壶腹部肿瘤的腔内超声诊断进展

1诊断价值1.1壶腹部肿瘤的分期壶腹癌EUS诊断标准①癌瘤较小位于胰头及下腔静脉之右侧;②内部回声多数增强;③胰头正常,有时胰头内胆管扩张,管内可见肿瘤回声.EUS适于发现有蒂的壶腹部肿瘤,易于区分大体上浸润组织的肿瘤和早期癌变,适于T分期诊断.EUS对壶腹部肿瘤的T分期如下TX早期肿瘤不能发现;T1肿瘤局限于Vater壶腹部或Oddis括约肌;T2胰腺侵及十二指肠壁,特别是十二指肠固有肌层;T3肿瘤累及胰腺但未超过2cm;T4肿瘤累及胰腺达2cm以上和侵犯其他邻近脏器十二指肠乳头癌术前EUS检查,有报道诊断正确率T1期为60%;T2期92.3%;T3期91.7%;T4期50%.Yasudaetal采用US,EUS,CT和血管造影等方法对34例壶腹部乳头肿瘤患者分期研究,诊断准确率分别为21%,74%,21%和65%,证实EUS对壶腹部肿瘤的分期诊断效果明显优于其他方法.当肿瘤累及胰腺时,表现为胰腺局部外突,回声减低,其边界清晰或有时模糊不清.Kuboetal报道当壶腹部肿瘤累及胰腺时,EUS诊断精确率达80%,敏感性达83%,特异性87%1.2十二指肠乳头癌正常十二指肠乳头区显现为轮状低回声,其周围十二指肠壁可显示高回声→低回声→高回声→低回声→高回声五层结构.十二指肠乳头癌通常显示为乳头区的低回声占位,对比其与肠壁五层结构的位置关系可判断癌瘤累及肠壁的深度EUS除能直接显示肿大的乳头及外露于乳头开口部的肿瘤并采取活体组织外,还能通过扫描直接显示肿瘤图象及胆总管或主胰管扩张等继发性病变,诊断正确率可达90%～100%,对直径<20mm的乳头癌的显示率也达90%,EUS还能发现螺旋CT漏诊的可切除的小肿瘤.EUS与ERCP对十二指肠乳头癌的直接显示率相同,但EUS能诊断乳头癌浸润十二指肠壁的深度及发现周围淋巴结,并能避免ERCP造影后可能引起的并发症.1.3淋巴结转移EUS判断淋巴结转移有一定局限性.EUS能发现直径≥3cm～5cm肿大的淋巴结,但较难鉴别转移性淋巴结和炎症性反应肿大淋巴结.转移性淋巴结多为圆形,类圆形,短轴半径≥10mm,低回声改变,黑洞样或回声值与肿瘤组织相似,边界清晰,内部回声均质或不均质.而非特异性炎症肿大的淋巴结,常呈高回声改变,边界回声模糊,内部回声均匀.Yasudaetal应用EUS对34例壶腹部乳头肿瘤患者进行研究,发现EUS诊断淋巴结转移正确率为67%,而Bansa等研究得出的准确率仅为54%.1.4壶腹部肿瘤的鉴别EUS较难鉴别外部边缘均不规则的壶腹部腺瘤和腺癌.Menzeletal报道EUS发现5例癌瘤和4例腺瘤,但诊断正确率不高,分别为65.5%和50%.2局限性使用超声内镜(7.5MHz-12MHz)存在以下缺点①在一个器械中将内镜和超声影象术联合使用,增加了超声内镜的直径(12mm～13mm);②较大直径的内镜不易完全导入胰胆系统;③小病变的图象质量和分辨率并不让人满意;④常规超声影象术要求与常规内镜检查分离的再次检查,增加了患者的痛苦.最近发展起来的微型超声探头(ultrasonicprobe;USP),其导管式探头外径仅2mm～3mm,频率12MHz～20MHz,能穿过标准内镜工作管道,提供高频超声图象,这些微探头可克服EUS以上缺陷,提高诊断准确性,减轻患者痛苦,具有较好的应用前景.     

