食管癌穿孔外科治疗的临床分析

背景与目的:食管癌穿孔往往发生在癌肿进展期,易并发胸内感染,病情危重。保守疗法包括食管旷置、肠内或静脉营养支持以及内镜下放置支架,但是这些方法既不能消除癌肿又难以控制胸内感染,近期死亡率高。本研究分析外科治疗食管癌穿孔的手术方法及围手术期治疗特点。方法:对41例食管癌穿孔患者(其中穿入右肺19例,穿入纵隔17例,穿入气管5例)进行手术治疗。开胸手术39例,其中右胸三切口术式16例,分期手术23例,经胸骨后间隙胃或结肠代食管35例,经食管床胃代食管4例。2例只做胃造瘘姑息手术治疗。结果:36例患者获得手术成功,康复期能经口腔进食保证营养,生活自理,术后随访3～72个月,其中生存3个月2例,6～12个月31例,24个月2例,72个月1例,手术后死亡2例,2例胃造瘘姑息手术者和1例术后吻合口气管瘘再通者自动出院后1个月内死亡。结论:手术治疗食管癌穿孔成功恢复消化道的连续性,明显延长了患者的生存期,提高了生活质量;手术径路以右胸三切口术式(胸骨后胃或结肠代食管)或分期手术为佳。     

食管癌穿孔后治疗的研究进展

食管癌是中国常见的肿瘤之一,穿孔是食管癌常见的并发症。目前对于食管癌穿孔的治疗,不管是中国还是国际上缺乏统一的专家共识。本文应用PubMed、中国知网、万方数据库等检索平台系统,检索1996-2017年12月相关文献,筛选出27篇相关文献,并通过27篇文献对食管癌穿孔的发生机制、临床特点进行分析。可手术患者可延长生存,但同时围手术期并发症风险提高,而营养支持下同步放化疗也可明显延长生存。     

Surgical Treatment of Perforation Esophageal Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE To determine the ideal method of surgical preoperative treatment for perforation with esophageal carcinoma.METHODS 36 cases of perforation with esophageal carcinoma were treated surgically in this series.Perforations occurred into the right lung in14 cases ,the mediastinum in 17 cases and trachea in 5 cases.Open thoracic surgery was performed in 34 cases,in which the right thoracic approach using a 3-incision method was applied in 16 cases,and operation by stages in 15 cases.Of the 34 cases,retrosternal substitution of the esophagus with stomach or colon was performed in 26 cases.RESULTS Surgery was successful in 31 cases and operative death occurred in 3 cases.The postoperative follow up study was from 3～72months.Of these cases 15 wree alive at 7～12 months, 2 at 24 months,and 1 at 72 months. The results can be considered satisfactory.CONCLUSION The therapeutic results of surgical treatment of perforation with esophageal carcinoma were markedly superior to that of conventional conservative treatment. The authors suggest that surgical intervention without delay should be undertaken for patients having a perforation with carcinoma of the esophagus. A right thoracic approach with a 3-incision method (retrosternal replacement of esophagus with stomach or colon) or operation by stages is preferable.     

食管癌外科治疗近期疗效的影响因素分析

目的探讨食管癌患者年龄、吻合位置与术后并发症发生率和死亡率的关系,以及新辅助化疗对食管癌手术切除率的影响。方法回顾性分析西安交通大学医学院第一医院肿瘤外科自1997年~2003年首诊收治、资料完整587例食管癌患者资料。结果不同年龄组手术切除率分别为91.2%、95.9%和97.7%(P>0.05);>70岁年龄组术后吻合口瘘发生率和术后死亡率均较其它组高(P<0.05)。胸膜顶部吻合口瘘发生率为16.67%,较其它位置吻合口瘘发生率明显高(颈部2.17%、弓上1.09%、弓后2.60%、弓下0),具有显著性差异(P=0.019)。III期食管癌患者行术前新辅助化疗组与未化疗组的手术切除率分别为96.92%和78.85%,具有显著差异(P<0.05),而术后吻合口瘘发生率和术后死亡率无明显差异(P=1.000)。结论术前新辅助化疗可提高食管癌手术的切除率并不增加术后并发症。年龄大并不完全是手术禁忌,高龄患者的手术应充分考虑患者的生理年龄。     

