灯盏花素对离体豚鼠肺间质条平滑肌的松弛作用

目的:观察灯盏花素对豚鼠离体静息肺间质条的松弛作用及对组胺诱发的离体肺间质条平滑肌收缩的影响,并与溴化异丙托品及沙丁胺醇比较。方法:采用定量药理分析方法测定和记录灯盏花素、溴化异丙托品及沙丁胺醇孵育前后豚鼠肺间质条的影响。结果:灯盏花素、溴化异丙托品及沙丁胺醇对豚鼠离体肺间质条均产生了明显的松弛作用,并拮抗了组胺诱导的豚鼠肺间质条的收缩。结论:灯盏花素对离体豚鼠肺间质条有松弛作用,并能拮抗组胺诱导的肺间质条收缩,提示可用于临床治疗气道阻塞性疾病。     

左旋沙丁胺醇抑制豚鼠气道平滑肌收缩的实验研究

目的评价左旋沙丁胺醇(R-Salbutamol,R-Sal)对组胺(histamine,His)诱发的豚鼠离体气管条和肺条收缩功能的影响。方法制备豚鼠离体气管条和肺条标本,以定量药理学方法测定10-8、10-7、10-6mol·L-1剂量的R-Sal孵育前后对His诱发的离体标本的收缩反应的舒张作用,并与10-6mol·L-1剂量的Sal进行比较。结果R-Sal可显著抑制His所引起的豚鼠离体气管和肺条的收缩反应,呈剂量依赖性,其作用强于Sal(P<0.01)。结论R-Sal对His诱发的豚鼠离体气管条和肺条的收缩反应具明显的舒张作用。     

盐酸丙哌维林对豚鼠离体膀胱平滑肌条的钙拮抗作用

目的　研究盐酸丙哌维林 (P 4)对豚鼠离体膀胱平滑肌条的钙拮抗作用及作用机制。方法　采用离体平滑肌条浴槽实验方法 ,以维拉帕米为对照 ,测定P 4对CaCl2 和组胺 (His)所致离体膀胱平滑肌条的收缩及对乙酰胆碱 (ACh)所致膀胱平滑肌依赖细胞内钙、外钙收缩的影响。结果　P 41～ 1 0 0 μmol·L- 1 使CaCl2 累积量效曲线非平行右移 ,最大反应降低 ,pD2 ′为 4 73± 0 1 4。P 41 μmol·L- 1 使His量效曲线平行右移 ,最大效应不变 ,pA2 为 5 44± 0 1 4 ;1 0～ 1 0 0μmol·L- 1 使His量效曲线非平行右移 ,最大效应降低 ,pD2 ′为 4 71± 0 1 0。P 41、1 0和 1 0 0 μmol·L- 1 对ACh所致依赖细胞内钙收缩的抑制率分别为 45 77%± 6 54 %、86 2 6 %± 5 59%和 90 55 %± 3 1 1 % ,对依赖细胞外钙收缩的抑制率分别为 7 30 %± 2 89%、49 1 6 %± 6 0 9%和 88 2 5 %±3 70 %。结论　P 4低浓度时竞争性拮抗His所致膀胱平滑肌条的收缩反应 ,明显抑制膀胱平滑肌条依赖细胞内钙释放的收缩反应 ;高浓度时非竞争性拮抗His和CaCl2 所致膀胱平滑肌条的收缩反应 ,明显抑制膀胱平滑肌条依赖细胞内钙释放和外钙经钙通道内流所致收缩反应     

小剂量茶碱与溴化异丙托品联用治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床观察

目的观察抗胆碱能吸入剂溴化异丙托品分别与小剂量茶碱控释片及沙丁胺醇联用治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的效果.方法将40例稳定期COPD患者随机分为茶碱组、沙丁胺醇组,每组20例.茶碱组吸入溴化异丙托品2喷,tid,并口服茶碱控释胶囊0.1,12 h 1次,治疗1周时测定血浆茶碱峰谷浓度,沙丁胺醇组吸入溴化异丙托品和硫酸沙丁胺醇2种气雾剂合剂2喷,tid,进行8周观察;入选时测定基础肺功能,在第1、4、8周测试日停用所有药物后,测定FEV1.0,与基础值比较得出测试日的FEV1.0改善率(△'FEV1.0),用沙丁胺醇行支气管舒张试验,测得FEV1.0改善率(△FEV1.0),每目测定早晚最大呼气流速(PEFR),测定PEFR日间变异率.结果△FEV1.0茶碱组在第8周显著增加(P＜0.01),沙丁胺醇组逐渐下降(P＜0.001),在第4周起茶碱组△FEV1.0高于沙丁胺醇组(P＜0.01);两组△'FEV1.0均有增加,但茶碱组增加显著(P＜0.001);PEFR日间变异率茶碱组下降(P＜0.01),沙丁胺醇组无改变;血浆茶碱峰浓度为8.7±2.1 mg·L-1,谷浓度6.1±2.3 mg·L-1;两组不良反应少.结论小剂量茶碱具有抗炎和免疫调节作用,与溴化异丙托品联用是治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的一种有效方法,而溴化异丙托品与沙丁胺醇长期联用治疗稳定期COPD,可造成对沙丁胺醇的反应性低下,建议不要长期联用.     

