骺板损伤及后遗畸形的诊疗现状

骺板损伤由于早期诊断困难,往往在肢体出现成角畸形和(或)短缩时才被发现。此时在骨骺与干骺端之间已经形成骨性连接即骨桥,若不去除骨桥将使正常的骺板全部或部分提前闭合,加重肢体短缩和(或)成角畸形。骺板早闭的治疗是一个既复杂又棘手的问题,包括骺板损伤早闭的早期手术及非手术治疗和骺板损伤早闭的晚期手术治疗(即各种后遗畸形的矫形术),本文参考国内外相关研究文献对骺板损伤后遗畸形的诊疗现状进行回顾,并对其前景作一展望。     

Radiographic appearances following surgical correction of the partially fused epiphyseal plate

Surgical correction of partial post-traumatic fusion of an epiphyseal plate by resection of the bony bridge across the plate and replacement of the bridge by a fat implant causes a characteristic radiographic appearance which is illustrated by two patients and an animal model. Failure to recognize this characteristic postoperative pattern may lead to a misdiagnosis of infection or other bone pathology.     

肱骨近端骨折术后肱骨头内翻畸形愈合对肩关节功能的影响

目的 分析采用锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折术后肱骨头内翻畸形愈合与肩关节功能恢复之间的关系. 方法 选择2008年5月-2010年6月采用切开复位锁定钢板固定且随访资料完整的肱骨近端骨折患者62例,其中男24例,女38例;平均年龄63.7岁(32 ～83岁).按照Neer分型:两部分骨折11例,三部分骨折41例,四部分骨折5例;合并脱位5例. 结果 术后平均随访20.3个月(14 ～ 37个月),结果显示所有骨折均愈合.本组患者中共有11例术后出现肱骨头内翻畸形.肱骨头内翻畸形组肩关节Constant评分(P =0.045)、前屈(P=0.006)、外展(P=0.022)均明显低于非内翻组.肩关节外旋活动差异无统计学意义(P=0.08).骨折类型(P=0.037)和肱骨头内翻畸形(P=0.006)与肩关节功能是否优良有着显著的相关性. 结论 肱骨头内翻畸形愈合可作为肱骨近端骨折术后预后不良的预测因素,术中应力争良好复位,恢复肱骨头-干的正常力线.     

Radiographic changes in the hands following childhood frostbite injury

Three young adult patients who had sustained severe frostbite of the hands as children were recently evaluated for progressive deformity and joint pain in the fingers. Characteristic radiographic abnormalities including dwarfing of the middle and distal phalanges, irregular and malapposed articular surfaces, malalignments at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, and evidence of degenerative arthritis in the interphalangeal joints were observed. The metacarpal phalangeal joints and wrists were spared in all patients, and fingers which had been protected from the initial cold injury were similarly not affected. Articular abnormalities and phalangeal deformity are most likely due to direct chondrocyte injury following freezing, but microvascular damage may also contribute to abnormal cartilage growth. A history of severe frostbite as a child should alert the clinician to the possibility of finger deformity and arthritis developing years after the initial injury.     

膝关节生长软骨的MR表现特征与微细解剖结构的研究

目的 :明确正常生长软骨的MR信号特征与细微解剖结构的相关性。方法 :用 1.5TGE全身MR仪对 12例出生 2周的乳猪的双膝关节骨骺进行扫描 ,扫描范围包括二次骨化中心的骨质、二次骨化中心周围的骺软骨、生长板软骨、干骺端。将MR所显示的各层细微解剖结构的信号特征、厚度与相应组织学构造和各层的厚度进行相关性比较对照。结果 :MRI显示了二次骨化中心骨髓和干骺端之间的 5种不同的微解剖结构 :①二次骨化中心的临时钙化带 ;②二次骨化中心的生长板 ;③骨骺软骨 ;④生长板 ;⑤临时钙化带。在SET1WI和T2 WI像上 ,各层不同信号区域的厚度与相对应的微细解剖结构的厚度具有良好的相关性 (r =0 .91)。结论 :MRI能够鉴别骨骺和生长板软骨 ,且与其组织学结构有良好的相关性。     

