纤维支气管镜在儿童支气管异物残留病例诊治中的作用

目的　探讨纤维支气管镜在儿童硬质气管镜异物取出术后残留病例中的应用价值。方法　对2012年1月～2016年12月间硬质气管镜异物取出术后,远端支气管内仍有异物残留的18例患儿进行了纤维支气管镜检查及治疗。结果　本组18例患儿除1例未发现异物考虑自行咳出外,其余均存在异物,其中12例经纤维支气管镜一次取出,5例进行2次以上纤维支气管镜检查后最终取净异物,所有患儿术后均无喉水肿、皮下气肿,复查胸部X线片无气胸、纵膈气肿及肺炎表现。结论　纤维支气管镜在治疗儿童硬质气管镜异物取出术后残留病例中具有良好的效果,是诊治深部异物安全、有效的手段。     

硬质支气管镜联合纤维支气管镜治疗气管异物9例

气管、支气管异物是小儿耳鼻咽喉科的常见急症之一,是造成儿童死亡的重要原因。一旦确诊必须及时进行气管镜下异物取出术。但是部分多发性气管异物及气管或主支气管伴叶、段支气管异物,而镜下取出较困难。我科近年来采用硬质支气管镜联合纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）取多发性气管异物9例,获得满意效果。现报道如下。     

复杂气管、支气管异物4例并文献复习

目的提高复杂气管、支气管异物的诊断与治愈率,减少并发症。方法对我科诊治的4例复杂气管、支气管异物患者资料,结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果2例因异物嵌顿需二次手术,但避免了开胸手术;1例双侧支气管异物因术中即时发现而避免了二次手术,1例上叶支气管异物予部分取出后1个月,自行咳出残余物。结论术前要有充分的准备;纤维支气管镜下异物取出术应用于3岁以上儿童为宜;气管、支气管异物患者是否常规进行CT检查,仍值得探讨;在明确异物情况下,可用力钳取;易脆异物,要注意多发性可能;急诊室应常规备有鳄鱼钳等简单器械,以利迅速取出嵌顿于声门的异物。     

支撑喉镜联合Hopkins镜行小儿气管、支气管异物取出术

目的探讨两种不同手术方式在治疗小儿气管、支气管异物的临床效果,从而达到提高小儿气管、支气管异物取出术的安全性及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2013年12月来我科收治的60例小儿气管、支气管异物待查患者,手术方法分别采用静脉麻醉高频给氧硬性支气管镜检查取出异物（对照组）或气管内插管静脉全身麻醉支撑喉镜联合Hopkins内镜检查取出异物（观察组）。术中观察记录患儿导入支气管镜次数、SpO2≤85%的时间及手术时间。结果 60例患者中58例发现异物并成功取出。比较两组手术时间、术中导入支气管镜次数,SpO2〈85%的时间,差异均有统计学意义。术中22例患者SpO2≤85%,观察组10例,对照组12例。1例患儿需术中行气管切开术,4例患儿出现并发症。结论气管内插管静脉全身麻醉经支撑喉镜联合Hopkins镜气管支气管异物取出术是一种治疗小儿气管支气管异物的理想、安全、有效的方法,值得在临床推广。     

气管、支气管异物取出术中潜窥镜与普通支气管镜的应用

目的 比较应用潜窥镜与普通支气管镜在气管、支气管异物取出术中的不同效果,提高诊疗水平,减少并发症发生。方法 分析206例气管、支气管异物患者的诊断、麻醉、手术方法和疗效;对潜窥镜视频监视下与普通支气管镜取异物进行对比观察。结果 采用潜窥镜异物取出术均一次性手术成功;普通支气管镜行二次手术10例,术中出现喉痉挛8例、支气管痉挛12例,术后出现纵隔气肿1例、气胸2例、皮下气肿4例、心衰2例,行气管切开5例,无异物变位性窒息,气管、支气管损伤等严重并发症。结论 潜窥镜下气道异物取出术具有明视、放大等特点,避免了普通支气管镜的盲目性,提高了气道异物取出术的成功率和安全性。     

气管支气管异物3018例临床分析

目的探讨气管支气管异物的诊断、治疗方法及效果。方法回顾分析1980年1月-2006年12月我科治疗的3018例气管支气管异物的诊治过程。结果气管支气管异物以1—3岁儿童最常见（68％），植物类异物最常见（85．9％）。2867例在表麻下取出，2969例经直接喉镜或硬支气管镜成功取出。无术中或术后死亡病例。结论对气管支气管异物及时正确的诊断、合适的麻醉与手术方法的选择、术中应变能力，尤其是术者熟练的手术技能对减少并发症、降低死亡率至关重要。表麻硬支气管镜下异物取出术是治疗儿童气管支气管异物最适用的方法。     

