烫伤大鼠室旁核和触液神经元中胆囊收缩素的变化

目的 明确胆囊收缩素在烫伤应激中的确切作用。方法 在大鼠清醒状态下给予标准的２５％Ⅲ度皮肤烫伤,伤后２４ｈ杀动物,用免疫细胞化学ＡＢＣ法显示ＶＰＮ和ＣＳＦ－ＣＮｓ的ＣＣＫ阳性神经元,结果用显微图像分析技术处理。结果 （１）烫伤大鼠ＰＶＮ代表平面ＣＣＫ神经元的总面积增大,免疫染色无明显变化。（２）正中隆起（ＭＥ）的ＣＣＫ免疫染色阳性纤维的面积密度无显著性差异而免疫染色减弱。（３）烫伤大鼠第三脑室室管     

破坏大鼠极后区对胆囊收缩素抑制摄食跑速作用的影响

胆囊收缩素(CCK)能抑制大鼠的摄食量和摄食跑速。本文向腹腔内注入CCK(10μg/kg)后15分钟内发现大鼠的摄食量和在迷宫内的摄食跑速都明显降低。破坏大鼠的极后区后,向腹腔内注入等量的CCK,则CCK抑制摄食作用明显减弱,开始的15分钟内摄食量显著增多,摄食跑速明显加快。提示大鼠的极后区在CCK引起的摄食抑制作用中起重要作用,极后区可能是CCK在脑干内的一个重要的感受器。在破坏了极后区同时又破坏了孤束核的动物,亦有降低CCK抑制摄食的作用。但与正常大鼠对照组比较,破坏极后区的大鼠摄食量减少,而摄食跑速没有明显差别。     

电刺激大鼠下丘脑室旁核对胃缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

采用夹闭大鼠腹腔动脉30min，松开动脉夹血流复灌1h的胃缺血－再灌注损伤模型，观察了电刺激和电损毁下丘脑室旁核（paraventricular nucleus,PVN)对大鼠胃缺血－再灌注损伤（gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury,GI-RI的影响，并对其作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明：电刺激PVN后GI－RI显著减轻，且有强度－效应依赖关系；PVN内注射胞体兴奋剂L－谷氨酸后，与电刺激PVN的效应相同；电解损毁双侧PVN则能加重GI－RI；电刺激PVN能显著降低GI－RI大鼠的胃粘膜丙二醛（MDA）含量及胃液酸度和胃蛋白酶活性，但对其超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性及胃液量、总酸排出量、胃整结合粘液量无显著影响。提示PVN对GI－RI具有保护作用，其作用机制可能与降低GI－RI大鼠的胃粘膜MDA含量、胃蛋白酶活性、胃液酸度有关，而与胃液量、总酸排出量、胃壁结合粘液量等因素无明显关系。     

不同应激方式对大鼠下丘脑室旁核c-FoS表达的影响

目的:为了比较大鼠足趾皮下注射福尔马林(formalin)和腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)诱导下丘脑室旁核(PVN)内c-Fos蛋白表达的差异.方法:本实验采用免疫组织化学ABC双重细胞染色法,观测formalin和LPS应激后下丘脑室旁核大细胞部(mPVN)和小细胞部(pPVN)内c-Fos蛋白和精氨酸加压素(AVP)的定...     

IFN-γ对流产大鼠视上核、弓状核、室旁核TNF-α表达的影响

为了探讨γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)对流产大鼠视上核(SON)、弓状核(AN)、室旁核(PVN)内肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)表达的影响,将20只孕SD大鼠随机分为A、B、C、D组。A组为对照组;B组为流产模型组;C、D组分别为流产模型+1IU/gIFN-γ组和流产模型+10IU/gIFN-γ组。妊娠13d灌注取材,并观察妊娠结局;采用免疫组化SP法对每组SON、AN、PVN中TNF-α的表达进行检测。结果显示:B、C、D组三个核团内TNF-α免疫阳性产物的灰度值均较A组降低,而阳性细胞数均较A组增高;C组SON、AN内TNF-α的阳性灰度值均高于B组,而SON、AN、PVN阳性细胞数均低于B组;D组TNF-α免疫阳性产物的灰度值均较B、C组低,阳性细胞数均较B、C组高;C组平均胚胎数较B、D组显著增高。以上结果表明IU/gIFN-γ对妊娠有利,这种作用可能与其参与SON、AN和PVN中TNF-α表达的调节有关。     