Ilizarov技术矫正儿童骨骺损伤后踝内翻畸形

儿童踝骨骺损伤后容易遗留踝内翻畸形,导致疼痛、肢体不等长、创伤性关节炎发生。通过微创截骨,根据旋转成角中心(CORA)原则使用Ilizarov环形外固定矫正,能够获得满意的力线和肢体长度,同时能处理其邻近骨、关节和软组织的病变,治疗后踝的外形和功能都非常满意。使用Ilizarov技术矫正此类畸形,可控性好、创伤小、并发症少。     

长骨生长板损伤MRI成像技术及诊断

目的研究长骨生长板的MRI成像序列及信号特点，并分析生长板损伤的MRI表现。方法前瞻性对3l例少儿（正常关节11例，外伤关节20例）骨关节长骨生长板行冠状位、矢状位Turbospin echoo（TSE）序列与Dual echo steady state（DESS）序列MR成像，观察生长板在两个序列上的MRI信号表现，对骨骺损伤采用Salter—Harris5型分类法，分别观察骨骺、干骺端及生长板的MRI表现。结果sE序列T1WI生长板软骨及骺软骨表现为等信号。T2WI生长板软骨表现为稍高信号，骺软骨呈低信号影，DESS序列T2WI生长板软骨与骺软骨表现为高信号，生长板信号稍高于骺软骨信号。长骨生长板依年龄不同其形态表现有所差异。骨骺和生长板损伤18例，干骺端骨折2例。Salter-Harris分类：Ⅱ型见于2例，Ⅲ型8例，Ⅳ型6例，Ⅴ型2例。结论DESS序列具有高空间分辨率与高信号对比，能很好地显示正常生长板及其损伤。     

新兵集训期膝关节未完全闭合生长板损伤的MRI表现与特点

 目的 探讨新兵集训期膝关节未闭合生长板损伤的MRI表现与特点。方法 采用生长板闭合程度Tanner分级及损伤S-H(Salter-Harris)Ⅰ～Ⅶ型分类, 回顾分析36例新兵集训期膝关节未闭合生长板损伤MRI影像资料。结果 (1)36例膝关节生长板损伤计39块, 股骨下段10块, 胫骨上段29块, 其中股骨下段及胫骨上段同时损伤3例计6块。(2)39块生长板闭合程度Tanner分级:1级19块, 2级17块, 3级3块。(3)生长板损伤S-H分型:Ⅱ型2块, Ⅲ型5块, Ⅳ型4块, Ⅴ型22块, Ⅵ型6块, 无Ⅰ型及Ⅶ型。(4)损伤急性期MR表现出血、水肿信号, 随时间变化可出现长T₂、等T₂及短T₂多信号, 后期水肿减轻或消退、出血吸收、组织坏死囊变及纤维化等病理组织信号。(5)影像随访:生长板同步闭合27块;非同步闭合12块(提前4块、延时8块)均为Ⅴ型损伤;形态良好21块, 形态改变18块(局部肥大或类似骨桥形成9块、不均匀变薄9块), 其中Ⅴ型损伤11块。(6)36例临床预后良好29例, 轻度关节畸形7例(膝轻度内翻2例、膝轻度外翻4例、患肢轻度缩短1例)均为Ⅴ型损伤病例。结论 本组资料显示新兵集训期膝关节未闭合生长板损伤多发生于一侧膝关节和集训早期, 生长板闭合程度低和年龄小越容易损伤。临床及时处理可获良好预后。     

膝关节损伤的MR应用价值

目的 :分析膝关节损伤的MR表现并评价其应用价值。方法 :选择 60例经临床或手术证实的膝关节损伤患者 ,回顾性分析、总结其MR表现。采用 1 .0TMR扫描机 ,常规应用矢状位 ,SET1 W、T2 W ,冠状位T1 W、T2 W成像。结果 :2 9例半月板损伤 ,其中Ⅰ° 1 0例 ,Ⅱ°1 2例 ,Ⅲ°7例 ;前交叉韧带损伤 1 8例 ,撕裂 2 2例 ;后交叉韧带损伤 7例 ,撕裂1例 ;内侧侧副韧带损伤 2 8例 ,撕裂 1 7例 ;外侧侧副韧带损伤 1 2例 ,撕裂 9例 ;韧带损伤表现为韧带不同程度增粗 ,但韧带连续性仍然存在 ,正常低信号内出现不规则高信号影 ,韧带撕裂表现为韧带明显增粗 ,呈弥漫性高信号 ,韧带的连续性部分或完全中断 ;股骨下端或胫骨上端骨质损伤 9例 ;关节积液 54例 ;多种损伤可同时出现。结论 :MR检查可很好显示膝关节损伤的各种表现 ,可作为膝关节损伤检查的重要或首选手段     