西藏高海拔地区儿童气管支气管异物治疗经验

目的分析西藏高原地区儿童气管支气管异物的发病特点,总结适合高海拔地区儿童气管支气管异物的诊疗方法,以提高治疗效果和安全性,减少患者的死亡率。方法回顾性分析西藏军区总医院2008年1月~2014年5月收治的25例气管支气管异物患儿的治疗方法,治疗结果,总结西藏高海拔特殊地理环境中气管支气管异物的诊疗方案。结果25例患儿均全身麻醉加表面分段复合麻醉,其中12例行硬支气管镜治疗,10例取出异物,2例转低海拔内地医院,随诊取出异物。3例在直接喉镜下试取2例取出异物,失败的1例改用硬支气管镜取出。4例患者在纤维支气管镜下试取,1例取出,3例未取出,其中2例死亡。4例患者行气管切开,自气管切开处取出异物。2例转心胸外科行开胸手术取出异物。结论对于高原地区儿童气管支气管异物,快速准确的诊断,选择切实可行的治疗方案,可有效降低患者痛苦,减少并发症,降低患者死亡率。     

支气管镜直接法取高难高危气管支气管异物的体会

目的 探讨高难高危气管和支气管异物取出的最佳治疗方法和技巧.方法 武汉儿童医院1995年8月至2012年8月收治4217例气管和支气管异物患儿,根据术前评估选择个性化治疗方案,回顾性分析其中272例(6.5％)高难高危患儿的临床资料.结果 271例患儿采用支气管镜直接法手术成功取出异物,手术成功率为99.6％;1例病史191 d的左下叶支气管笔帽异物患儿转入胸外科开胸取出异物.85例Ⅱ度及Ⅱ度以上喉梗阻气管异物(其中82例为1岁以下儿童)经紧急手术取出异物后解除喉梗阻.26例合并肺不张、肺实变、肺实变加胸腔积液患儿及27例第二次手术的患儿,均经抗感染治疗1周后再行支气管镜检异物取出术.一次支气管镜取出的17例笔帽异物中,病史两周以内的12例直接取出,4例用0.1％肾上腺素盐水冲洗,1例用自制支气管异物钩取出.26例口哨和32例外形尖锐异物均随支气管镜通过声门取出.42例多发性异物或易碎、易分散支气管异物使用小抱钳取出或经灌洗冲出.16例亚段支气管异物潜窥镜直视下采用麦粒钳取出.129例患儿术中行支气管灌洗,127例灌洗后1周X线胸片恢复正常;2例病史超过1个月合并肺实变的患儿灌洗后发生气胸及皮下气肿,治疗后痊愈.无声门水肿、窒息等其他手术并发症,并发症发生率为0.7％.结论 高难高危气管和支气管异物治疗前需行全面评估,选用适宜的治疗方法和手术器械,才能最大限度地提高手术成功率,防止术中术后并发症.     

婴幼儿双侧支气管异物围手术期处理

目的 探讨婴幼儿双侧支气管异物围手术期处理的要点.方法 回顾性分析45例婴幼儿双侧支气管异物的临床特征、手术操作要点及术后注意事项.结果 45例患儿均在全麻下经硬性支气管镜顺利取出异物,44例患儿经术后抗感染治疗3～5 d后痊愈出院,1例急性喉气管、支气管炎患儿术后应用万古霉素抗感染治疗10 d痊愈出院,本组抢救成功率为100％.结论 全麻下经硬性支气管镜异物取出是治疗气管、支气管异物的首选方法.双侧支气管异物的患儿病情危急,应尽早诊断,及时手术,术后加强护理,可以提高抢救成功率.     

气管食管科学

及时追问异物吸入史。②阅读胸片不仔细及忽视拍摄侧位胸片。从3个误诊病例可吸取两点教训:①对不明原因的反复同一部位肺部感染、咳嗽、咯脓痰或咯血者均应想到支气管内异物,应详细询问异物吸入史;②仔细阅读胸片并加照侧位胸片。有疑间者应作纤维支气管镜检查。就纤维支气管镜钳除法进行了讨论。 (尹’本义)940687支气管异物开胸手术失误支气管镜下异物取出术1例报告/徐永赤…户合尔滨医药一1993,13(4),一55~56940688呼吸道异物取出术后气管切开13例分析/刘赛保…了广东医学一1993,14(5)一2 51~252 呼吸道异物取出术易发生各种并发症,严重…     

