内镜诊断胃混合性神经内分泌-非神经内分泌肿瘤1例

报道1例内镜下诊断胃混合性神经内分泌-非神经内分泌肿瘤病例,结合病例的诊疗过程,分析总结其组织学起源、临床特点及内镜诊疗等。     

内镜超声对消化道黏膜下肿瘤内镜术前评估的价值和局限性

目的探讨内镜超声检查术（EUS）对消化道黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）层次来源与性质的诊断能力及局限性。方法2016年1月至2018年12月,收治于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院消化科,术前EUS诊断为消化道SMT,接受内镜下切除术治疗,术后病理资料完整的211例病例纳入回顾性研究,以手术病理为参照,分析术前EUS诊断SMT的准确率以及EUS对SMT的诊断局限性。结果病灶位于食管66例、胃108例、十二指肠2例、直肠35例。EUS对病变层次来源的诊断准确率达99.5%（210/211）。就病变性质而言,160例EUS诊断准确（75.8%,160/211）。就不同部位的病变而言,EUS对食管黏膜-黏膜下层来源、食管固有肌层来源、胃黏膜-黏膜下层来源、胃固有肌层来源、十二指肠黏膜下层来源、直肠黏膜-黏膜下层来源病变的诊断准确率分别为90.0%（54/60）、83.3%（5/6）、31.0%（13/42）、89.4%（59/66）、50.0%（1/2）、82.9%（29/35）。对于EUS显示为低回声为主的病变,平滑肌瘤、平滑肌瘤/胃肠间质瘤、神经内分泌肿瘤分别是食管黏膜来源、消化道固有肌层来源和直肠黏膜-黏膜下层来源病变的较常见肿瘤类型。结论尽管EUS对消化道SMT的诊断具有不可替代的重要作用,但其对胃黏膜-黏膜下层来源的各类病变缺乏特异的鉴别手段。由于其中部分病变可能存在恶性潜能,因此在作出诊断时需要更加谨慎。     

内镜超声引导下穿刺活检术在胰腺囊性病变中的 诊断价值

胰腺囊性病变同时包含良性和恶性,性质不同,预后截然不同。内镜超声引导下细针活检术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy,EUS-FNB)因其能够直接获取目标病变的囊液、细胞或组织辅助诊断而倍受青睐。本文对EUS-FNB在胰腺囊性病变诊断中的应用做一综述,大部分研究结果认为EUS-FNB获取病变组织标本进行诊断的能力优于内镜超声引导下细针抽吸术,而新近出现的内镜超声引导下小活检钳活检术亦被证实在病变组织标本及诊断价值方面有其独特的优势。     

超声内镜、增强CT对胆胰肿瘤诊断价值的对比研究

目的 比较超声内镜、增强CT对胰腺及壶腹部周围肿瘤的诊断价值。方法 收集2015年1月至2021年12月在我院就诊的疑似胰腺及壶腹部周围肿瘤患者88例,每例患者均完善腹部增强CT、超声内镜(EUS)或EUS引导下的细针穿刺术(EUS-FNA)。以患者手术后的病理结果作为诊断金标准,评估两种方法的灵敏度、特异度和准确率。结果 经手术病理诊断,68例患者证实为胰腺或壶腹部周围肿瘤,EUS/EUS-FNA诊断的灵敏度是94.1%(64/68),特异度是95.0%(19/20),准确率是94.3%(83/88);增强CT诊断的灵敏度是82.4%(56/68),特异度是90.0%(18/20),准确率是84.1%(74/88)。与增强CT相比,EUS/EUS-FNA的灵敏度和准确率明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 EUS/EUS-FNA对胰腺及壶腹部周围肿瘤的诊断灵敏度和准确率高于增强CT,具有较高的诊断价值。     

超声内镜在胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊治的新进展

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤占胰腺原发性肿瘤的1%~2%,呈逐年上升趋势。因其具有独特的生物学表现,超声内镜在其诊疗中具有精准、安全、有效的优势。就胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤的诊疗历程进行了回顾,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