加压素在自发性高血压大鼠与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核、室旁核神经元内表达

目的观察加压素(AVP)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核(SON)、室旁核(PVN)内的分布。方法应用光镜和免疫细胞化学技术。结果SHR的AVP阳性细胞内分泌颗粒密集呈棕黄色,正常大鼠组则染色较浅。SHR大鼠SON内AVP阳性神经元百分数(69.30±18.10%)明显多于正常大鼠(59.53±16.97%,P<0.05),而两组大鼠PVN内AVP的表达无明显差异。结论AVP在下丘脑的血压调节活动中起着重要的介导作用,中枢AVP含量的异常增加可能与高血压的发病有关。     

大鼠下丘脑室旁核GABAARα1阳性神经元参与内毒素诱导的免疫应激反应

为探讨下丘脑室旁核(PVN)内GABAA受体α1亚单位(GABAARα1)阳性神经元是否参与内毒素(LPS)诱导的免疫应激反应,本研究采用腹腔注射LPS建立免疫应激模型,对照组注射等量的生理盐水,应用免疫荧光双标记与激光共聚焦显微镜技术,观察两组大鼠下丘脑PVN内Fos和GABAARα1阳性神经元的形态、分布和数量的变化以及Fos和GABAARα1阳性神经元之间的关系。结果显示:LPS可使大鼠PVN内Fos阳性神经元数量显著增高,GABAARα1阳性神经元的染色增强,且其中的部分神经元同时表达Fos和GABAARα1;经计数Fos/GABAARα1双标阳性神经元的比例占Fos阳性神经元的27%,占GABAARα1阳性神经元的32%。本实验结果提示PVN内的部分GABAARα1阳性神经元参与了由LPS诱导的免疫应激反应,说明GABA可能通过GABAA受体在免疫应激反应中发挥作用。上述结果为阐明免疫应激反应时GABAAR在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴中的作用提供了形态学基础。     

大鼠视上核、室旁核肠三叶因子表达与实验性胃溃疡的关系

目的探讨大鼠实验性胃溃疡自愈期间肠三叶因子(ITF)在下丘脑视上核(SON)、室旁核(PVN)的表达及其与实验性胃溃疡愈合的关系。方法以免疫组织化学染色、酶联免疫吸附实验分别检测溃疡组(42只)和正常组(6只)大鼠下丘脑和血清及ITF的表达及含量变化,RT-PCR检测ITFmRNA的转录情况。结果 ITF免疫反应阳性物质主要位于视上核和室旁核大细胞部。溃疡1d视上核和室旁核ITF积分吸光度略增高,2d、4d和6d逐渐升高,6d达高峰(P0.01),10～23d均维持在较高水平(P0.05)。血清ITF的变化与免疫组织化学法结果相似;溃疡组ITF/3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)吸光度比值在溃疡2～23d均高于正常组(P0.01,或P0.05)。结论胃溃疡自愈期间可能通过下丘脑和血清ITF的高表达参与溃疡愈合的调节。     

下丘脑室旁核外源性orexin-A对肥胖大鼠摄食的影响及NPY受体信号的调控

目的:探讨饮食诱导肥胖(DIO)大鼠神经肽Y(NPY)受体信号通路是否参与下丘脑室旁核(PVN)外源性注射食欲素A(orexin-A)对摄食和葡萄糖敏感(GS)神经元兴奋性的调控。方法:采用荧光免疫组织化学实验观察PVN中orexin-A受体(即食欲素1型受体,OX1R)和NPY受体Y5(NPY-5R)的表达;采用单细胞外放电记录观察orexin-A对PVN内GS神经元兴奋性的影响;分别于SD大鼠和DIO大鼠PVN埋置套管,经套管注射orexinA、OX1R拮抗剂SB-334867和NPY-5R拮抗剂CGP-71683,观察大鼠0~2 h和0~4 h摄食量。结果:DIO大鼠PVN中OX1R和NPY-5R的表达显著高于SD大鼠。Orexin-A抑制PVN内葡萄糖抑制性(GI)神经元,兴奋葡萄糖兴奋性(GE)神经元,但是orexin-A对GS神经元的兴奋或抑制效应可被NPY-5R拮抗剂CGP-71683部分阻断,且与SD大鼠相比,orexin-A对DIO大鼠PVN内GS神经元兴奋或抑制效应更加明显。PVN内注射orexin-A可增加SD大鼠和DIO大鼠摄食量。但是orexin-A诱导的促摄食效应被NPY-5R拮抗剂CGP-71683部分阻断。与SD大鼠相比,orexin-A诱导的促摄食效应在DIO大鼠中更加明显。结论:PVN内外源性注射orexin-A可能主要通过OX1R信号通路参与大鼠摄食和GS神经元兴奋性调控,NPY-5R信号也参与了该过程调控,在DIO大鼠中更敏感。     