内镜超声引导下细针纹身术定位胰腺神经内分泌瘤 一例（含视频）

胰胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤具有恶性潜能,外科手术是首选治疗方法,但外科医师面临术中病灶难以定位的困难。内镜超声引导下细针纹身术通过术前给胰腺病灶纹身染色,能帮助术者快速定位病灶、减少手术时间。本文报道了1例胰尾部神经内分泌肿瘤患者,通过外科术前内镜超声下亚甲蓝定位染色,成功切除病灶,并达到了R0切除。     

谐波造影增强超声内镜在诊断胰腺癌中的作用

目的探讨谐波造影增强超声内镜（CH—EUS）在诊断胰腺癌中的作用。方法选择胰腺占位病变患者为研究对象,以超声内镜引导下细针穿刺（EUS-FNA）或组织病理学及随访结果作为最终诊断,与CH．EUS诊断比较,评价CH—EUS诊断胰腺癌的准确度,并分析CH—EUS在不同胰腺肿瘤中的图像特点。结果共76例患者入选,平均年龄（53．1±14．2）岁,其中胰腺癌35例,局灶肿块型炎症21例,胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤10例,囊腺瘤6例,胰管内乳头状产黏蛋白肿瘤4例。肿瘤最大直径平均（3．4±1．4）cm,〈2cm者18例。CH—EUS诊断胰腺癌的灵敏度97．1％,特异度92．9％,阳性预测值91．7％,阴性预测值97．5％。行EUS．FNA64例,CH-EUS联合FNA对胰腺癌检查的灵敏度达到100％。结论CH—EUS可安全、简便、准确地显示胰腺病变的血供情况,对于胰腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度均较高,是EUS—FNA的有力补充,值得临床推广应用。     

低频小探头超声内镜对胰腺内分泌肿瘤术前定位诊断的价值

目的 评价低频小探头超声内镜检查(LFMPS)在胰腺内分泌肿瘤术前定位诊断中的临床价值。方法 2000年6月至2002年6月期间21例临床拟诊为胰腺内分泌肿瘤的患者术前行腹部 B超、螺旋 CT、磁共振(MRI)及 LFMPS探查(Fujinon 7.5 MHz低频小探头超声及超声系统),检查结果与外科术中定位和病理结果对照,评估LFMPS对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的术前定位诊断价值。结果21例患者中17例经外科手术及术后病理证实为内分泌肿瘤,4例未手术。其中胰岛素瘤16例(头部9例、体部 3例、尾部4例),胰腺外血管活性肠肽瘤1例,检出病灶的平均直径 2.02 cm。LFMPS确诊14例(82.4％),B超确诊9例(52.9％),螺旋CT确诊15例(88.2％),MRI确诊12例(70.6％),其中LFMPS对位于胰腺头、体部肿瘤以及直径<1cm病灶的确诊率优于其他常规影像方法。结论LFMPS对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的术前定位诊断准确率较高,且与肿瘤的位置与大小有关。     

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目的提高对胃异位胰腺的诊断及治疗水平。方法2000-2004年对解放军总医院消化科241例胃黏膜下肿物进行超声内镜(EUS)检查,回顾分析胃异位胰腺的图像特征。结果EUS诊断良性间质瘤105例,恶性间质瘤23例,脂肪瘤48例,异位胰腺45例,囊肿20例。异位胰腺EUS图像特点:(1)黏膜下层病变39例,6例与固有肌层无分界;(2)边界清37例;(3)42例为不均匀、形状不规则中强回声,3例为不均匀低回声;(4)32例中心有小的不规则液性回声。内镜电切26例,无出血穿孔等并发症。结论超声内镜对胃异位胰腺的诊断有一定价值,内镜切除是安全有效的治疗方法。     

超声内镜在胰岛细胞瘤定位诊断中的作用

目的 探讨内镜超声在胰岛细胞瘤定位诊断中的作用。方法 对临床症状及生化检查诊断胰岛细胞瘤的患者15例分别行腹部B超、CT、选择性动脉造影（DSA）和内镜超声检查（EUS），通过与手术和病理结果对照，分析各影像学检查在胰岛细胞瘤定位诊断中的意义。结果 经手术及病理证实为胰岛细胞瘤15例（包含16个病灶），各检查诊断准确率分别为：腹部B超20.0％（3／15），CT33．3％（5／15）。DSA64．3％（9／14）和EUS86．7％（13／15）。EUS发现的14个病灶中，表现低回声者10个，中等回声者1个，中等偏强回声者3个，病变边界均清楚，回声均匀。EUS发现病变小于2cm者10个，最小为0．5cm。EUS误判断的2例中，1例位于胰尾与脾门交界处，另1例胰腺内有2个病变，而EUS仅发现了1个。结论 EUS对胰岛细胞瘤定位诊断的敏感性明显优于B超、CT、DSA等。     

