透析液流量对血液透析充分性的影响

目的探讨提高透析液流量对血液透析患者透析充分性的影响。方法选择我院长期规律维持性血液透析患者30例,血流量为350-400 ml/min,透析液流量从常规500 ml/min增加至800 ml/min进行13周,其他透析参数（透析时间、血流量、透析器、超滤量）及药物治疗不变。增加透析液流量的前两周及增加后的第12和13周测定透析前后（每周最后一次透析时采集标本）尿素氮、肌酐,并记录每次透析的时间、超滤量、透后体重,再计算出尿素清除指数（Kt/V）和尿素下降率（URR）,取两次测定值的平均值,观察透析液流量对Kt/V和URR的影响。结果透析液流量为800 ml/min时Kt/V值和URR较透析液流量为500 ml/min时有所增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论透析液流量从500 ml/min增加至800ml/min,可增加Kt/V值和URR,提高血液透析充分性。对于不便增加透析时间和提高血流量的维持性血液透析患者,可增加透析液流量为800 ml/min来提高血液透析充分性。     

血流量大小对带cuff中心静脉导管血液透析患者透析充分性的影响

目的 观察血流量大小对带cuff中心静脉导管血液透析患者透析充分性的影响.方法 将15例带cuff中心静脉导管维持血液透析患者的血流量设为200ml/min,透析12次后再设为250ml/ min,透析12次后进入洗脱期,设为200ml/min透析24次,再设为300ml/min透析12次.每次透析 4h,每周3次.观察每种血流量时的单室模型Kt/V(spK t/V)、尿素清除率(URR),观察试验前、后血红蛋白、红细胞压积、心功能的变化.结果 随着血流量的增加,spKt/V和URR值越高,透析越充分.血流量分别为200ml/min、250ml/min、300ml/min时的spK t/V值分别为(1.44±0.04)、(1.58±0.05)、(1.85±0.20)(1.44 比 1.58,1.44 比 1.85,均P＜0.05),URR值分别为(69.01%±3.88%)、972.23%±4.26%)、(76.06%±4.82%) (69.01% 比 72.23%,69.01% 比 76.06%,均P＜0.05).试验后的血红蛋白和血红细胞压积较试验前增加(107.60g/L 比 92.20g/L,31.65fl 比 28.53fl,均P ＜ 0.05).试验前后的射血分数EF%、每搏输出量(SV)、心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、心室收缩末期容积(ESV) 的差异均没有统计学意义(均P >0.05).结论 带cuff中心静脉导管血液透析患者随着血流量的增加,透析越来越充分,不会对心功能产生明显不良影响,且可以改善贫血状况.     

联机尿素清除率监测和常规采血计算Kt/V对血液透析充分性评估的对照研究

目的通过前瞻自身对照研究探讨无创联机尿素清除率监测评估血液透析充分性的可行性和准确性.方法随机选取规律血液透析患者60例,其中男性30例,女性30例,平均透析时间(86±23)个月,透析中血流量220～300ml/min,透析液流量500ml/min,根据患者既往的Kt/V值设定当次透析的Kt/V值,利用联机尿素清除率监测(Online Clearance Monitoring OCM);同时透析前后取血液透析患者全血检测尿素氮浓度,根据Daugirdas公式计算并校正Kt/Ve值作为对照,比较两种方法的相关性及不同体表面积、超滤量对二者的影响.结果本组60例患者利用OCM与常规方法所得的Kt/V值分别为(1.50±0.18),(1.62±0.48),直线回归分析相关指数γ=0.747,P＜0.001.不同体表面积≥1.73m2及＜1.73m2的两组患者,OCM监测的Kt/V值分别为(1.28±0.07),(1.67±0.45)二者有显著差别(P＜0.05);常规计算的Kt/V值分别为(1.47±0.15),(1.52±0.19),二者无显著差别.不同超滤量≥3Kg及＜3Kg的两组患者,Kt/V值无显著差别.结论对维持性血液透析患者的单次血液透析OCM和常规方法所得的Kt/V值相关性较好,而且这种方法操作简便,能保证患者单次透析的充分性,可以在临床上推广.     