51例浮动膝关节损伤的治疗

目的：探讨浮动膝关节损伤的最佳治疗方法。方法：将51例浮膝损伤按张伯勋等分类法分成3型：Ⅰ型19例,Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲ型13例。分别行骨牵引＋夹板外固定、外固定支架固定、手术切开复位内固定。术后行持续被动运动（CPM）治疗。对3种治疗方法进行比较。结果：本组优良率为78．43％（40／51）,骨牵引＋夹板外固定优秀率为13．63％（3／22）,外固定支架优秀率为44．44％（4／9）,手术切开复位内固定优秀率为80．00％（16／20）。结论：对浮动膝关节损伤病人,应视其全身情况及局部软组织条件选择治疗方法。手术切开复位疗效最佳。     

膝关节损伤核磁共振成像诊断分析

目的探讨G-SCAN检查对膝关节损伤的诊断价值。方法 120例膝关节损伤,采用G-SCAN（0.25T可旋转式核磁共振成像仪）膝关节表面线圈检查,分别采用自旋回波序列、梯度回波序列、脂肪抑制序列,做矢状位、冠状位及横断位扫描。结果 G-SCAN可以清楚显示膝关节半月板、韧带及骨挫伤。本组120例病例中,半月板损伤95例,其中单纯外侧半月板损伤63例,单纯内侧半月板损伤8例,内、外侧半月板同时损伤24例;韧带损伤85例,其中前交叉韧带损伤68例,后交叉韧带损伤19例,胫侧副韧带损伤65例,腓侧副韧带损伤5例;骨挫伤35例,其中单纯胫骨挫伤22例,单纯股骨挫伤5例,胫骨及股骨同时挫伤8例。结论 G-SCAN是诊断膝关节结构损伤的最佳检查方法之一,可为临床医生选择合适的治疗方法提供依据,具有重要的临床价值。     

Following the correction of varus deformity of the knee through total knee arthroplasty,significant compensatory changes occur not only at the ankle and subtalar joint,but also at the foot

Purpose

This study aimed to assess radiological changes of the ankle joint, subtalar joint and foot following the correction of varus deformity of the knee with total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was hypothesized that following the correction of varus deformity by TKA, compensatory reactions would occur at the subtalar joint in accordance with the extent of the correction.

Methods

For this prospective study, 375 knees of patients who underwent TKA between 2011 and 2012 were enrolled. The varus angle of the knee, talar tilt of the ankle joint (TT), ground-talar dome angle of the foot (GD), anterior surface angle of the distal tibia and lateral surface angle of the distal tibia, heel alignment ratio (HR), heel alignment angle (HA), and heel alignment distance (HD) were measured on radiographs obtained pre-operatively and at post-operative 6 months.

Results

The mean correction angle in varus deformity of the knee was 10.8?±?4.1°. TT and GD changed significantly from 0.4?±?1.9° and 6.5?±?3.1° pre-operatively to 0.1?±?1.8° and 0.2?±?2.1°, respectively (p?=?0.007, p?<?0.001). No correlation was found between the preop–postop variance in mechanical axis of the lower extremity (MA) and TT, but there was a strong correlation between the preop–postop variance in MA and GD (r?=?0.701). HR, HA and HD also changed significantly post-operatively, and the preop–postop variance in MA showed correlations with the preop–postop variances in HR, HA and HD (r?=?0.206, ??0.348, and ??0.418). TT and the three indicators of hindfoot alignment all shifted to varus whereas GD was oriented in valgus.

