经口内镜下肌切除术治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效观察

目的 观察经口内镜下肌切除术(POEM)治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效和安全性.方法 对2010年11月至2011年11月7例确诊为贲门失弛缓症的患者行POEM手术.记录术前吞咽困难评分、术后并发症及近期远期疗效.结果 7例患者POEM手术均成功.手术时间46～113 min,平均(73±20) min.术后除2例出现皮下气肿、纵隔气肿,经内科治疗后痊愈,余均未出现相关并发症.术后随访1～12个月,7例患者吞咽困难均得到明显改善.结论 POEM手术可以迅速解除贲门失弛缓症患者吞咽困难,且具有一定的安全性.     

经食管后壁内镜肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症的初步评价

目的 探讨经食管后壁内镜肌切开术(POEM)治疗贲门失弛缓症的有效性及安全性.方法 选择诊断明确的贲门失弛缓症患者,经食管后壁行POEM,观察手术前后患者的吞咽困难的积分、食管下括约肌静息压变化、手术并发症等.结果 28例贲门失弛缓症患者入选研究,其中26例患者顺利施行经食管后壁的POEM,平均手术时间68.8 min,无一例患者发生严重危及生命的手术并发症.26例患者术后食管下括约肌静息压力较术前平均降低16.37 mm Hg(1 mmHg =0.133 kPa),术后1个月Eckardt评分均分较术前降低6.69分,仅1例患者仍有吞咽困难,Eckardt评分为4分,总有效率96.1％ (25/26).1例患者术后出现反流症状.2例患者因贲门部严重疤痕形成而未能完成POEM手术.结论 经食管后壁POEM能即时有效地改善贲门失弛缓症患者吞咽困难的临床症状,有效降低食管下括约肌静息压力,短期疗效满意,其并发症尤其是气胸发生率较低,安全性较高.     

经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症7例

背景:经口内镜下肌切开术(POEM)是一种新的微创治疗技术,研究显示其对贲门失弛缓症的疗效良好。目的:探讨POEM治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效和安全性。方法:选取2012年7月~2013年4月安徽省淮北市人民医院确诊的7例贲门失弛缓症患者,行POEM,观察疗效和安全性。结果:7例贲门失弛缓症患者的POEM成功率为100%,平均手术时间71.1 min;黏膜下隧道长度8~12 cm,平均9.6 cm;环肌切开长度6~10 cm,平均7.6 cm。1例患者发生术中出血,经内镜下热活检钳止血成功;2例出现皮下气肿,经内科保守治疗痊愈。术后随访3~12个月,7例患者吞咽困难症状均明显改善。结论:POEM是一种较为安全的内镜微创手术,可迅速解除贲门失弛缓症患者吞咽困难症状,近期疗效肯定。     

经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症疗效分析

目的探讨经口内镜下肌切开术（POEM）治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及安全性。方法对40例贲门失弛缓症患者进行POEM治疗,手术前后评估症状及食管造影、食管测压、胃镜等检查,于术后第6天、1个月、3个月、6个月评估疗效,并观察手术并发症。结果40例贲门失弛缓症患者均顺利完成POEM,手术时间（57．2±18．4）min,术中有2例出现纵隔和皮下气肿。术后缓解率100％（Eekardt评分≤3分）,平均随访13．3个月,复发2例,半年缓解率90％。食管测压术前食管下括约肌平均静息压30．6mmHg（1mmHg=Q133kPa）,术后15．8mmHg（P=0.001）;术前平均综合松弛压28．1mmHg,术后12．2mmHg（P=0．000）;平均食管最宽径术前4．2cm,术后3．1cm（P〈0．001）。结论POEM治疗贲门失弛缓症安全、有效,短期疗效肯定,并发症少,长期疗效及远期并发症有待随访研究。     

经口内镜全层肌切开术治疗重症贲门失弛缓症的临床应用

目的探讨经口内镜全层肌切开术治疗重症贲门失弛缓症的疗效与安全性。方法经口内镜全层肌切开术治疗64例重症（至少满足以下条件之一：Eckardt评分≥6分;食管直径≥6cm或S形食管）贲门失弛缓症患者,术后定期随访和复查,收集患者一般情况、症状评分、并发症、复发、内镜及X线钡餐检查结果等资料。结果64例患者均成功完成手术,平均操作时间55min,隧道长度平均14．1cm,肌切开长度平均10．6cm,全层肌切开范围为食管胃接合部上下6．0cm。术后患者症状均得到缓解;并发症发生率为9．4％（6／64）,其中气肿发生率为6．3％（4／64）。术后6个月,Eckardt评分较术前明显改善[（7．4±1．5）分比（0．6±0．8）分,P〈0．001],食管直径较术前明显减小[（59．7±13．0）mm比（31．4±3．3）mm,P〈0．001],贲门口直径较术前明显扩大[（15．6±10．1）mm比（33．4±8．9）mm,P〈0．01]。平均随访12．3个月,98．4％（63／64）有效;随访期内无复发病例。结论经口内镜下全层肌切开术可作为重症贲门失弛缓症患者的有效治疗手段,但临床应用时间尚短,其长期疗效及远期并发症仍有待于进一步随访评估。     

内镜下气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症81例

目的:探讨内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症的方法与疗效.方法:内镜下气囊扩张术治疗81例贲门失弛缓症患者,观察其临床症状,复查胃镜及X线检查,以了解其疗效.结果:81例患者吞咽困难缓解率100%,无穿孔等严重并发症发生;复查胃镜及X线检查均较扩张前明显改善,随访0.5-5 a,无1例复发.结论:内镜下气囊扩张术治疗贲门失弛缓症因疗效确切、安全性高、费用低、痛苦小,是贲门失弛缓症较为理想的首选和主要治疗方法.     