Deficits in the control of food intake after hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions

Noradrenergic mechanisms of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have been shown to play an important role in the stimulation of feeding To determine the influence of this nucleus in monitoring and controlling responses to physiological and pharmacological challenges, PVN electrolytic lesion rats were tested for their behavioral responsiveness to agents known to affect the alpha-2 noradrenergic system as well as release of corticosterone, and to short- and long-term periods of food deprivation. Discrete lesions of the PVN produced enhanced feeding, particularly of carbohydrate, in freely-feeding rats maintained on a macronutrient self-selection paradigm. Lesion rats demonstrated a behavioral deficit in food intake regulation (a decrease in carbohydrate ingestion) in response to 5-hr and 24-hr fasts, showed a disturbance in circadian feeding, and exhibited a dramatic decrease in circulating corticosterone. However, feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose and insulin remained intact, suggesting that noradrenergic receptors within the PVN are not involved in the mediation of glucoprivic-induced feeding.     

Diurnal rhythms of leptin and ghrelin in the systemic circulation and in the gastric mucosa are related to food intake in rats

We investigated diurnal changes in leptin and ghrelin levels in the stomach and in the systemic circulation and their relation to food intake rhythms in Wistar rats housed at 22 °C with a 12-h light/dark cycle and free access to food and water. Animals were sacrificed every 3 h over a 24-h period. Leptin and ghrelin levels in serum and in the gastric mucosa were analysed by immunoassay. Leptin mRNA levels were determined in the gastric mucosa by RT-PCR and in different adipose tissue depots (epididymal, retroperitoneal and mesenteric) by Northern blot. Ghrelin mRNA levels were determined by Northern blot. Gastric and serum leptin levels displayed similar diurnal rhythms, rising during the dark phase and decreasing gradually during the light phase. Leptin expression in the different adipose tissue depots correlated positively with circulating leptin levels (P<0.05), although there were some depot-associated differences. Leptin mRNA levels in the mesenteric depot correlated positively with food intake (P<0.05). In blood, ghrelin levels rose sharply just before the onset of the dark phase and dropped suddenly just after. In the stomach, ghrelin levels were high during the fasting period of light and low during the night, and correlated inversely with food intake, gastric contents and serum leptin levels (P<0.05). Leptin and ghrelin in the stomach and in the systemic circulation thus show diurnal variations that are influenced by food intake rhythms. The results agree with a role for ghrelin as a stimulant of meal initiation.     

The orexigenic effect of peripheral ghrelin differs between rats of different age and with different baseline food intake, and it may in part be mediated by the area postrema

Ghrelin is mainly secreted during fasting. While an orexigenic effect of peripherally injected ghrelin has been reported, reproducing this effect has often proven difficult. Here, we hypothesized that ghrelin's effect to increase food intake may depend on the experimental conditions (e.g., age of animals). We therefore investigated the effect of an IP ghrelin injection (100 microg/kg) on food intake in rats of different age and at different times during the light-dark cycle, i.e. with different levels of baseline food intake. Ghrelin injected at dark onset in ad libitum fed young rats (body weight [BW] 92 g) slightly increased feeding while no such effect was observed in 12 h food deprived rats (BW 150 g). In the middle of the light phase, ghrelin significantly increased feeding up to 2 h after injection in ad libitum fed rats (BW 130 g; food intake 1 h after injection: NaCl 0.4 +/- 0.2 g versus ghrelin 1.2 +/- 0.3 g [p < 0.05]). In various subsequent experiments, older rats (BW 300-490 g) tested under the same conditions did not respond to a single ghrelin injection. However repeated ghrelin injection (15 microg/kg/day once daily at light onset) over 10 days significantly increased food intake in rats (BW 400-460 g) starting from day 4 of the experiment (24 h food intake: NaCl approx. 19.5 g, ghrelin 22.5 g). Interestingly, the latter effect was completely abolished in rats lesioned in the area postrema (AP). Cumulative food intake was also increased in SHAM but not in AP-X animals (e.g., after 7 days: SHAM/NaCl 135.1 +/- 5.3 g versus SHAM/ghrelin 149.7 +/- 3.5 g [p < 0.05], AP-X/NaCl 127.2 +/- 16.4 versus AP-X/ghrelin 127.9 +/- 5.3). We conclude that ghrelin's effect to increase food intake can best be demonstrated when basal food intake is low. Ghrelin increases feeding mainly in young, fast growing animals. Ghrelin may therefore link the high energy needs to body growth in young individuals. In older animals, peripheral ghrelin increased feeding when injected repeatedly over several days. At least under these conditions, ghrelin's effect was mediated by the AP/NTS region. Using repeated administration, ghrelin might be an interesting tool to increase feeding in patients suffering from wasting diseases such as cancer anorexia.     

