高频彩超在隆乳术后并发症诊治中的应用分析

目的:探讨高频彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)超声在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳、硅凝胶假体隆乳术后并发症诊治中的应用,以便提高临床疗效。方法:应用高频CDFI超声检查在本院及外院66例隆乳术后并发症的患者,观察不同充填物的超声表现,及时发现并发症,根据超声确定手术方式,并将超声检查结果与手术结果相对照。结果:66例隆乳术后并发症患者检查结果发现,聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳的17例(28只)患者乳房有变硬感,14例(21只)患者双侧乳房不对称,注射物有移位,22例(39只)患者乳房局部可扪及硬结。硅凝胶假体隆乳术的假体纤维囊性包膜挛缩9例,硅凝胶假体囊破裂2例,假体移位和位置不良2例。CDFI表现与临床表现及手术取出物所见相符。结论:高频彩色多普勒血流显像超声(CDFI)是诊治隆乳(聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶、硅凝胶假体)术后并发症简便有效的方法,为临床提供简便适用的诊治依据。     

硅凝胶假体隆乳753例术后早期随诊观察

目的：观察假体隆乳的效果及并发症情况，总结假体隆乳的经验。方法：分析753例假体隆乳者的效果及并发症率，总结手术方法、并发症的处理及术后治疗。结果：对6l8例进行了2～49个月的随访，其中并发症有纤维包膜挛缩、血肿、位置不正等，正确治疗后恢复良好，纤维包膜挛缩2例（0．32％）。结论：本丈所述假体隆乳方法效果良好，恰当地防治并发症能有效地提高假体隆乳的成功率。     

隆乳术后并发症的超声诊断及其声像图表现的相关因素分析

目的：探讨高频超声在隆乳术后并发症中的诊断价值。方法：对硅胶囊假体及注射水凝胶隆乳术后出现并发症的受检者,采用高频超声探头探查,通过超声影像,观察乳腺组织结构的变化及硅胶囊假体、水凝胶的位置、形态、分布情况。结果：硅胶囊假体及注射水凝胶隆乳术后所产生的并发症均具有相对特异的声像图表现。结论：高频超声对隆乳术后并发症有较高的诊断价值,它不但具有方便、快捷、无损伤、动态观察等优点,而且能够为临床提供可靠的诊断及治疗依据。     

硅凝胶假体隆乳术后的随访观察

目的：随访硅凝胶假体隆乳术后病例,观察和总结术后效果及并发症发生情况,以指导临床工作的正确开展。方法：对228例硅凝胶假体隆乳者进行随访,通过术后留观、来院拆线、定期检查、电话随访、发生不适时前来就诊、再次接受其它美容治疗时的咨询和观察,判断隆乳术后效果,统计并发症情况,探讨并发症的正确处理。结果：228例中发生术后并发症的25例,其中术后血肿3例,感染3例,假体移位5例,假体破裂1例,纤维包膜挛缩10例,感觉异常1例,心理障碍2例。并发症经及时、正确处理后,效果满意。结论：硅凝胶假体隆乳整体而言效果良好,有一定并发症发生,经及时正确处理,可获得满意效果。     

隆乳术并发症的超声影像学诊断

目的 探讨隆乳术后并发症的二维超声和彩色多普勒超声的影像学表现及临床意义。方法 对21例隆乳术后并发症行7．0～11．0MHz的高频二维超声及彩色多普勒超声检测，全部检测所见均得到手术证实。结果 隆乳术后出现假体折叠、移位、包膜挛缩、硬化、硅胶囊破裂渗漏等，均有较特异的二维超声图像，其邻近组织有少量或较多的彩色血流信号和多普勒频谱表现。结论 超声影像学检查是隆乳术并发症的可靠检测手段，具有较高的临床诊断价值。     

国产硅胶乳房假体隆乳术486例

探讨采用国产硅胶囊乳房假体隆乳的手术方法和术后并发症的预防及处理。方法：对486例女性采用腋下、乳晕、乳房下皱襞等不同切口进行置入国产硅胶囊乳房假体，术后1～6年随访，总结出现并发症的情况。结果：常见的并发症是血肿、假体破裂、纤维挛缩变硬、外形欠佳。结论：硅胶假体隆乳术中预防并发症的主要措施是术中彻底止血，置放时注意保护假体，操作勿粗暴，手术分离范围应充分，术后坚持按摩等。     