胰腺病变内镜超声细针穿刺细胞病理学诊断

胰腺病变包含了胰腺的各种良性肿瘤、恶性肿瘤以及瘤样病变.随着高清影像学技术的发展,越来越多的胰腺病变被发现.对胰腺病变进行细针穿刺(FNA)取样和细胞学检查已变得越来越普及,对诊断的要求也越来越高.临床医生可以依据FNA诊断结果制定最佳治疗方案,比如术前新辅助化疗,术前确定手术方式,或为因肿瘤晚期、高龄、心肺功能差等因素不宜手术者制定合适的化疗或放疗方案.FNA可在经皮影像学或超声内镜(EUS)引导下进行.和经皮影像学引导的取样相比,超声内镜引导下的细针穿刺检查(EUS-FNA)具有更高的敏感性,并发症发生率也较低,所以近年来EUS-FNA的应用越来越广泛[1-3].     

超声内镜诊断胰腺内分泌肿瘤的价值

目的探讨超声内镜诊断胰腺内分泌肿瘤的价值．方法胰腺内分泌肿瘤患者１０例,进行了超声内镜、血管造影、ＭＲＩ,ＣＴ及超声波检查．结果超声内镜对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断率为９２３％,其中肿瘤直径在２ｃｍ以下的诊断率为８７５％,肿瘤轮廓清晰,边缘整,内部回声呈强回声、低回声、等回声和混合性回声;超声波的诊断率为４６２％;ＣＴ平扫和增强扫描的诊断率分别为３０７％和４６２％;ＭＲＩＴ１呈低信号、Ｔ２呈高信号,诊断率为７２７％;血管造影的诊断率为８４６％．结论超声内镜对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的定位诊断和定性诊断优于其他影像学检查,特别是对胰腺小肿瘤的诊断,更显示出它的价值．     

内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术诊断继发性胰腺肿瘤11例分析

评估内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术（endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration,EUS-FNA）诊断继发性胰腺肿瘤的有效性。回顾性分析2015年1月—2020年11月在复旦大学附属中山医院内镜中心因胰腺占位性病变行EUS-FNA,且病理证实为继发性胰腺肿瘤的患者资料。统计患者的临床特征,肿瘤EUS表现,病理类型和分布,以及后续治疗及随访情况。11例患者经EUS-FNA最终诊断为继发性胰腺肿瘤,其中肾脏来源4例,肺来源4例,结肠、乳腺、膀胱来源各1例。EUS主要呈均匀低回声表现（10/11）,周围边界不清晰（6/11）。近半数患者(5/11)可在转移灶附近发现淋巴结肿大。转移灶诊断与原发肿瘤发现的时间跨度从6 d至27年不等。EUS-FNA可有效诊断继发性胰腺肿瘤。     

内镜超声对消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的应用价值

目的探讨内镜超声(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)在消化道黏膜下隆起性病变中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析选取2018年1月至2020年10月徐州医科大学附属徐州市立医院内镜中心EUS初诊消化道黏膜下隆起性病变并同时获取病理结果的患者117例,通过EUS与病理结果比对,探讨EUS对消化道黏膜下隆起病变的应用价值。结果入组研究患者117例,EUS初诊平滑肌瘤37例、间质瘤32例、神经内分泌肿瘤17例、脂肪瘤9例、异位胰腺10例、十二指肠布氏腺(Brunner)腺瘤3例、胃体淋巴瘤1例、十二指肠血管瘤1例,胃壁外病变外压7例。EUS检查结果显示消化道黏膜下隆起性病变以平滑肌瘤及间质瘤居多,表现为起源于黏膜肌层或固有肌层的低回声病变;所有病变均通过活检、内镜微创手术或外科手术获取病理标本。最终EUS和病理诊断符合率为107/117(91.5%),其中10例病例误诊。结论EUS虽对消化道黏膜下隆起性病变存在一定的误诊,但结合病变声像学特点(回声、起源、大小及有无邻近组织浸润等),仍能很好地评判隆起灶病变性质,规范临床诊疗。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.