食管癌根治量放疗后的外科治疗

目的 :探讨食管癌根治量放疗后需外科治疗患者的手术适应证、手术方法及并发症防治。方法 :对食管癌根治量放疗后行外科治疗 95例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :全组手术切除率 91 6% ( 87/95 ) ,并发症发生率40 0 % ( 3 8/95 ) ,主要并发症为吻合口瘘、心律失常和呼吸衰竭。手术死亡率7 4% ( 7/95 )。随访 82例 ,1、3、5年生存率分别为 62 1% ( 5 4/87)、3 3 3 % ( 2 3 /69)、2 6 1% ( 12 /4 6)。结论 :食管癌根治量放疗后需再次治疗的患者包括狭窄、溃疡、未控和复发 ,外科治疗效果较好。但要严格掌握手术适应证 ,选择合理的术式 ,围手术期处理和并发症的防治非常重要。     

食管癌术后并发胸胃穿孔3例分析

目的探讨食管癌术后并发胸腔胃穿孔（胸胃穿孔）的病因、诊断、治疗和预防。方法回顾性分析食管癌手术279例术后并发胸胃穿孔3例。结果手术治疗均获成功,术后未再发生瘘。结论食管癌术后并发胸胃穿孔的原因常与手术操作技术相关,术后早期发生,宜尽早二次开胸手术修补,效果满意。     

Surgical treatment of esophageal carcinoma in patients eighty years of age and older

Before 1979, no patient 80 years of age or older had been operated on at our institution for esophageal cancer, while in the middle period (1980–1984), three patients were operated on, and postoperative pulmonary complications and operative death occurred in 66.7 and 33.3%, respectively. However, in the recent period (1985–1990), there was no postoperative morbidity or mortality in the five cases over age 80. On the other hand, there were 12 patients over age 80 who did not undergo operation, of whom all died of cancer. In the eight operated patients over age 80, two cases are still alive 17 and 34 months after operation. According to the above findings, when the patient's general condition is evaluated to be sufficient to tolerate the operation and the cancer is judged to be resectable, esophageal resection is thought to be indicative in all patients over eighty. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

高龄食管癌患者的外科治疗

天津市肿瘤医院自１９７８年１月～１９８８年１月手术治疗７０岁以上（包括７０岁）老年人食管瘤患者２７例。切除率为８１．５％，无手术死亡。２年生存率为６５％，３年３５％，５年为２０％。作者认为：对老年患者的手术治疗应持积极态度，即使是姑息性切除也应积极争取。为了提高手术的安全性，术前应主动及时的治疗其它威胁生命的伴发疾患，术中、术后采取有效措施防治并发症。     

食管癌穿孔并发肺脓肿的外科治疗（附六例报告）

本文对６例食管癌穿孔并发右肺上叶脓肿的患者施行手术治疗，其中食管癌合并右肺上叶切除５例，锲形切除１例。５例近期效果满意，其生存期均在６个月以上，１例于二次手术后第３天死亡。本文重点对食管癌穿孔并发肺脓肿形成的条件、食管癌穿孔是否考虑外科治疗问题，以及可手术患者术前、术中、术后的处理要点进行了探讨。     

颈段食管癌的外科治疗

目的 :探讨颈段食管癌采用横断气管径路切除的手术方法及效果。方法 :在全麻气管插管下 ,颈部取“U”形切口 ,于 2～ 3气管环之间把气管横断 ,切除肿瘤并清扫淋巴结 ,于食管入口处把食管切断 ,行非开胸食管内翻拔脱 ,经食管床将胃拉至颈部行咽胃吻合。结果 :2 3例中 ,术后并发喉返神经损伤者 8例 ,颈部切口感染者 2例 ,咽胃吻合口瘘者 3例。均治愈出院 (1例于术后 8个月死于肺部感染 )。 15例生存超过 3年 ,3例生存超过 5年。结论 :横断气管径路切除食管癌是一种有效的手术方法 ,为颈段食管癌的外科治疗提供了一种新的手术路径。     