隆乳术后囊腔内积液原因分析及处理对策

目的：分析硅凝胶假体隆乳术后囊腔内出现积液的原因并探讨其处理方法。方法：对6例硅凝胶假体隆乳术后出现不同程度囊腔内积液患者,采取假体取出或同时行囊壁剥离重置假体隆乳。结果：本组6例患者,1例单纯行假体取出,未行囊壁剥离,术后3个月再次出现积液,重新手术行囊壁剥离。其余5例在假体置换的同时行囊壁剥离。术后随访6个月～3年,均未再出现积液。结论：硅凝胶假体隆乳术后出现囊腔内积液,原因虽有多种可能,但只要将囊壁彻底剥离,并重新置入新的假体,术后一般效果较确切,且无其它并发症出现。     

经脐孔缘切口置人充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术

目的 探讨经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术的手术方法,为隆乳术提供新切口选择.方法 沿脐孔缘切口,采用特制专用器械分离皮下隧道至乳房下皱襞,然后穿进胸大肌后间隙,分离假体放置空间,先置人扩张器,充注生理盐水后,调整乳房形态以及扩张器位置.然后取出扩张器,更换为充注式生理盐水乳房假体而完成手术.结果 采用经脐孔缘切口行充注式生理盐水假体隆乳术者,均获得了良好的手术效果,无感染、血肿、假体渗水、Baker Ⅲ或Ⅳ级纤维囊挛缩等并发症发生.结论 采用生理盐水充注式乳房假体,经脐孔缘切口可以完成胸大肌下隆乳术,增加了隆乳手术切口的选择范围.     

假体隆乳术后纤维囊挛缩的分析及防治

纤维囊挛缩是隆乳术后并发症之一,是导致乳房硬化、变形、双乳不对称的主要原因。笔者总结100例接受胸大肌下假体植入隆乳术患者,分析纤维囊挛缩的形成机理,摸索纤维囊挛缩的预防和早期治疗。1临床资料100例患者均为育龄女性,采取措施:"!术中,腔穴用冲洗液(生理盐水500ml 去炎舒松50mg 丁胺卡那霉素     

植物油乳房假体隆乳术后相关变化观察

目的：观察并总结植物油乳房假体置入体内后临床表现变化、假体变化以及假体包膜的组织病理变化。方法：对植物油假体隆乳术后的患者进行临床体检而后实施假体取出或更换，肉眼观察假体变化并对假体包膜进行组织学观察。结果：共16例(32只假体)，假体置入术后1～6年，1例单例出现红肿疼痛炎性表现，Baker’s包膜挛缩分级5例Ⅳ级，9例Ⅲ级，2例Ⅱ级，肉眼见包膜明显增厚，包膜腔有明显渗出液伴难闻气味，假体随置入时间延长出现明显皱缩变形，内容物稠厚有腐败气味，对4例包膜进行组织病理检查显示胶原纤维明显增多，包膜增厚。结论：植物油假体在置入人体后随时间延长会出现明显内容物外渗、内容物变质、假体变形、包膜增厚，可引起感染，影响术后美容效果并明显危及患者人身安全，应尽早取出。     

肿瘤型人工关节重建下肢骨肉瘤切除后的骨缺损

目的总结应用肿瘤型人工关节重建下肢骨肉瘤切除后骨缺损的效果及并发症。方法1997年7月~2004年7月共对167例下肢骨肉瘤实施广泛性切除后人工假体重建保肢术,100例获得随访。其中男56例,女44例。年龄13~57岁。股骨近端5例,股骨远端57例,胫骨近端38例。Enneking分期A期3例,B期85例,期12例。使用国产假体71例,进口假体29例。17例患者采用灭活肿瘤骨结合人工假体复合重建缺损,21例采用异体骨人工关节复合体,余62例采用人工假体进行重建。所有成骨肉瘤患者术前均行1~2个疗程规范化疗,术后3~5个疗程化疗。术后采用MSTS保肢评分系统对随访患者进行功能评价。结果所有患者获随访1~8年,中位随访时间3.5年。人工关节3年生存率为81.8%,5年生存率为65%。6例假体折断,13例假体迟发性感染,2例假体松动,5例移植物与宿主骨接合处不愈合,2例异体骨吸收,2例假体下沉,1例骨折。7例于术后6个月~2年内肿瘤局部复发,其中软组织肿瘤复发4例,接受肿瘤再切除治疗;另3例接受截肢手术。患者MSTS评分平均为23.30±5.17。肢体功能优62例,良27例,中7例,差4例,优良率为89%。结论与其他保肢重建方法比较,肿瘤型人工关节能保留最好的关节功能。但并发症发生率仍较高,人工关节的设计及加工有待于进一步改进。     