在线尿素清除率监测对血液透析充分性评价的研究

目的 探讨在线尿素清除率监测对血液透析充分性的评估价值.方法 选取规律血液透析患者65例,其中男38例,女27例,平均透析时间(41±29)个月.透析中血流量200～300ml/min,透析液流量500ml/min,利用在线尿素清除率监测(on-line clearance monitoring,OCM)Kt/V值;同时透析前后取全血检测尿素氮浓度等,根据单室尿素动力模型DaugirdasⅡ公式计算K t/V值,比较2种方法的相关性及不同体质量,超滤量,血流量,血红蛋白,红细胞压积对两者的影响.结果 本组65例患者利用OCM法测得的Kt/V值与采血计算法所得的K t/V值分别为(1.42±0.25)与(1.45±0.25),直线回归分析相关指数 r=0.979,P＜ 0.001.不同体质量≤60kg和＞60kg的2组患者,OCM监测的K t/V值分别为(1.50±0.27)与(1.37±0.22),t =2.09p=0.04采血计算Kt/V值(1.54±0.27)与(1.40±0.22),t=2.23,P=0.03 2者有显著差别.不同超滤量<3kg和≥3kg的2组患者,K t/V值无显著差别OCM法比较t=-1.34,P =0.19采血计算法比较t=-1.52,P=0.13.不同血流量200～250ml/min和260～300ml/min的2组患者,Kt/V值有显著差别OCM法比较t=-9.11p=0.01采血计算法比较 t=-9.13,P=0.01.不同血红蛋白水平Hgb≤110g及Hgb＞110g的2组患者,K t/V值无显著差异OCM法比较t=0.33,P =0.74采血计算法比较t=-0.15,P =0.88.不同红细胞压积水平HCT≤33%及HCT＞33%的2组患者,Kt/V值无显著差异OCM法比较t=-0.50,P =0.62采血计算法比较t=-0.81,P =0.43.结论 采用OCM监测可以很好的反映患者单次透析的尿素清除,有利于短期内调整透析处方,并结合其结果制定个体化的透析方案,以保证患者的透析充分性.     

深静脉长期留置导管在维持性血液透析患者中的临床应用

目的比较以深静脉长期留置导管(导管组)与动静脉内瘘(内瘘组)为血管通路的血液透析患者营养状况、透析充分性及并发症的差异,探讨深静脉长期留置导管在维持性血液透析患者的临床意义。方法选择海军总医院肾脏病科2006年7月至2007年7月新建立导管组透析患者39例,新建立内瘘组透析患者40例,血管通路均使用3个月以上,随访36～48个月,观察2组透析患者入组年龄、最大血流量及观察终点前一月内每周红细胞生成素总量、射血分数(ejection fraction,EF)、透析前实验室指标、尿素清除率(Kt/V)、尿素下降率(urea reduction ratio,URR),以及观察期间2组感染、血栓、死亡发生情况,并进行比较。结果导管使用时间(21.5±7.7)月,内瘘使用时间(29.8±10.3)月,导管组与内瘘组患者比较,实验室检测指标间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),内瘘组透析患者最大血流量、通路使用时间、Kt/V、URR、EF均显著高于导管组(均P<0.05),导管组感染率、血栓发生率及病死率均显著高于内瘘组(均P<0.05)。结论导管组与内瘘组患者营养状况相当,均可达到充分透析,尽管导管组血液透析患者有更高的感染率和血栓发生率,深静脉长期留置导管仍为维持性透析患者建立血管通路的极好补充形式。     

不同透析方式对血液透析时头痛发生的影响

目的探讨降低血液透析液流量及延长透析时长对血液透析时头痛的影响。方法选取2015年1月至2017年12月我院收治的150例维持性血液透析(MHD)患者,随机等分为观察组和对照组,观察组每次透析时间6～8 h,透析液流量300 ml/min,血流量150～200 ml/min,每周透析3次;对照组每次透析时间4 h,透析液流量500 ml/min,血流量250 ml/min,每周透析3次。比较两组患者透析6个月期间头痛发生情况、血液透析充分性及生活质量评分。结果透析6个月,观察组透析时头痛发生率为41. 33%,明显低于对照组的60. 00%(P 0. 05);且观察组头痛VAS评分、头痛频率、头痛持续时间分别为(4. 94±1. 33)分、(6. 87±1. 64)次/月、(7. 36±1. 76) h/次,均明显低于对照组的(5. 81±1. 46)分、(8. 31±1. 89)次/月、(9. 31±1. 55) h/次,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。观察组Kt/V值为(1. 65±0. 29) g/kg,对照组Kt/V值为(1. 63±0. 27) g/kg,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。透析6个月时,观察组躯体功能、情感功能、社会功能、总体生活质量评分均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论降低血液透析液流量,延长透析时间能够有效减少血液透析时头痛发生率,改善患者生活质量,且不影响透析充分性。     