食管癌放疗穿孔防治研究进展

目的 食管癌是消化道常见肿瘤,放射治疗是食管癌的有效治疗方式之一,而食管穿孔是食管癌放疗的严重并发症,一旦出现,多数患者短期内死亡.本研究旨在通过总结国内外食管癌放疗穿孔防治的研究进展,提高对食管癌放疗穿孔的认识,以改善其生存及预后.方法 应用PubMed、中国知网、万方数据库和维普中文期刊服务平台等检索系统,以“食管癌、食管恶性肿瘤食管穿孔、瘘、放射治疗、放疗、近距离放射疗法、腔内放疗、诊断、预防和治疗”为关键词,检索1996-2016相关文献,共筛选出51篇高度相关文献.结果 食管癌放疗穿孔的高危因素有T4期、二程放疗等,应注意密切监测放疗反应,谨防穿孔.出现胸痛、呛咳和发热等症状时可通过食管X射线检查、食管CT等检查尽早明确诊断,据情况予手术或介入治疗.结论 食管癌放疗穿孔可防可治,临床工作中应注意密切监测放疗不良反应,重视放疗穿孔的预防,一旦发生穿孔,要尽早诊断、尽早治疗,改善生存质量,延长生存期.     

上段食管癌的外科治疗

目的探讨上段食管癌的手术治疗方法.方法回顾性分析了1990～2002年间225例上段食管癌的手术治疗情况.其中胸上段食管癌166例,切除163例,采用经右胸、上腹、左颈的三切口术式(155例)或非开胸食管外拔脱(剥脱)法(8例)切除,以胃(161例)或结肠(2例)重建食管;颈段食管癌41例,切除40例,采用非开胸食管内翻拔脱或外拔脱(剥脱)法切除,以胃(32例)或结肠(8例)重建食管;下咽食管癌18例,切除18例,分别用胸大肌肌皮瓣或联合裂层皮片、喉气管瓣、胃、结肠重建食管.结果手术切除率分别为98.2%、97.6%、100%.并发症发生率为5.3%,其中喉返神经损伤1例,咽瘘1例,颈部吻合瘘4例,胃排空障碍2例,胃液返流致呼衰1例,吻合口狭窄2例,死亡1例.结论对上段食管癌的术式选择及并发症的预防措施进行了讨论.     

全量放疗后复发性食管癌的外科治疗

目的:探讨全量放疗后食管癌复发的外科手术治疗的可行性。方法:回顾性分析从1995年1月至2004年12月76例全量放疗后复发的食管癌施行外科手术治疗的临床资料。结果:手术切除率86.0%,并发症40.8%,死亡率17.1%。切除组术后1,3,5年生存率分别为63.1%、23.7%、14.5%。结论:对全量放疗后复发性食管癌行外科手术是可行的,但手术适应症应严格掌握。     

胃癌穿孔30例临床分析

目的 探讨胃癌穿孔患者的诊断、合理手术方式的选择及其适应证。方法 复习 1999-2004年间在我院治疗的30例胃癌穿孔患者的临床和病理特点及手术方式,分析手术死亡及生存期的影响因素。结果 穿孔患者大多为高龄，均为进展期胃癌。围手术期死亡率为20%，其中穿孔修补术者死亡5例,穿孔修补后二期行根治性胃大部切除者死亡1例，死亡原因以脏器功能衰竭和局部再穿孔为主。术后3 年生存率为12.5%。结论 胃癌切除加淋巴结清扫是胃癌穿孔根本的外科手术方法，穿孔单纯修补术可用于年龄60岁以上，穿孔时间超过12h，术前有休克及伴有严重内科疾病的患者。     

食管癌根治性放疗后复发的手术治疗

目的：探讨食管癌根治性放疗后复发例手术治疗问题。方法：１９８３年１月至１９９５年１０月间,对４８例食管癌根治性放疗后复发病例施行手术治疗,手术以左侧进胸胃代管弓下吻俣,二切口左侧进胸胃代食管颈部吻合及一切口右侧进胸胃或结工食管颈部吻合完成。结果：手术切除率７９．２％,手术死亡率１２．５一并发症率３５．４％,最常见的并发症为吻合口中瘘。切除组术后１,３,５年生存率分别为６５．８％、２８．９％、１８．     