Serious complications that require surgical interventions after endoluminal stent-graft placement for the treatment of infrarenal aortic aneurysms

BACKGROUND: Endoluminal stent-graft placement for the treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms has gained widespread acceptance because it is associated with lower peri-interventional morbidity than conventional transabdominal surgery. In this study the long-term morbidity of the procedure was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between September 1994 and December 1998, 150 patients (age, 69.6 +/- 8.49 years; 142 men, 8 women) with abdominal aortic aneurysms were treated with the placement of an intravascular nitinol stent-graft (Stentor [55] and Vanguard-System [95]); there were eight tubular grafts and 142 bifurcated grafts. Initial placement of the stent-graft was successful in 144 patients. Mean follow-up was 49 +/- 25 months. In 13.3% of stent-graft placements we encountered the following complications: 4 cases of migration or dislocation of the prosthesis (30.5 +/- 7.4 months after placement); 2 ruptures of the aorta (26.7 and 15.0 months after placement); 3 recurrent thromboses of the stent-graft (25.5 +/- 5.3 months after placement); 3 endoleaks (27.5 +/- 15.7 months after placement); and 5 infections of the prosthesis (26.6 +/- 16.5 months after placement). There was no correlation between the complications and the type of stent used. All of these patients were treated by surgical replacement of the prosthesis with a Dacron graft. CONCLUSIONS: (1) The results suggest that most complications are due to a continuation of the disease process leading to loosening of the prosthesis. (2) Explantation of the prosthesis and surgical repair is feasible but bears additional risks. (3) Because the onset of reperfusion of the excluded aneurysm cannot be predicted, all patients with infrarenal aortic stent-grafts require frequent computer tomographic follow-up. (4) Finally, the results call for further improvements in the design of the stent-graft.     

乳腺摘除加隆乳术治疗乳房疾病效果观察

目的 :探讨在根治女性乳房的某些疾病时 ,如何保持其术后形态美的方法。　方法 :采用乳腺摘除加胸大肌后间隙硅凝胶假体隆乳术治疗患者 6例 ,7只患病乳房。　结果 :所有患者术后切口 期愈合。乳房外形、手感均满意。　结论 :本法简便、安全 ,即可根除病变 ,又能维持术后乳房的良好外形 ,符合现代医学模式的美学要求。     

国产可膨胀性阴茎假体的研制与临床应用

目的 :探讨国产可膨胀性阴茎假体的研制及治疗勃起功能障碍 (ED)的有效性与安全性。　方法 :根据我国男性生殖系统解剖生理特点 ,研制国产的可膨胀性阴茎假体 ,由改造的液泵阀、储液囊和一对可充液的圆柱体组成 ,用连接导管将其连接为一体。选择 4 5例器质性ED患者进行阴茎假体植入术。均采用阴茎阴囊切口进行手术 ,分别将圆柱体植入阴茎海绵体 ,液泵阀植入阴囊 ,储液囊植入耻骨后膀胱前间隙。　结果 :本组 4 5例未发生术中并发症 ;3例发生术后并发症 ,发生率为 6 .6 %,经术后处理未影响性交质量。 1 0～ 1 2个月后随访均可进行满意性交 ,性生活时间为 (2 0± 6 )min。　结论 :所研制的国产可膨胀性阴茎假体治疗严重器质性ED安全有效 ,机械故障发生率低。     

Mechanical reliability of the AMS 700CXM inflatable penile prosthesis for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction

PURPOSE: The AMS 700CXM inflatable penile prosthesis with medium controlled expansion cylinders was introduced in 1990 to provide a device with controlled expansion in girth and fitness for Asian men. We reviewed our experience with the AMS 700CXM prosthesis with particular regard to postoperative complications and reliability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1991 to April 1999, 273 men with erectile dysfunction underwent primary penile prosthesis implantation with the AMS 700CXM. Functional status of the prosthesis was assessed retrospectively by reviewing the medical records and a telephone interview. RESULTS: Patient age was 24 to 78 years and mean followup was 49 months. Of the 28 complications (10.3%) 8 (3%) were nonmechanical and 20 (7.3%) were mechanical. Nonmechanical complications included infection in 2 cases, erosion in 3, surgical complications in 2 and tube kinking in 1. Mechanical complications involved a cylinder tear in 11 cases (4%), pump failure in 4 (1.5%) and a reservoir tear in 2 (0.7%). Mechanical reliability of the device was 98.2% after 2, 95.7% after 3 and 90.4% after 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The AMS 700CXM is suitable for Asian men and its mechanical reliability is excellent. However, more device modifications are needed to guarantee good reliability during long-term followup.     

Early treatment of trans-tibial amputees: retrospective analysis of early fitting and elastic bandaging

This study investigates the effects of early fitting in trans-tibial amputees. The assumption is that compared to elastic bandaging, the use of a rigid dressing in early fitting will result in quicker wound healing and earlier ambulation. A retrospective file search was carried out in three different hospitals, analysing the time to first prosthesis, the incidence of local and general complications and the functional outcome after discharge from hospital. Each of the hospitals used a different method of postoperative care: elastic bandaging, immediate postoperative application of the plaster cast or delayed application of the plaster cast within one week post amputation. In comparison to the elastic bandaging method (N=52), the use of a rigid dressing in the early fitting method (immediate and delayed, N=97) resulted in a statistically significant shorter period from amputation to the delivery of a first regular prosthesis (110 days vs 50 days) and a decreased risk of knee flexion contracture. Although, differences in local complications were not observed, the risk of pressure sores in other places than the stump was increased in early fitting. Instead of further reducing the time to first prosthesis by immediate fitting, the use of delayed fitting resulted in a statistically significant shorter period from amputation to the delivery of a first regular prosthesis (56 vs 40 days). However, delayed fitting was associated with an increased risk for reamputation. In conclusion, this study indicates that early fitting by use of a rigid dressing after trans-tibial amputation is the treatment of choice. If it is possible to apply a plaster cast in the operating room, the authors would prefer the immediate fitting method.     

Two-stage exchange arthroplasty using a functional antibiotic-loaded spacer in the treatment of the infected knee replacement: the Vancouver experience

Two-stage exchange arthroplasty is currently the method of choice in the treatment of the infected knee replacement. The prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement (PROSTALAC) is a temporary, antibiotic-loaded functional prosthesis that is used as an interim spacer in two-stage exchange arthroplasty. In this prospective series, we report on the early results of the use of the PROSTALAC knee spacer in two-stage exchange arthroplasty of infected knees. A total of 24 knees were treated with this prosthesis, and were reviewed at a mean follow-up time of 2.2 years. Infection was controlled in all but 2 knees, for an infection cure rate of 91.7%. The patients' function was improved between stages, and motion was maintained in the majority of cases. The significant complications with the PROSTALAC implant in place were tibio-femoral instability, which was corrected with a design modification, and patellar instability, which continues to be a problem. These complications were transient and were not of any significance after the second stage.     

Complications of artificial disc replacement: a report of 27 patients with the SB Charité disc