经口内镜下肌切开术与腹腔镜Heller手术治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床疗效对比

目的比较经口内镜下肌切开术(peroral esophageal myotomy,POEM)与腹腔镜Heller手术治疗贲门失驰缓症的临床疗效。方法收集中国人民解放军第174医院2004年1月-2013年2月收治的贲门失弛缓症患者,根据手术方式,分为POME组和腹腔镜Heller手术组(腹腔镜组),比较两组治疗后临床症状缓解率、食管最大宽度下降幅度、并发症发生率及复发率。结果共纳入60例贲门失驰缓症患者,POME组27例,腹腔镜组33例,术后随访1个月,两组症状均明显缓解,食管最大宽度下降幅度分别为(2.5±1.2)cm、(2.2±1.3)cm,两组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。POEM组出现2例(7.4%)并发症,腹腔镜Heller手术组出现2例(6.1%)并发症,两组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访1个月后POEM组出现2例(7.4%)胃食管反流病患者,随访1年2例(7.4%)复发,腹腔镜组术后未出现明显不适,两组术后并发症发生率和复发率相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜Heller手术与POME治疗贲门失弛缓症有效性及安全性相当。     

内镜下球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症

目的 探讨内镜下球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的有效性和安全性。方法 内镜下用ABD球囊扩张贲门狭窄处，根据病人反应及镜下情况决定扩张进程，术后定期随访。结果 19例病人随访1～2年，近期疗效100％，1年症状缓解率94．4％(17／18)，2年症状缓解率88．2％(15／17)，未发生严重并发症。结论 内镜下球囊扩张术治疗贲门失驰缓症是一种创伤小，安全有效的方法。     

腹腔镜手术治疗小儿贲门失弛缓症效果分析

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗小儿贲门失弛缓症的优点及安全性。 方法回顾性分析2008年12月至2018年12月，新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院小儿外科、新疆维吾尔自治区儿童医院小儿外科，首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院小儿外科在腹腔镜下行Heller＋胃底折叠术28例贲门失弛缓症患儿的临床资料，对患儿诊治过程，手术方式、手术安全性、术中术后并发症进行总结分析。 结果患有贲门失弛缓症的患儿接受腹腔镜治疗的手术平均时间为（85.0±3.5）min，术中平均出血量为（8.0±1.3）ml；术后观察1周，术中黏膜破裂修补后发生漏患儿1例，留置胃管1个月后自愈；余27例患儿进食普食后未见有吞咽困难，未见有呕吐的情况。术后随访1年，未见有复发，营养得到改善，生活质量提高，患儿家属满意。 结论腹腔镜在治疗小儿贲门失弛缓症应用中损伤小，并发症少，术后恢复好，安全，具有应用价值。     

暂时性金属内支架扩张术介入治疗贲门失弛缓及其中远期疗效分析

目的 探讨暂时性金属内支架扩张术在贲门失弛缓介入治疗中应用及其中远期疗效随访.方法 20例贲门失弛缓患者,在x线引导下置入国产带膜支架,术后3 d-7 d,由内镜取出,20例贲门失弛缓患者安放暂时性金属内支架20只(其中20 mm直径支架12只;25mm直径支架8只).治疗前所有患者均有不同程度的吞咽困难,并给予食管下段括约肌(LES)静息压力测定.结果 20例患者支架置入和支架取出成功率均为100%.操作死亡率为0%.支架置入后吞咽困难明显好转,吞咽困难评分0级;贲门管腔直径20mm和25mm,平均(22±3)mm.暂时性支架扩张术后,贲门狭窄直径明显高于治疗前、吞咽困难评分明显低于治疗前、LES静息压明显降低(P＜0.001);支架置入前,食管管腔直径1～9(平均5±4)mm;支架取出1 wk内管腔直径为10～18(平均14±3)mm.吞咽困难评分术前为2～3(平均2.4±0.3)级;支架取出后吞咽困难评分为0～1(平均0.5±0.3)级.支架置入前LES静息压力为40～66(平均53±10)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa);支架取出后LES静息压力为0～20(平均10±8)mmHg.支架置入后并发症有胸部胀痛12例,反流8例.支架取出后少量出血3例,反流2例.所有并发症均给予有效处理.所有患者术后随访6～26(平均16.5±9.3)mo.随访期内使用直径20 mm支架的患者有3例(15%)在治疗后6mo内复发吞咽困难,17例(85%)在随访期内吞咽能力明显好转.结论 暂时性金属内支架扩张术是贲门失弛缓介入治疗中最有效的方法之一,且中远期疗效较好.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.