超声内镜诊断胰腺内分泌肿瘤的价值

目的探讨超声内镜诊断胰腺内分泌肿瘤的价值．方法胰腺内分泌肿瘤患者１０例,进行了超声内镜、血管造影、ＭＲＩ,ＣＴ及超声波检查．结果超声内镜对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断率为９２３％,其中肿瘤直径在２ｃｍ以下的诊断率为８７５％,肿瘤轮廓清晰,边缘整,内部回声呈强回声、低回声、等回声和混合性回声;超声波的诊断率为４６２％;ＣＴ平扫和增强扫描的诊断率分别为３０７％和４６２％;ＭＲＩＴ１呈低信号、Ｔ２呈高信号,诊断率为７２７％;血管造影的诊断率为８４６％．结论超声内镜对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的定位诊断和定性诊断优于其他影像学检查,特别是对胰腺小肿瘤的诊断,更显示出它的价值．     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤的临床价值

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤的安全性及其疗效.方法 采用ESD方法对19例上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤进行治疗,术后标本送病理检查,记录不良反应发生情况及疗效,随访肿瘤复发及转移情况.结果 肿瘤直径0.4 ～1.5 cm,平均0.9 cm,均一次性完整剥离切除,ESD手术时间(自黏膜下注射至完整剥离病变)15～ 50 min,平均20 min,无严重出血及穿孔发生.术后18例病理诊断为神经内分泌瘤,其中G1级16例、G2级2例,基底和切缘均未见病变累及;另1例病理显示有浸润性生长倾向,诊断神经内分泌癌(G3级),行外科扩大切除,术后病理未见肿瘤组织残留,无淋巴结转移.平均随访28个月,无一例出现肿瘤复发和转移.结论 ESD治疗上消化道神经内分泌肿瘤具有较好的安全性和疗效,值得在临床上推广应用.     

内镜超声引导下细针纹身术定位胰腺神经内分泌瘤 一例（含视频）

胰胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤具有恶性潜能,外科手术是首选治疗方法,但外科医师面临术中病灶难以定位的困难。内镜超声引导下细针纹身术通过术前给胰腺病灶纹身染色,能帮助术者快速定位病灶、减少手术时间。本文报道了1例胰尾部神经内分泌肿瘤患者,通过外科术前内镜超声下亚甲蓝定位染色,成功切除病灶,并达到了R0切除。     

胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤内镜表现及内镜下治疗效果分析

目的 探讨胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤的超声内镜表现及内镜下治疗效果。 方法 纳入在西安交通大学第一附属医院行内镜下治疗的27例胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤患者资料，回顾性分析其临床特征、超声内镜表现、病理特征及内镜下治疗效果。 结果 27例患者的病变内镜下表现为黏膜下隆起，超声内镜检查示病变长径（0.69±0.44）cm（0.32~2.00 cm），来源于黏膜下层14例（51.9%）、黏膜肌层8例（29.6%）、黏膜层5例（18.5%），诊断准确率92.0%。行内镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR）6例，内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）21例，ESD术后出血发生率4.8%。术后病理为G1级20例（74.1%），G2级6例（22.2%），G3级伴淋巴管癌栓1例（3.7%）。术后随访3~36个月总生存率96.3%，对于局限于黏膜下层以内、无脉管浸润的G1、G2级神经内分泌瘤患者，EMR术后复发率较ESD高（33.3%比0，P=0.042）；EMR与ESD术后出血、穿孔并发症及患者生存率差异无统计学意义。 结论 超声内镜可用于胃肠神经内分泌肿瘤的术前诊断，对2 cm以内、黏膜下层以内、无脉管浸润的G1、G2级胃肠神经内分泌瘤ESD治疗复发率低于EMR。     

胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤诊治进展

在机体经典的内分泌腺体之外，肺、胃肠道等还广泛散在地分布着许多具有内分泌作用的细胞，这些细胞不但本身含有胺，具有摄取胺前体并脱羧的能力，而且与神经细胞有许多共同的形态、生物学和功能特性，故称为神经内分泌细胞。起源于胃肠道和胰腺神经内分泌细胞的肿瘤即胃肠胰神经内分泌细胞肿瘤（GEP-NET）。这是一组罕见的、有着不同临床表现的肿瘤，其发病约占所有消化道肿瘤的2％，在这类肿瘤中最常见的是类癌，其发病率大约为2．5／10万。     

超声内镜对胰腺疾病的诊断价值

内镜超声检查(EUS)指内镜的前端装有高频超声探头,在内镜直视下探头被送入胃肠腔内,直接对胃肠道病变进行超声扫描,或透过胃肠壁对肝胆胰病变进行观察,由于超声探头离病变部位近,无腹壁衰减和消化道气体的影响,采用较高频率的超声波,可获得较清晰的图像,是近年应用于消化系统疾病诊断的新技术.由于其对胰腺实质及胰管的良好显示,现在越来越普遍地运用于胰腺疾病的诊断.EUS引导下针吸细胞学检查(EUS-FNA)作为EUS检查的重要补充手段,可以获得病理诊断,进一步提高疾病的诊断准确率.     