食管癌和贲门癌外科治疗的2 019例临床分析

我院1978年1月20日~2003年5月12日对新疆不同民族的2019例食管癌和贲门癌患者施行了手术治疗。其中,食管癌1350例,贲门癌669例。少数民族患者占1138例(56·4%)。2019例中总切除率为90·3%(1824/2019)。食管癌切除率为92·3%(1246/1350);贲门癌切除率为87·0%(582/669)。术后发生并发症174例(8·6%)。其中,胸内吻合口瘘34例(1·9%,34/1824),手术死亡34例(1·7%,34/2019)。初步研究结果提示,新疆不同民族发病情况不同,哈萨克族患病率最高。病例的选择及术前分期对手术能否达到根治切除甚为重要。     

Influence of hemoglobin levels on survival after radical treatment of esophageal carcinoma with radiotherapy

Introduction The objetive was to investigate the possible progn ostic value of blood hemoglobin concentration in the outcome of radical treatment for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Materials and method This was a retrospective analysis of data for 85 patients treated for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma between January 1991 and January 1997 with chemoradiotherapy alone or as neoadjuvant therapy. All patients received chemotherapy (4 cycles of cisplatin 100 mg/m² on day 1, and continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil 1 g/m² per day on days 1–5) with concomitant radiotherapy (40 Gy at 2 Gy/session to the esophageal tumor and mediastinum). The response was evaluated after 4 weeks. 69 patients continued toreceive chemoradiotherapy only to a total dose of 60–64 Gy to the esophageal tumor with a 2-cm margin. Sixteen patietns underwent radical surgery. Hemoglobin levels were measured before combined treatment in all patients. The prognostic value of hemoglobin concentration was analyzed statistically, along with other patient-, tumor- and treatment-related factors. Results Mean follow-up time: 82 months (range 60–99 months). Chemoradiotherapy was followed by an overall clinical response of 69.4%, with complete clinical response in 24.7% of the patients. Mean survival time was 12 months, and overall likelihood of survival after 3 years was 13%. Mean time to progression: 5 months. Median survival time was 12 months in the 69 patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy alone, and 26 months in patients who underwent radical surgery. Univariate analysis showed a hemoglobin value of >13 g/dl to be a prognostic factor for better survival, along with performance status according to the ECOG classification, weight loss <10%, tumor stage, tumor length, and complete response to chemoradiotherapy. Multivariate analysis showed that only hemoglobin concentration was an independent prognostic factor: for each unit increase in hemoglobin level, the risk of death from esophageal carcinoma decreased by 5%. In the subgroup of patients who did not undergo surgery, hemoglobin concentration was also an independent prognostic factor along with complete clinical response. Conclusions As found for other solid tumors, hemoglobin level was a determining factor in the prognosis for treatment outcome in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Our findings require confirmation in randomized studies and further documentation of the probable benefits of correcting hemoglobin levels.     

胃大部切除术后食管癌的外科治疗

目的：探讨胃切除术后食管癌的外科手术治疗。方法：通过我科的39例手术,结合文献分析胃大部切除术后食管癌手术切除重建的各种术式方法及优缺点。结果：上段食管癌切除应以横结肠代食管重建为佳,中下段食管癌以残胃代食管重建最理想,也可以用空肠代食管重建。结论：胃大部切除术后食管癌是可以通过手术再根治的,食管的重建以残胃最接近生理及解剖学,术式简单,安全,易行。     

70岁以上高龄食管、贲门癌患者的手术治疗体会

目的：探讨高龄食管、贲门癌患者手术的安全性.方法：回顾性分析2005年1月至2010年1月68例≥70岁的食管、贲门癌患者的临床资料.结果：患者年龄70-82岁,平均（74.9±8.6）岁.TNM分期：T1期占48.53％（33/68）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期88.24％（60/68）.细胞分化Ⅰ和Ⅱ级86.76％（59/68）.术后并发症总发生率为52.94％（36/68）,肺部感染25％（17/68）,心率失常率11.76％（8/68）,吻合口狭窄4.41％（3/68）,吻合口瘘2.94％ （2/68）,围手术期死亡率1.47％.结论：70岁以上高龄食管、贲门癌患者术后并发症较多,积极做好术前准备、围手术期及术后处理,可提高手术成功率.