皮质脑干纤维终末的超微结构——溃变电镜法研究

用溃变电镜法观察了１２只大鼠的中缝大核，蓝斑，旁正中网状核，巨细胞状核，桥核，外侧网状核和下橄榄主核中皮质下行纤维终末的溃变型，超微结构及突触联系。结果如下：（１）皮质纤维有三种溃变型，即电子致密型，微丝增生型和电子透明型。以电子致突型为主。（２）三种溃变型在各核中出现的数量和种类不同。（３）电子致密型溃变终扣有含圆形清亮型小泡，多形清亮型小泡和混合型小泡三种终扣。各核中，三种不同小泡终扣的出现种     

皮质—小脑前核—小脑通路—HRP法结合溃变电镜法研究

目的：观察大鼠小脑前核（桥核,下橄榄,外侧网状核,桥被盖网状核和旁正中网状核）中皮质纤维终末的溃变型及其与各核中的小脑投射神经元的突触联系。材料和方法：８只大鼠,用ＨＲＰ逆行示记法和溃变电镜技术。结果：（１）溃变型有三种,电子致密型,微丝增生型以及电子透明型。（２）电子致密型溃变有三种不同形态,即含圆形清亮型小泡,含多形清亮型小泡和混合型小泡的三种终末,其中绝大多数溃变终末含圆形亮型小泡。（４）溃     

大鼠大脑皮质—外侧网状核—小脑通路

用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪法和顺行溃变相结合的电镜技术对大鼠大脑皮质－外侧网状核－小脑投射以及两组投射在外侧网状核的突触联系进行观察，结果：在外侧网状核吻端观察到小型电子致密型溃变前囊，内以圆形清亮小泡为主，溃变前囊多与树突形成连结。     

皮质—脑桥核—小脑通路的HRP结合溃变电镜法研究

目的：观察大鼠脑桥核内皮质纤维终末的溃疡变型及其与脑桥核小脑投射神经元的突触联系方式,方法：采用HRP逆行标记结合溃变电镜技术。结果：（1）皮质纤维终末出现电子致密和微丝增生两种溃变类型。以电子致密型为主。后者终末又有两种不同形态,即含圆形清亮型小泡和多形清亮型小泡者,以圆形清亮型小泡终末占优势。（2）皮质纤维终末与脑桥核小脑投射神经元形成轴－树和少量轴－体突触,部分溃变终末与HRP标记的投射神经元形成单突触联系,结论：皮质纤维与脑桥核小脑投射神经元间存在的单突触联系构成了皮持－脑桥核－小脑通路。     

大鼠红核脊髓束与脊髓小脑束起始细胞突触联系的电镜研究

采用神经元溃变和ＨＲＰ神经元逆行追踪结合的方法。电镜观察红核脊髓束终末与脊髓小脑束起始细胞的突触联系。结果表明红核脊髓束溃变终末与ＨＲＰ标记的脊髓小脑束起始神经元（脊髓边缘细胞和Ｃｌａｒｋｅ柱细胞）胞体及树突形成突触,但大部分溃变终扣则与非标记神经元构成突触。以轴－树触居多。溃变终扣主要呈电子致密型和清亮型两种。以致密型为主,内多含圆形小泡。实验提示红核脊髓束与脊髓小脑束起始细胞存在直接或间接的突     

大鼠岛叶皮质与迷走神经背核的直接通路──光镜和电镜研究

将ＷＧＡ－ＨＲＰ及＾３Ｈ－亮氨酸分别注大鼠－侧岛叶皮质，光镜下可见顺行物ＨＲＰ标记终支及＾３Ｈ－亮氨酸标记颗粒密集分布在两侧孤束核（Ｓｏｌ）及迷走神经核（ＤＭＶ）的周边部，以对称为主。在ＤＭＶ内也发现有标记的终支。将大鼠双侧岛叶毁损并用（ＣＢ－ＨＲＰ从其胃壁逆行追踪，电镜下在ＤＭＶ内及其与Ｓｏｌ的交界区可见溃变的终扣呈电子致密型溃变，溃变终扣可与标记细胞及标记树突形成突触联系。以上结果表明，岛叶皮     

家兔脊髓向延髓外侧网状核投射的体部定位——HRP顺行法研究

本实验用HRP顺行传递法研究了家兔脊髓向外侧网状核的纤维投射,结果是: 1.颈、胸和腰髓都有少数的神经元发出纤维投射于双侧的三叉神经下亚核。 2.颈、胸和腰髓至外侧网状核的投射都是双侧性的,但颈髓以同测投射为主,腰髓以对侧投射为主,胸髓至双侧的投射无明显差别。 3.脊髓神经元主要投射于外侧网状核的尾侧半,有体部定位关系。颈髓投射于大细胞亚核的外侧3/5及相邻的部分小细胞亚核;胸髓投射于大细胞亚核的内侧3/5及相邻接的部分小细胞亚核;腰髓投射于小细胞亚核及相邻接的一部分大细胞亚核,相互间有部分重叠。     

脑腹后外侧核内内侧丘系纤维终末的超微结构和突触联系

采用顺行溃变法对猫丘脑腹后外侧核内内侧丘系终末的超微结构和突触联系进行了研究。在电损毁后索核２～５天后，电镜下发现丘脑腹后外侧内内侧丘系终一要存在三种溃变形式：电子致密型，神经微丝型和电子透明型，以电子致密型最为见。溃变的内侧丘系终末常较大，主要含有大量密集的圆形突触小泡。主要形成不对称型的轴－树突触，还可见到轴－体突轴、轴－轴突触及轴－轴－树系列突触，并参与形成以树突为中心的突触复合体。     

大白鼠脊髓向延髓外侧网状核投射的体部定位——HRP顺行法研究

向大白鼠脊髓的颈、腰膨大和胸髓右侧半分别注入HRP或WGA—HRP,研究了脊髓向延髓外侧网状核的投射。 1.双侧的三叉神经下亚核同时接受颈、胸和腰髓来的投射。 2.大白鼠脊髓主要投射于外侧网状核的尾侧半,有一定的体部定位关系。颈髓投射于双侧大细胞亚核的外侧2/3及与共相邻接的一部分小细胞亚核内,以同侧投射为主。胸髓投射于双侧的大细胞亚核的内侧2/3和与之相邻接的一部分小细胞亚核内,两侧无明显差別。腰髓投射于双侧小细胞亚核和与之相邻接的部分大细胞亚核内,以对侧投射为主。它们相互间有部分重叠。 3.颈、胸和腰髓内外侧网状核投射的神经元位于从背角至腹角的灰质内,越边投射的神经元比不越边投射的神经元位置更靠腹侧。     

脊髓上行纤维向脑干网状结构和下位中缝核的投射——Nauta法研究

本文采用改良的Nauta溃变法,用大白鼠10只,猫4只,做脊髓半离断术,观察了脊髓上行纤维到脑干网状结构和下位中缝核的投射区。结果表明,脊髓半离断后,在脑干网状结构可见有散在的溃变纤维和终末前溃变。其中以外侧网状核、巨细胞网状核和延髓中央腹侧核最多,脑桥尾侧网状核和脑桥嘴侧网状核居次,而延髓中央背侧核、小细胞网状核及旁正中网状核较少。此外,在下位中缝核也可见到溃变纤维和终末前溃变,其中以中缝大核和中缝苍白核中的溃变较多,中缝隐核及中缝脑侨核较少。溃变纤维及终末前溃变主要见于离断的同侧,但少数也至对侧的网状结构。猫和大白鼠的实验材料未见明显差异。本文还讨论了网状结构及中缝核在整合及传递痛觉信息方面的意义。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.