分段枸橼酸抗凝进行含钙透析液高通量血液透析的临床观察

目的观察分段枸橼酸抗凝法(segmented citrate anticoagulation,SCA)进行含钙透析液高通量血液透析(high flux hemodialysis,HFHD)的安全性和有效性。方法对高出血风险的维持性血液透析患者进行SCA-HFHD治疗,监测患者血压、脉搏、透析治疗参数、体外循环不同位置血钙离子浓度(Ca~(2+)),测算尿素下降率(urine reduction ratio,URR)和溶质清除指数(Kt/V)评估单次透析充分性、透析后管路凝血情况,对发生凝血与未发生凝血的治疗中上述参数进行对比分析。结果共观察了19例患者133次SCA-HFHD治疗,有效血流量(205.8±22.5)ml/min,透析液流量(370.7±105.0)ml/min,持续泵入4%枸橼酸三钠的速度为:透析器前(314.6±14.2)ml/h,透析器后(53.5±6.3)ml/h;体外循环动脉端Ca~(2+)在(0.76±0.16)mol/L,静脉回血端Ca~(2+)在(0.45±0.14)mmol/L;单次治疗URR为65.9%±9.8%,Kt/V为(1.38±0.31);SCA-HFHD治疗前后血红蛋白浓度稳定(94.8±13.8)g/L对(94.3±12.0)g/L,t=0.481,P=0.639);无凝血治疗80例次(60.2%);与发生凝血的治疗相比,未发生凝血的治疗在第120分钟时的静脉压显著低于前者(72.0±37.7)mm Hg对(91.1±31.5)mm Hg,t=-3.055,P=0.003。结论对于高出血风险的患者,SCA-HFHD是安全有效的。     

运动干预对维持性血液透析患者的影响

目的探讨运动干预对维持性血液透析患者的影响。方法将2016年1月至2017年6月80例维持性血液透析患者按数字表法随机等分为对照组和观察组,对照组透析过程中给予透析常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上给予运动干预,持续3个月。比较两组患者干预3个月时尿素清除指数(Kt/V)、尿素下降率(URR)、残余肾功能(RRF)和血压状况。结果干预3个月后,观察组Kt/V,RRF,URR均优于对照组,观察组收缩压和舒张压均值均高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血液透析过程中运动干预可以提高血液透析充分性,提升透析效果,改善透析低血压。     

降低透析液钾离子浓度对血清钾离子清除及透析效率的影响

目的评估不同钾浓度透析液透析过程中血清钾离子清除程度和对尿素氮清除的影响。方法前瞻性、随机对照分析,32例稳定的维持性血液透析患者参与试验,在5周稳定的血液透析间期(使用1.5m2三醋酸纤维膜透析器,透析时间240min,血流量250ml/min,透析液流量500ml/min,无糖透析液,碳酸氢钠浓度为35mmol/L),使用透析液包括0(0K),1(1mmol/LK),和2(2mmol/LK),在每周中间1次透析治疗后收集部分透析液并计算钾离子的清除量MK和尿素氮的清除量MU,计算尿素氮降解率URR和尿素氮清除指数Kt/V。结果 3组患者在透析过程中,血清钾离子浓度持续稳定下降,在180min左右达到一稳定的浓度。0K、1K和2K透析液组分别达到108.5mmol,84.5mmol和60.3mmol(P<0.05),尿素氮的清除量MU不受钾离子的清除量MK的影响(r=0.49),3组患者尿素氮的清除、尿素氮降解率URR和尿素氮清除指数Kt/V均无明显的变化。结论低钾透析液能显著性增加钾离子的清除量,透析钾离子的清除量并不影响尿素氮的清除水平及透析效率。     

Kt/V标准差(δKt/V)作为慢性血液透析患者临床综合状况重要判断指标的探讨

目的　了解慢性血液透析患者Kt/V标准差 (δKt/V)与血压、血清白蛋白浓度的关系 ,探讨Kt/V标准差 (δKt/V)作为血液透析充分性参数以及δKt/V在慢性血液透析患者综合临床状况分析中的指示性作用。方法　本研究选择慢性维持性血液透析患者 80例测定血液透析开始后 2h收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压 ,测定血液透析前血清白蛋白浓度、Kt/V ,计算δKt/V ,观察其与收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压 ,血液透析前血清白蛋白浓度相关关系。结果　血液透析患者δKt/V与血清白蛋白浓度呈负相关 (r=- 0 .6 90 ,P <0 .0 5 ,有显著性差异 )。透析开始后 2h收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压高低呈正相关 (r1 =0 .4 0 0 ,P <0 .0 1 ;r2=0 .2 5 5 ,P <0 .0 5 ;r3=0 .36 7;P <0 .0 1 )。结论　血液透析患者的血压控制与透析治疗条件的掌握密切相关 ,血液透析后患者血压的高低是血液透析治疗效果的重要指标之一 ,血清白蛋白亦是反映慢性肾衰竭患者营养状况的重要指标 ,其浓度与透析患者的生存质量密切相关 ,慢性血液透析患者δKt/V范围是反映血液透析患者血液透析治疗质量的重要参数。δKt/V可作为透析患者综合临床状况分析的一项重要指标。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。