n=6),RSD=1.8%(n=6);大黄素对照品在1.582 5~10.55μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系,平均加样回收率为98.1%(n=6),RSD=1.7%(n=6)。结论 此法简单准确、重现性好、专属性强、阴性对照无干扰,适用于肝八味胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定辛芩颗粒中细辛脂素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定辛芩颗粒中细辛脂素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷含量的方法。方法:色谱柱:ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流速为1.0 ml·min-1;柱温:30℃;流动相:甲醇-水梯度洗脱;检测波长:0~30 min为254 nm,30~55 min为287 nm;进样量:10μl。结果:升麻素苷在浓度为10.210~163.400μg·ml-1时线性关系良好,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为100.30%,RSD为1.6%(n=6);5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷在浓度为10.160~162.600μg·ml-1时线性关系良好,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为101.53%,RSD为1.1%(n=6);细辛脂素在浓度为5.015~80.240μg·ml-1时线性关系良好,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为101.12%,RSD为1.2%(n=6)。结论:该方法简单、准确,同时测定3种有效成分的含量,可用于辛芩颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定肿痛安胶囊中5种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定肿痛安胶囊中:天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的HPLC法。方法色谱柱:Phenomenex Luna C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:25℃;流动相:甲醇-水梯度洗脱;检测波长:230nm;进样量:5μL。结果天麻素质量浓度在12.46～199.30μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_1=0.999 5,平均回收率为101.2%,RSD值为1.6%(n=6);升麻素苷质量浓度在12.07～193.20μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_2=0.999 7,平均回收率为100.1%,RSD值为1.8%(n=6);5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷质量浓度在8.12～129.90μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_3=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.1%,RSD值为1.7%(n=6);欧前胡素质量浓度在12.52～200.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_4=0.999 6,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD值为1.4%(n=6);异欧前胡素质量浓度在12.65～202.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_5=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD值为0.7%(n=6)。结论该方法简单、准确,可同时测定5种成分的含量,可用于肿痛安胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定玉叶清火胶囊中栀子苷、穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯

目的:建立玉叶清火胶囊中栀子苷、穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量的液相色谱测定法。方法:采用Waters SunFireTMC18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长为切换波长(0~10 min,238 nm,栀子苷;10~22 min,225 nm,穿心莲内酯;22~35 min,254 nm,脱水穿心莲内酯)。结果:栀子苷进样量在0.148~2.659μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9,n=6),平均回收率(n=9)为99.90%;穿心莲内酯进样量在0.149~2.681μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8,n=6),平均回收率(n=9)为99.62%;脱水穿心莲内酯进样量在0.089~1.607μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9,n=6),平均回收率(n=9)为99.53%。结论:本文建立的波长切换高效液相色谱法简便、快捷,可用于该制剂的质量检测。     

HPLC 法测定女金片中橙皮苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的:建立测定女金片中橙皮苷和黄芩苷含量的HPLC法.方法:色谱柱:Eclipse XDB-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.2%磷酸(20:80),检测波长:280 nm,流速:1.0 ml·min-1.结果:橙皮苷进样量在0.022～0.220μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 5,平均回收率为98.63%,RSD为0.69%(n=6);黄芩苷进样量在0.046～0.460μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=1.000 0,平均回收率为98.90%,RSD为0.49%(n=6).结论:该方法快速简便,专属性强,结果准确,适用于女金片中的橙皮苷和黄芩苷的含量测定.     

病毒合剂(Ⅱ)中黄芩苷、绿原酸和橙皮苷的含量测定

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定病毒合剂中黄芩苷、绿原酸和橙皮苷的含量。方法:色谱柱为Acclaim120 C18120A(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相A为0.4%磷酸,流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长300 nm,进样量10μl。结果:黄芩苷、绿原酸和橙皮苷分别在29.16~121.50μg/ml(r=0.999 9)、3.23~13.44μg/ml(r=0.999 7)和6.55~27.30μg/ml(r=0.999 9)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系。平均回收率黄芩苷为102.6%(RSD为0.87%,n=6),绿原酸为100.1%(RSD为0.96%,n=6),橙皮苷为98.38%(RSD为0.38%,n=6)。结论:本方法简便、快速、结果准确、重现性好、灵敏度高,可用于病毒合剂的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定复方鱼腥草片中绿原酸、连翘苷、黄芩苷的含量

目的: 建立同时测定复方鱼腥草片中绿原酸、连翘苷、黄芩苷的反相高效液相色谱方法.方法: 采用Phenomenex ODS柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),乙腈-0.002%磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml﹒min-1,检测波长为280 nm.结果: 绿原酸在0.54～4.47 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 1),平均回收率为98.9%(n=3);黄芩苷在0.32～2.67 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 1),平均回收率为97.3%(n=3);连翘苷在0.37～3.07 μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),平均回收率为97.5%(n=3).结论: 本方法专属性强,准确、快速,适用于复方鱼腥草片的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.