普鲁托品对家兔主动脉扩血管作用的机理

应用血管平滑肌等张收缩和放射免疫测定环核苷酸水平等方法研究了普鲁托品 ( Pro)的扩血管作用及其机理 .结果表明 ,Pro浓度依赖性地松弛去氧肾上腺素 ( PE,1 μmol· L-1)和 KCl( 30 mmol·L-1)预收缩的兔胸主动脉螺旋条 ,EC50 分别为 ( 37± 2 0 )和 ( 4 0± 1 1 ) μmol·L-1.Pro30 μmol·L-1使PE和 KCl收缩兔胸主动脉的量效曲线非平行右移 ,最大反应压低 ,p D2 ′分别为 4.0 7± 0 .1 7和 3.86± 0 .1 8.格列本脲 ,N- L-硝基精氨酸 ,普萘洛尔和吲哚美辛不影响 Pro的舒血管作用 .Pro1 0和 1 0 0μmol· L-1显著增加兔胸主动脉血管平滑肌内c AMP和 c GMP水平 .结果提示 ,Pro的扩血管作用可能与增高平滑肌细胞内 c AMP和 c GMP水平有关 .     

重组人白细胞介素-1受体拮抗药对豚鼠离体呼吸道平滑肌的影响

目的　观察人重组白细胞介素 1受体拮抗剂 (IL 1ra)对正常和卵白蛋白致敏豚鼠离体肺条、气管平滑肌的影响。方法　应用离体器官装置、张力换能器、MedLab记录系统测定肺条和气管平滑肌的张力。结果　①IL 1ra对正常豚鼠离体肺条和气管平滑肌有直接松弛作用 ,EC50 分别为1 2 9ⅹ 10 -7mol·L-1和 8 0 6× 10 -8mol·L-1;并对卵白蛋白致敏的豚鼠肺条和气管平滑肌也有直接的松弛作用 ,EC50 分别为 2 6 1× 10 -7mol·L-1和 5 88× 10 -7mol·L-1,但致敏豚鼠呼吸道平滑肌对IL 1ra的敏感性要比正常豚鼠低。②IL 1ra(10 -9～ 10 -5mol·L-1)可剂量依赖性地抑制致痉剂组胺对正常豚鼠肺条和气管平滑肌的收缩作用 (P <0 0 1)。③IL 1ra能抑制卵白蛋白攻击引起的肺条和气管平滑肌的收缩 ,IC50 分别为 7 83ⅹ 10 -7mol·L-1和 4 4 8ⅹ 10 -7mol·L-1。结论　IL 1ra对正常、痉挛及致敏状态的呼吸道平滑肌均有松弛作用     

盐酸丙哌维林对膀胱平滑肌收缩的影响(英文)

观察了盐酸丙哌维林 ( Pro)对离体豚鼠膀胱平滑肌自动节律性收缩和 KCl诱导离体豚鼠膀胱平滑肌收缩的影响 ;同时观察了 Pro对家犬在体膀胱自动节律性收缩的影响 .Pro在 1 ,1 0 μmol· L-1浓度时 ,对离体豚鼠膀胱平滑肌自动节律性活动具有兴奋作用 ,可使自动节律性收缩频率增加 ,幅度加大 ;在 1 0 0μmol· L-1浓度时则表现为抑制作用 ,可完全抑制豚鼠膀胱平滑肌的自动节律性收缩 ,同时可使平滑肌松弛 ,基础张力降低 .Pro对 KCl引起的豚鼠离体膀胱平滑肌的收缩具有明显的抑制作用 ,在 1 ,1 0 ,1 0 0 μmol· L-1浓度时对 KCl诱导豚鼠离体膀胱平滑肌收缩的抑制率分别为 ( 7.4±6.5) % ,( 31 .3± 1 2 .8) % ,( 68.4± 7.1 ) % ,其 IC50 为( 2 5.2± 4.7) μmol·L-1.十二指肠给 Pro对在体家犬膀胱自动节律性收缩具有明显的抑制作用 ,60 ,30mg· kg-1可明显降低膀胱自动节律性收缩频率和幅度且具有剂量依赖性 ,与药前比有显著性差异 ,60 mg· kg-1药后 1 0 min即可起效 ,药效可持续 90min,Pro在上述剂量下对血压 ,心率无明显影响 .本实验结果提示 Pro在低剂量时对离体膀胱自动节律性收缩具有一定的兴奋作用 ,在高剂量时则表现为明显的抑制作用 ;Pro对 KCl诱导的豚鼠离体膀胱平滑肌收缩和膀胱扩张诱导的家?     