Ghrelin对糖尿病大鼠下丘脑弓状核胃牵张敏感神经元放电活动及胃运动的调控

 目的：观察链脲佐菌素(STZ)所致糖尿病（DM）大鼠下丘脑弓状核（Arc）胃牵张（GD）敏感神经元放电活动及胃运动改变,探讨ghrelin对DM大鼠下丘脑Arc GD敏感神经元放电活动和胃运动的影响。方法：采用STZ腹腔注射诱导DM大鼠模型;通过细胞外记录神经元单位放电和在体胃运动方法,观察ghrelin及其受体阻断剂［D-Lys3］-GHRP-6对DM大鼠下丘脑Arc GD敏感神经元自发放电活动和胃运动的影响;应用real-time PCR和荧光免疫组化方法,探讨DM大鼠Arc内ghrelin受体（GHS-R1a）mRNA及其免疫阳性物的表达。结果：在正常大鼠Arc记录到的98个GD敏感神经元中,64.3%为GD兴奋性（GD-E）神经元,35.7%为GD抑制性（GD-I）神经元。在63个GD-E神经元中,Arc微量注射ghrelin可使其中73.0%神经元兴奋,其放电频率与生理盐水组比较显著增加（P<0.05）;而在35个GD-I神经元中,Arc微量注射ghrelin可抑制其中60.0%神经元,放电频率显著降低（P<0.01）;ghrelin改变GD神经元放电效应可被ghrelin 受体阻断剂［D-Lys3］-GHRP-6阻断（P<0.05）;在DM大鼠,Arc记录到的66个GD敏感神经元中有56.1%为GD-E神经元,43.9%为GD-I神经元。Arc注射ghrelin可兴奋其中35.1%GD-E神经元,放电频率与生理盐水比较显著增加（P<0.05）;而在29个GD-I神经元中,ghrelin可抑制其中21个神经元（72.4%）,放电频率显著降低（P<0.01）。与正常大鼠比较,DM大鼠Arc GD敏感神经元中的GD-E和GD-I比例无显著改变（P>0.05）,但ghrelin使GD-E神经元兴奋的比率明显降低（P<0.05）,放电频率平均增加率也显著下降（P<0.05）;但ghrelin使GD-I 神经元抑制比率和放电频率平均减少率均无显著改变（P>0.05）。在体胃运动研究结果显示,Arc微量注射ghrelin,可显著促进正常和DM大鼠胃运动,且呈显著量效关系（P<0.05,P<0.01）,但ghrelin对正常大鼠的促胃运动作用显著强于其对DM大鼠的作用（P<0.05）,［D-Lys3］-GHRP-6可完全阻断ghrelin该作用。Real-time PCR研究结果显示,DM大鼠下丘脑Arc GHS-R1a mRNA表达较正常大鼠明显减少（P<0.05）;免疫荧光研究进一步证实DM大鼠下丘脑Arc GHS-R1a 免疫阳性物表达较正常大鼠明显减少（P<0.05）。结论：下丘脑Arc ghrelin参与DM大鼠GD敏感神经元自发放电活动,并参与胃运动的调控,该效应可能是通过作用于ghrelin受体而实现的。     

The role of GABAergic system on the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on food intake in neonatal chicks

Ghrelin is a gut-brain peptide that has a stimulatory effect on food intake in mammals. In contrast, this peptide decreases food intake in neonatal chicks when injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV). In mammals, neuropeptide Y (NPY) mediates the orexigenic effect of ghrelin whereas in chicks it appears that corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) is partially involved in the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on food intake. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) has a stimulatory effect on food intake in mammals and birds. In this study we investigated whether the anorectic effect of ghrelin is mediated by the GABAergic system. In Experiment 1, 3 h-fasted chicks were given an ICV injection of chicken ghrelin and picrotoxin, a GABA_A receptors antagonist. Picrotoxin decreased food intake compared to the control chicks indicating a stimulatory effect of GABA_A receptors on food intake. However, picrotoxin did not alter the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on food intake. In Experiment 2, THIP hydrochloride, a GABA_A receptor agonist, was used in place of picrotoxin. THIP hydrochloride appeared to partially attenuate the decrease in food intake induced by ghrelin at 30 min postinjection. In Experiment 3, the effect of ICV injection of chicken ghrelin on gene expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)₁ and GAD₂, GABA synthesis enzymes in the brain stem including hypothalamus, was investigated. The ICV injection of chicken ghrelin significantly reduced GAD₂ gene expression. These findings suggest that ghrelin may decrease food intake in neonatal chicks by reducing GABA synthesis and thereby GABA release within brain feeding centers.     

Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion and food intake in aged rats

Age-related decreases in energy expenditure have been associated with the loss of skeletal muscle and decline of food intake, possibly through a mechanism involving changes of growth hormone (GH) secretion and feeding behavior. Age-related declines of growth hormone secretion and food intake have been termed the somatopause and anorexia of ageing, respectively. Ghrelin, a 28-amino-acid peptide, was isolated from human and rat stomachs as an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin stimulates growth hormone release and food intake when peripherally administered to rodents and humans. Here, we investigate the relationship between age-related decline of growth hormone secretion and/or food intake and ghrelin function. Ghrelin (10 nmol/kg body weight) was administered intravenously to male 3-, 12-, 24-and 27-month-old Long-Evans rats, after which growth hormone concentrations and 2 h food intake were measured. An intravenous administration of ghrelin to rats increased food intake in all generations. In addition, to orexigenic effect by ghrelin, intravenous administration of ghrelin elicited a marked increase in plasma GH levels, with the peak occurring 15 min after administration. These findings suggest that the aged rats maintain the reactivity to administered exogenous ghrelin.     

隔核ghrelin对糖尿病胃动力障碍大鼠胃运动影响及下丘脑弓状核的潜在调控机制

 目的：研究隔核ghrelin对糖尿病(DM)大鼠胃运动的调控, 并探讨下丘脑弓状核与隔核间ghrelin通路对胃运动的调控机制。方法：链脲佐霉素腹腔注射制备DM大鼠模型;荧光免疫组化和real-time PCR方法检测DM大鼠隔核内ghrelin受体GHS-R1a表达变化;大鼠胃表面固定感应片在体记录胃运动并计算胃运动变化率;荧光金逆行示踪方法显示下丘脑弓状核和隔核间纤维联系,并采用中枢注射药物、核团损毁或电刺激等方法观察核团纤维联系对DM大鼠胃运动的调控作用。结果：（1） DM大鼠隔核GHS-R1a表达低于正常大鼠（P<0.05）,胃运动明显减弱,胃收缩幅度和频率显著降低（P<0.05）。（2）隔核注射ghrelin增强正常和DM大鼠胃运动（P<0.05）,且呈量效关系。（3） 荧光金在注射入隔核7 d后逆行至弓状核内神经元,其中部分神经元为ghrelin免疫阳性神经元;（4）正常大鼠体内,损毁隔核对胃运动和电刺激弓状核引起的胃运动变化无显著影响（P>0.05）;而对DM大鼠,损毁隔核减弱胃运动和电刺激弓状核后胃运动（P<0.05）。（5）隔核微量注射ghrelin受体阻断剂［D-Lys-3］-GHRP-6未显著改变正常大鼠电刺激弓状核后胃运动变化（P>0.05）,但可减弱DM大鼠电刺激弓状核引起的胃运动变化（P<0.05）。结论:隔核ghrelin和下丘脑弓状核-隔核间ghrelin通路在糖尿病大鼠胃运动调控中发挥重要作用。     

Lack of diet-induced thermogenesis following lesions of paraventricular nucleus in rats

The effects of electrolytic lesions in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus were studied in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, fed different diets, consisting of either palatable human food plus chow (cafeteria diet) or chow alone. The results showed that both cafeteria diet and lesions induced an increase in energy intake and weight gain in rats of both sexes. Oxygen consumption rate and colonic temperature were significantly decreased by lesions, while cafeteria diet increased the same parameters only in intact animals. The lesion decreased weight, protein and DNA, and temperature of brown adipose tissue, while cafeteria diet increased the values considered in brown adipose tissue of sham-injured rats, but not in lesioned animals. The response to norepinephrine administration was significantly greater in intact rats and those fed cafeteria diet. The results suggest that the larger body weight gain observed in lesioned rats, particularly evident in rats fed cafeteria diet, is partly due to the disappearance of diet-induced thermogenesis that depends on the reduced mass and functional activity of brown adipose tissue.