带钳Hopkins潜窥镜在小儿肺段支气管异物中的应用

摘要：目的探讨带钳Hopkins潜窥镜在小儿肺段支气管异物取出中的临床应用。方法27例肺段支气管异物患者，其中5例为二次手术，以仿真支气管CT和纤维支气管镜诊断。全身麻醉下，从硬性支气管镜套入带钳Hopkins潜窥镜，Hopkins潜窥镜接电视监视系统，直视下将肺段支气管异物取出。结果27例患者均成功将异物取出，无开胸取异物、气管切开口取异物及死亡病例，5例二次手术患者中，1例患者术后出现气胸，行胸腔闭式引流，转ICU病房，其他患者无气胸、纵隔气肿等并发症发生。结论带钳Hopkins潜窥镜可在直视下钳夹并取出异物，提高小儿肺段支气管异物取出的精确性，避免了开胸取异物，减少了并发症及术后残留。     

Distal airway foreign bodies: Importance of a stepwise approach, knowledge of equipment and utilization of other services' expertise

Many distal airway foreign bodies present as obstructive atelectasis and may be removed using instruments passed through rigid bronchoscopes. Deeply impacted distal foreign bodies remain problematic and sometimes require thoracotomy. The purpose of this paper is to discuss alternate approaches to avoid open surgical removal. A clinical algorithm is outlined. A young child presented to the hospital with an episode of coughing and oxygen desaturation. A chest radiograph demonstrated a radiopaque foreign body in the right upper lobe with distal atelectasis. The foreign body could not be found using rigid bronchoscopy so a flexible bronchoscope (3.5 mm) was used to identify the distal primary tooth that was lodged in the inflamed tertiary segment of the bronchus. The tooth could not be removed using instruments passed through the sideport of the bronchoscope including balloon catheters, ureteral baskets, and biopsy forceps. The catheters were too compliant to reach the upper lobe and the forceps could not engage the tooth. A decision was made to treat the child with steroids and attempt removal 48 h later. The inflammation had resolved and the tooth had shifted positions to a more accessible left lower lobe tertiary segment. Using fluoroscopy with guide wires through the endotracheal tube, the tooth was removed. Tools used by different services are available as well to retrieve foreign bodies and may obviate the need for thoracotomy. Steroids decreased swelling allowing better access to the foreign body.     

硬质支气管镜联合纤维支气管镜探查在176例气道梗阻患儿中的应用

目的　探讨硬质支气管镜联合纤维支气管镜在气道梗阻患儿中的应用价值。方法　回顾性分析2006年1月1日～2016年1月1日在我院诊治的176例气道梗阻患儿的临床资料。结果　所有患儿均在全身麻醉下行硬质支气管镜联合纤维支气管镜检查并根据不同病因进行干预。104例气道异物患者均取得了满意的效果,2例支气管异物（笔帽）患儿检查发现异物嵌顿,支气管镜下未能取出,联系胸外科医师开胸及时取出异物。10例塑形性支气管炎患者经硬质支气管联合纤维支气管镜检查并治疗后症状好转或消失。7例支气管结核患者经抗结核治疗后治愈或好转。4例气道肿瘤患者进行了微创手术,取得了良好的效果,2例转外院治疗。2例气管狭窄的患者,转呼吸科行扩张术后症状减轻。支气管肉芽、气管软化、支气管软化,支气管闭锁患者进行支持对症治疗后梗阻症状好转。本组所有肺炎患者经支气管镜下灌洗及抗感染、对症治疗后均治愈。结论　硬质支气管镜和纤维支气管镜对诊治儿童气道梗阻均具有重要的意义,两者各有优缺点,联合应用可以发挥各自的优势,取长补短,从而提高疾病诊断的准确率并对患者及时进行干预。     

儿童食管异物的临床特征与治疗方式的选择

目的探讨儿童食管异物的临床特征及治疗方式的选择,提高对儿童食管异物的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析我院自2001年～2011年收治568例食管异物患儿的临床特征,针对异物的性质和特点采用硬质食管镜、Foley管、电子胃镜、硬质支气管镜和外科手术取出患儿食管异物。结果食管镜下异物取出438例,Foley管取出异物80例,异物经大便排出35例,电子胃镜取出6例,硬质支气管镜取出7例,外科手术取出2例,平均治愈时间为2.5 d。50例患儿出现食管炎,8例患儿出现较严重的并发症,其中食管穿孔2例、食管脓肿3例、咽后脓肿3例,无一例死亡患儿。结论跟据小儿食管异物的特点、性质、病程长短、异物周围黏膜炎症反应程度和停留的部位,选择合适的治疗方式,可获得较好的疗效,避免严重并发症的发生。     