Endosonographic and cyst fluid characteristics of cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: A multicentre case series

BackgroundPancreatic neuroendocrine tumours are uncommon neoplasms which may rarely be cystic. Differentiation from other more common cystic neoplasms may be difficult.AimsTo describe the morphologic, cytologic, and cyst fluid characteristics of cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.MethodsRetrospective analysis of consecutive patients referred for endosonographic evaluation of pancreatic cysts at four centres.Results27 patients (12 males) with cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours were identified. Prior to endosonography, this tumour was suspected in only 2 patients based on presenting symptoms (7.4%). The median cyst size was 35 mm (range 8–80 mm). Wall thickening was identified in 13 cases. The median carcinoembryonic antigen level was 1.25 (range 0.6–500). Fine needle aspiration cytology in 17 of 24 patients confirmed neuroendocrine tumour (71%). In 8 of 9 patients who had needle targeting of the cyst wall, cytology was consistent with neuroendocrine tumour (88.9%). 18 patients underwent surgical resection.ConclusionsCystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour was rarely suspected, including by cross-sectional imaging. Wall thickening was identified in approximately half of cases on endosonography. Cyst fluid was typically non-viscous with very low carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Targeting the wall during fine needle aspiration had a high diagnostic yield and should be performed.     

Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration for the diagnosis and grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Background and aim: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are histologically categorized according to the WHO 2010 classification by their mitotic index or Ki-67 index as G1, G2, or G3. The present study examined the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in the diagnosis and grading of pNET. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 61 pNETs in 51 patients who underwent EUS between January 2007 and June 2014. All lesions were pathologically diagnosed by surgical resection or EUS-FNA. We evaluated the detection rates of EUS for pNET and sensitivity of EUS-FNA, and compared the Ki-67 index between EUS-FNA samples and surgical specimens. EUS findings were compared between G1 and G2/G3 tumors. Results: EUS showed significantly higher sensitivity (96.7%) for identifying pNET than CT (85.2%), MRI (70.2%), and ultrasonography (75.5%). The sensitivity of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of pNET was 89.2%. The concordance rate of WHO classification between EUS-FNA and surgical specimens was 69.2% (9/13). The concordance rate was relatively high (87.5%, 5/6) in tumors?<20?mm but lower (57.1%; 4/7) in tumors?≥20?mm. Regarding EUS findings, G2/G3 tumors were more likely to be large (>20?mm), heterogeneous, and have main pancreatic duct (MPD) obstruction than G1 tumors. Multivariate analysis showed large diameter and MPD obstruction were significantly associated with G2/G3 tumors. Conclusions: EUS and EUS-FNA are highly sensitive and accurate diagnostic methods for pNET. Characteristic EUS findings such as large tumor size and MPD obstruction are suggestive of G2/G3 tumors and would be helpful for grading pNETs.     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术对胰腺占位病变诊断价值及其影响因素的研究

目的探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术（EUS—FNA）对胰腺占位病变的诊断价值及影响其准确率的相关因素。方法回顾性统计101例因胰腺占位病变行EUS—FNA患者的临床资料,纳入患者性别、年龄、病灶部位、大小、性状、穿刺时抽吸负压、穿刺次数、实时细胞学诊断、超声内镜类型、操作医师经验等10个因素进行分析。结果EUS-FNA总体诊断准确率为85．1％,敏感度为81．1％,特异度为96．3％,阳性预测值为98．4％,阴性预测值为65．0％。单因素Logistic回归分析示,EUS-FNA穿刺阳性率的相关影响因素有病灶大小、病灶性状、抽吸负压、操作医师经验（P〈0．05）,EUS-FNA诊断准确率的相关影响因素只有病灶大小（OR=1．984,95％CI：1．141—3．451,P=0．015）,病灶每增大1cm,其穿刺阳性的概率增加1．67倍,其穿刺诊断准确的概率增加1．83倍。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,EUS．FNA穿刺阳性率的独立影响因素有病灶大小（OR=2．012,95％CI：1．394—2．906,P=0．000）和病灶性状（OR=10．218,95％CI：2．432～42．937,P=0．002）,实性病灶穿刺阳性的概率为囊性病灶的10．2倍;EUS—FNA诊断准确率的独立影响因素为病灶大小（OR=1．984,95％CI：1．141—3．451,P=0．015）。结论EUS．FNA是一项安全有效、特异度高的诊断手段,在胰腺占位病灶的病理诊断中具有重要临床价值。EUS-FNA穿刺阳性率及诊断准确率均与胰腺病灶大小呈显著正相关。胰腺实性病灶的穿刺阳性率显著高于囊性病灶。     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: A case study and literature review