Conclusion

Following the correction of varus deformity of the knee through TKA, significant compensatory changes occurred not only at the ankle and subtalar joints, but also at the foot. The findings of this study are useful in predicting the orientation of changes in the ankle and subtalar joints and the foot following TKA, and in determining the sequence of surgery when both the ankle and knee have a problem. In other words, changes in the parts of the lower extremity below the ankle joint following the correction of varus deformity of the knee must be considered when TKA is planned and performed. Patients who have problems at the ankle, subtalar, and foot joints in addition to varus deformity of the knee are recommended to undergo knee joint correction first.

Level of evidence

II.

     

膝关节交叉韧带损伤的MRI诊断

目的 :探讨MRI对膝关节交叉韧带损伤的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析 2 5例经手术或关节镜证实的前、后交叉韧带损伤患者 ,MR检查采用SE、TSE矢状位、冠状位及横断位T1WI、T2 WI及STIR。结果 :2 5例交叉韧带损伤中 ,部分性撕裂 16例 ,完全性撕裂 9例。MRI诊断交叉韧带部分性撕裂和完全性撕裂的符合率分别为 87.5 %和 88.9%。结论 :MR能较准确地诊断膝关节交叉韧带损伤及其并发症 ,为临床制订治疗方案提供可靠依据。     

武警某队属医院收治的骨关节训练伤特点及膝关节损伤的危险因素

目的 探讨武警某队属医院收治的骨关节训练伤特点及膝关节损伤的危险因素。方法 收集2020年1-12月因骨关节军事训练伤在武警湖北总队医院骨科住院治疗官兵的病例资料,通过统计骨关节训练伤种类、构成比及受伤训练科目与时间来分析骨关节训练伤的特点。采用回顾性病例对照研究的设计,以分层整群抽样的方式在全总队范围抽取83名发生过膝关节损伤的官兵为损伤组,91名从未发生膝关节损伤的官兵作为未损伤组,向两组受试对象发放问卷,通过问卷设置一般情况、行为习惯、身体素质、训练运动量、主观情绪、社会认知6个维度共20个问题,对问卷内容采用单因素分析和二元Logistic回归分析以探索膝关节损伤的相关危险因素。结果 (1)2020年,武警湖北总队医院共收治骨关节训练伤住院病例155例,含12类疾病诊断,其中膝关节损伤在骨关节训练伤疾病谱系中占比最高,400m障碍是最常导致骨关节损伤的训练科目,1-3月及7-9月为骨关节训练伤发病的高峰期。(2)膝关节损伤的单因素分析显示,损伤组的行中、大强度训练量与消极情绪人数占比高于未损伤组(P<0.05);与损伤组相比,未损伤组中有饮茶习惯的人数占比较高(P<...     

Application of 3D-MR image registration to monitor diseases around the knee joint

PURPOSE: To estimate the accuracy and consistency of a method using a voxel-based MR image registration algorithm for precise monitoring of knee joint diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rigid body transformation was calculated using a normalized cross-correlation (NCC) algorithm involving simple manual segmentation of the bone region based on its anatomical features. The accuracy of registration was evaluated using four phantoms, followed by a consistency test using MR data from the 11 patients with knee joint disease. RESULTS: The registration accuracy in the phantom experiment was 0.49+/-0.19 mm (SD) for the femur and 0.56+/-0.21 mm (SD) for the tibia. The consistency value in the experiment using clinical data was 0.69+/-0.25 mm (SD) for the femur and 0.77+/-0.37 mm (SD) for the tibia. These values were all smaller than a voxel (1.25 x 1.25 x 1.5 mm). CONCLUSION: The present method based on an NCC algorithm can be used to register serial MR images of the knee joint with error on the order of a sub-voxel. This method would be useful for precisely assessing therapeutic response and monitoring knee joint diseases; normalized cross-correlation; accuracy.     