异紫堇定的扩血管作用与环核苷酸的关系(英文)

应用血管平滑肌等张收缩和放射免疫测定环核苷酸水平等方法研究了异紫堇定扩血管作用及其机理 .结果表明 ,异紫堇定浓度依赖性地松弛去甲肾上腺素 (NE ,1μmol·L- 1)和KCl(30mmol·L- 1)预收缩的兔胸主动脉螺旋条 ,EC50 分别为 (12 .6± 4 .4 )和 (447± 38) μmol·L- 1,对NE的作用比对KCl强 36倍 .亚甲蓝 (10 μmol·L- 1)可部分抑制异紫堇定的扩血管作用 ,但不受格列本脲 ,吲哚美辛 ,普萘洛尔或N L 硝基精氨酸影响 .异紫堇定还可促进cGMP生成增加 ,并可被亚甲蓝完全阻断 .异紫堇定对cAMP的生成无影响 .结果提示 ,异紫堇定的扩血管作用至少部分通过激活鸟苷酸环化酶 ,促进cGMP的生成实现     

白介素-1受体拮抗剂对致敏豚鼠的抗喘作用

目的 :观察白介素 1受体拮抗剂 (IL 1ra)对致敏豚鼠的抗喘作用。方法 :用卵白蛋白致敏豚鼠 ,用张力换能器和MedLab软件记录气道平滑肌的肌张力和收缩活动。结果 :整体实验时 ,在 0 .3 3～9.0mg·kg- 1 剂量范围内 ,IL 1ra能使组胺 乙酰胆碱及卵白蛋白诱发的致敏豚鼠哮喘的潜伏期延长 ,动物跌倒率降低。此作用具有剂量依赖性。其中 ,9.0mg·kg- 1 剂量组的作用与异丙基肾上腺素相同 ;离体实验时 ,3× 1 0 - 7mol·L- 1 以上浓度的IL 1ra对气管平滑肌具有直接松弛作用 ,其EC50 为 5 .88×1 0 - 7mol·L- 1 ;1 0 - 7mol·L- 1 的IL 1ra能对抗卵白蛋白引起的气管平滑肌肌张力的增加 ;3×1 0 - 7mol·L- 1 以上剂量组的IL 1ra预防给药则能使卵白蛋白诱发的气管平滑肌的收缩程度显著降低 ,其IC50 为 4.48× 1 0 - 7mol·L- 1 。结论 :IL 1ra能直接松弛致敏豚鼠的气管平滑肌 ,拮抗多种抗原诱发的致敏豚鼠的哮喘发作。     

布美他尼对豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩功能的影响

目的研究布美他尼对Ｃａ２＋、组胺、乙酰胆碱、前列腺素引起豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩的影响。方法建立不同浓度Ｂｕｍｅｔ（１０－６、１０－５、１０－４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）孵育时Ｃａ２＋和组胺量效曲线，观察Ｂｕｍｅｔ对Ａｃｈ和ＰＧＦ２α引起气管条收缩的抑制作用。结果Ｂｕｍｅｔ可压低Ｃａ２＋和Ｈｉｓ量效曲线，减活指数分别为３．０８±０．４８和５．６１±０．１３。对Ａｃｈ１０－５ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和ＰＧＦ２α５×１０－３ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１引起的气管平滑肌收缩的ＩＣ５０分别为（５．０９×１０－６±０．１６×１０－６）ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和（５．１３×１０－６±０．１７×１０－６）ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１。结论Ｂｕｍｅｔ可抑制Ｃａ２＋、组胺、乙酰胆碱、前列腺素Ｆ２α引起的豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.