Here we offer a review of the literature regarding endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and describe the case of a cystic tumour completely ablated after a multisession procedure. A total of 35 PubM ed indexed cases of treated functioning and non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours resulted from our search, 29 of which are well-documented and summarised. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation appears as a local, minimally invasive treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, suitable for selected patients. This technique appears feasible, relatively safe and efficient, especially when applied to symptom relief in functioning tumours, aiming at loss of endocrine secretion. For non-functioning tumours, where the goal is complete tissue ablation, eus guided ethanol ablation can provide good results for patients who are unfit for surgery or for those who refuse surgical resection. Its role in "fit for surgery" patients requires assessment through further studies.     

Miniprobe EUS in management of pancreatic pseudocyst

Pancreatic pseudocysts(PP) arise from trauma and pancreatitis;endoscopic gastro-cyst drainage(EGCD) under endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) in symptomatic PP is the treatment of choice.Miniprobe EUS(MEUS) allows EGCD in children.We report our experience on MEUS-EGCD in PP,reviewing 13 patients(12 children;male:female = 9:3;mean age:10 years,4 mo;one 27 years,malnourished male Belardinelli-syndrome;PP:10 post-pancreatitis,3 post-traumatic).All patients underwent ultrasonography,computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.Conservative treatment was the first option.MEUS EGCD was indicated for retrogastric cysts larger than 5 cm,diameter increase,symptoms or infection.EGCD(stent and/or nasogastrocystic tube) was performed after MEUS(20-MHz-miniprobe) identification of place for diathermy puncture and wire insertion.In 8 cases(61.5%),there was PP disappearance;one,surgical duodenotomy and marsupialization of retro-duodenal PP.In 4 cases(31%),there was successful MEUS-EGCD;stent removal after 3 mo.No complications and no PP relapse in 4 years of mean followup.MEUS EGCD represents an option for PP,allowing a safe and effective procedure.     

EUS of pancreatic ascariasis

Ascaris is a common cause of acute pancreatitis in developing countries. The mechanism of ascariasis induced acute pancreatitis include obstruction of papilla of Vater, invasion of common bile duct, or pancreatic duct (PD). PD ascariasis is a rare diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasound is a highly accurate method to diagnose the aetiology of idiopathic acute pancreatitis with reference to biliary and pancreatic ascariasis. Treatment usually consist of endoscopic removal of worms with dormia basket or forceps on side viewing endoscopy. Ascaris induced pancreatitis is generally mild and worm extraction is associated with rapid relief of symptoms. We present a case of PD ascariasis diagnosed on endoscopic ultrasound.     

内镜超声对胰腺癌的诊断

目的 探讨内镜超声（EUS）检查对胰腺癌的诊断价值。方法 对116例胰腺癌患者行EUS检查，其中16例经管内超声（IDUS）检查并与体表B超（B超），CT，磁共振成像（MRI），内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）检查结果进行比较。结果 EUS（IDUS)诊断胰腺癌的敏感性与准确性均明显高于B超，与CT，MRI及ERCP相当，EUS诊断准确率为98．2％（114／116），IDUS为100％（16／16）；CT为85．3％（99／116）；MRI为87．0％（54／62）；ERCP为80．6％（79／98）；B超为73．2％（85／116）。结论 EUS对胰腺癌有较大的诊断价值。     

超声内镜对胰腺疾病的诊断现状——从影像学、细胞到分子水平

由于胰腺位置的特殊性,胰腺疾病的定性及定位诊断一直困惑着临床医生,随着超声内镜技术的应用,使其早期诊断成为可能,超声内镜下引导的细针抽吸术（EUS—FNA）,借助实时超声引导对病灶进行组织活检,结合影像学优点与病理学、分子生物学检测的优势,将为胰腺疾病的诊断开拓新的视野。