The effect of trauma to the epiphysis and growth plate

Acute injuries to the growth plate and the epiphysis, and their potential to produce deformity have been well classified in the child of an age where there is a bony nucleus within the epiphysis. Chronic trauma, most notably sustained pressure, produces a wide range of disorders of cartilage including necrosis, growth retardation, fragmentation, and degeneration with resultant abnormalities of growth. During infancy, before the bony centrum appears, acute trauma produces primarily a slipped epiphysis, while chronic trauma results in pressure deformity. Vertical incisions across the plate do no generally result in deformity since there is no bone in the epiphysis to form an attenuating bridge across the plate to the metaphysis.Presented at the 2nd Annual Meeting of the International Skeletal Society in London, England, April 25th–27th, 1975     

MRI of pediatric growth plate injury: correlation with plain film radiographs and clinical outcome

Purpose. To evaluate pediatric growth plate injuries with conventional radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To review potential clinical impact of MRI on subsequent patient management and outcome. Methods. Fourteen patients with known or suspected growth plate injury were studied. Each patient underwent imaging by conventional radiography and MRI within 2 weeks of injury. Findings on conventional radiographs and on MR images were compared and then correlated with subsequent management and outcome at a mean of 12 months. Results. Direct visualization of cartilage afforded by MRI improved evaluation of growth plate injury in each case. MRI changed Salter Harris classification or staging in 2 of 9 patients with fractures visualized on conventional radiographs, allowed the detection of radiographically occult fractures in 5 of 14 cases, and resulted in a physical change in management in 5 of the 14 patients studied. Conclusion. MRI has an important role in the evaluation of acute pediatric growth plate injury, particularly when diagnostic uncertainty persists following the evaluation of conventional radiographs. MRI allows detection of occult fractures, may alter Salter Harris staging, and in the reported study it frequently resulted in a change in patient management.     

关节镜治疗膝关节军事训练损伤418例临床分析

目的通过对418例膝关节军事训练损伤患者利用膝关节镜检查、治疗的结果进行分析,指导膝部军事训练损伤的及时诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析2001年7月—2010年6月行膝关节镜检查治疗的现役军人伤病员共418例,其中男性412例,女性6例;年龄18~36岁,平均21.6岁。受伤原因:行军、越野跑、跨越障碍等损伤289例;器械训练、投弹训练、摔跤、足球、篮球运动等损伤116例;驾驶训练损伤13例。损伤类型:半月板损伤211例,前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤128例,后交叉韧带(PCL)损伤12例,多发韧带损伤22例,膝关节创伤性滑膜炎45例。分析关节镜下所见损伤的种类及治疗效果。结果关节镜下可见418例中前交叉韧带、后交叉韧带损伤及多发韧带损伤共计160例,半月板损伤211例,膝关节滑膜炎45例。术后95%以上病例功能恢复满意,无行走疼痛。结论军事训练致膝关节损伤常见,关节镜明确诊断并及时治疗,可最大限度地避免关节内结构的继发损伤。     

Predictors for anterior pelvic tilt following surgical correction of flexed knee gait including patellar tendon shortening in children with cerebral palsy

IntroductionPatellar tendon shortening procedure within single event multilevel surgeries was shown to improve crouch gait in Cerebral Palsy (CP) patients. However, one of the drawbacks associated to the correction of flexed knee gait may be increased pelvic anterior tilt with compensatory lumbar lordosis.Research questionWhich CP patients are at risk for excessive anterior pelvic tilt following correction of flexed knee gait including patellar tendon shortening?Methods32 patients with CP between 8 and 18 years GMFCS I&II were included. They received patellar tendon shortenings within multilevel surgery. Patients with concomitant knee flexor lengthening were excluded. Gait analysis and clinical testing was performed pre- and 24.1 (SD = 1.9) months postoperatively. Patients were subdivided into more/less than 5° increase in anterior pelvic tilt. Preoperative measures indicating m. rectus and m. psoas shortness, knee flexor over-length, hip extensor and abdominal muscle weakness and equinus gait were compared between groups. Stepwise multilinear regression of the response value increase in pelvic tilt during stance phase was performed from parameters that were significantly different between groups.Results34% of patients showed more than 5° increased pelvic anterior tilt postoperatively. Best predictors for anterior pelvic tilt from preoperative measures were increased m. rectus tone and reduced hip extension during walking that explained together 39% of the variance in increase of anterior pelvic tilt.DiscussionEvery third patient showed considerable increased pelvic tilt following surgery of flexed knee gait. In particular patients with preoperative higher muscle tone in m. rectus and lower hip extension during walking were at risk and both features need to be addressed in the therapy.