Disc prosthesis surgery is rapidly becoming an option in treating patients with symptomatic degenerative disc disease. Only short-term and midterm results are described in the literature. Most operated patients belong to the age group of 30-50 years. In these active patients, complications can be expected to increase with longer follow-up, similar to total joint replacements in the extremities. Reported here is a series of 27 patients from another institution, who presented with unsatisfactory results or complications after SB Charité disc replacement. The objective of this work was to describe the possible short- and long-term unsatisfactory results of disc prosthesis surgery. Twenty-seven patients were seen in a tertiary university referral center with persisting back and leg complaints after having received a Charité disc prosthesis. All patients were operated on in a neighboring hospital. Most patients were operated on at the L4-L5 and /or the L5-S1 vertebral levels. The patients were evaluated with plain radiography, some with flexion-extension x-rays, and most of them with computed tomography scans. The group consisted of 15 women and 12 men. Their mean age was 40 years (range 30-67 years) at the time of operation. The patients presented to us a mean of 53 months (range 11-127 months) following disc replacement surgery. In two patients, an early removal of a prosthesis was required and in two patients a late removal. In 11 patients, a second spinal reconstructive salvage procedure was performed. Mean follow-up for 26 patients with mid- and long-term evaluation was 91 months (range 15-157 months). Early complications were the following: In one patient, an anterior luxation of the prosthesis after 1 week necessitated removal and cage insertion, which failed to unite. In another patient with prostheses at L4-L5 and L5-S1, the prosthesis at L5-S1 dislocated anteriorly after 3 months and was removed after 12 months. Abdominal wall hematoma occurred in four cases. Retrograde ejaculation with loss of libido was seen in one case and erection weakness in another case. A temporary benefit was experienced by 12 patients, while 14 patients reported no benefit at all. Main causes of persistent complaints were degeneration at another level in 14, subsidence of the prosthesis in 16, and facet joint arthrosis in 11. A combination of pathologies was often present. Slow anterior migration was present in two cases, with compression on the iliac vessels in one case. Polyethylene wear was obvious in one patient 12 years after operation. In eight cases, posterior fusion with pedicle screws was required. In two cases, the prosthesis was removed and the segment was circumferentially fused. These procedures resulted in suboptimal long-term results. In this relatively small group of patients operated on with a Charité disc prosthesis, most problems arose from degeneration of other lumbar discs, facet joint arthrosis at the same or other levels, and subsidence of the prosthesis. It is to be expected that many more patients will be seen with late problems some years after this operation as the survivorship will decrease with time.     

Indications for laparoscopic treatment of incisional hernias]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to describe the technique used in the treatment of ventral hernia using the laparoscopic method and at the same time to evaluate the possible advantages of this surgical approach. METHODS: The clinical case we present regards a case of a patient who had undergone a double eventration treated with an application of a new type of prosthesis Parietex Composite of the Sofradim, using the laparoscopic method, we can be applied in intraperitoneal in contact with the intestinal loops. RESULTS: The method we used in the laparoscopic treatment of ventral hernias has highlighted, in a short time, the solidity of the abdominal wall, a noticeable reduction of infections and a reduction of hospitalization. There developed no long term recurrence in our patients treated with this technique. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic ventral hernia treatment is currently used in a limited amount even though this pathology could be approached using the laparoscopic method. Our laparoscopic method, using the Composite prosthesis could represent a very valid method for primary and recurrent ventral hernia. This technique gives the opportunity to repair the eventration applying a prosthesis without any muscular tension, consenting, furthermore a reduction of any complications (infections, seroma, pain) that could arise and of any recurrence after the operation. Furthermore the surgical access is minimum and as we know this is of noticeable importance in aesthetics today.     

肱骨上段恶性肿瘤切除人工假体置换术

目的探讨应用人工假体置换治疗肱骨上段恶性肿瘤的手术疗效及并发症。方法1998年10月~2003年8月,收治肱骨上段恶性肿瘤4例。其中骨肉瘤2例,Enneking分期A期;骨巨细胞瘤2例,Enneking分期分别为A期和B期。根据国际保肢学会评分标准,术前综合评分骨肉瘤2例分别为4分和5分,骨巨细胞瘤2例分别是9分和11分。手术均采用距肿瘤边界以远5~8cm连同周围肌肉切除,行人工假体置换,骨水泥固定。结果4例均获随访24~58个月,平均44个月。术后无肿瘤复发及感染,1例于术后1年5个月出现假体松动,未作特殊处理。假体置换后肩关节伸22~41°(平均25°),屈29~80°(平均35°),外展5~28°,旋转15~22°。4例患者均有不同程度的肩关节不稳,力量减弱。根据国际保肢学会评分标准,术后综合评分骨肉瘤2例分别是19分和22分,较术前平均提高16分;骨巨细胞瘤2例分别是21分和28分,较术前平均提高9.5分。结论人工假体置换治疗肱骨上段恶性肿瘤,效果良好,但并发症较多,临床应用需慎重。