小儿下呼吸道异物500例临床分析

目的探讨小儿下呼吸道异物手术时机及方法。方法选取我院2005年6月～2009年6月收治的经术后确诊为呼吸道异物且资料齐全的500例患者,就其治疗方面的有关问题进行临床分析。结果纤维支气管镜取出4例（0.8%）;开胸手术取出2例（0.4%）;气管切开从气管切开口导入内镜或硬支气管镜取出20例（4%）;经直达喉镜取出32例（6.4%）;经硬管支气管镜一次完全取出436例（87.2%）,两次完全取尽者6例（1.2%）。结论根据异物种类及存留时间、位置等采取不同的手术方法,以最小的损伤取得最好的治疗效果。     

Inhalation of foreign bodies in chinese children: A review of 400 cases

A retrospective review of 400 Chinese children who had inhaled foreign bodies was undertaken. There has been a yearly increase in the total number of cases of airway foreign bodies removed in our hospital. Fifty-eight percent of the children presenting were from the countryside; 42% were townspeople. Approximately 90% of the patients were under 3 years of age, with the peak incidence of foreign body inhalation occurring between 1 and 2 years of age (57.8%). The male-female ratio was about 1.2:1. About 95% of the removed foreign bodies were organic in origin. The majority of the foreign bodies were found most often in the right bronchial tree (46%). A positive history of foreign body inhalation was obtained in 98% of the cases. Twenty-eight percent of the children presented at the hospital within 24 hours, 71% within 1 week, and 29% more than 1 week after inhaling the foreign body. The most common presenting symptoms of lar-yngotracheal foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and hoarseness; those of bronchial foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, decreased air entry, and rhonchi. More than two-thirds of the children with laryngotracheal foreign bodies had normal x-ray findings. The most common fluoroscopic findings in those children with bronchial foreign bodies were mediastinal shift (36.8%), obstructive emphysema (35.7%), and normal findings (35%). A total of 348 (87%) bronchial foreign bodies were removed by rigid bronchoscopy (81%), rod-lens bronchoscopy (5%), and spontaneous expulsion (1%); 52 (13%) laryn-geal and tracheal foreign bodies were removed by direct laryngoscopy (12%) and tracheotomy (1%). A single endoscopic procedure successfully removed 92.5% of 400 foreign bodies detected in the airways. One child died during bronchoscopy, for a mortality rate of 0.25%.     

Management of complicated airway foreign body aspiration using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

ObjectivesSuccessful removal of an airway foreign body can be very challenging. We present three patients with airway foreign body aspiration successfully treated using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Their clinical presentation and findings will be reviewed to determine when ECMO should be considered for treatment.Study designRetrospective multi-institutional review of a case series of patients with airway foreign body who underwent successful treatment using ECMO.MethodAfter institutional review board approval, the use of ECMO during airway foreign body procedures in children was reviewed from the pediatric research in otolaryngology (PRO) network. This network comprises of over 20 Children's hospitals to improve the health of and healthcare delivery to children and their families with otolaryngology conditions. Specific parameters were recorded for each patient.ResultsThree children presented with airway foreign body and required ECMO for successful removal. Mean age was 18 months. Presenting symptoms included severe and worsening respiratory distress. Indications for ECMO included an inability to perform rigid bronchoscopy due to the child's unstable respiratory status and an airway foreign body lodged in the trachea that could not be removed without potential loss of airway support. All three children underwent successful removal of their airway foreign bodies. There were no complications from ECMO or bronchoscopy.ConclusionECMO may be a useful adjunct in cases of life threatening airway foreign body aspiration.     

降低小儿气管支气管异物并发症及病死率的诊断和治疗方案分析

目的总结一套诊断和治疗方案，进一步降低小儿气管支气管异物的并发症率及病死率。方法分析北京儿童医院1987年1月～2003年8月7260例小儿气管支气管异物患儿疗效，总结采用快速诊断方案，应用术前评估体系，建立围手术期治疗方案的效果。结果应用快速诊断方案共实施气管镜检查术7618例，其中术后证实为气管异物的有7260例，诊断符合率达95．3％。7260例小儿气管支气管异物病例中，24h内做出诊断并实施气管镜检的为7007例，占96．4％。无麻醉或表面麻醉6933例，全身麻醉及表面麻醉复合327例，病史超过1个月或为特殊类型的气管异物采用全身麻醉及表面分段麻醉相复合的麻醉方法，无麻醉并发症出现。7165例一次手术成功，占总手术98．7％，95例实施二次或二次以上手术，16例转为纤维支气管镜取异物，12例由气管镜手术转至胸科开胸取出异物，其余67例于二次气管镜手术时顺利取出异物。术后出现并发症7例，发生率为0．1％，其中1996年以前6例，1996年后对所有病例进行术前评估后再处理，手术并发症仅1例。无死亡病例。结论快速诊断，术前评估，实施适时有效的手术和围手术期治疗，可以有效降低小儿气管支气管异物的并发症率，降低死亡率。