Surgical treatment for bilateral multiple lung cancers

We reviewed 12 patients with contralateral bronchogenic carcinomas. Seven of them had metachoronous carcinomas and 5 had synchronous carcinomas. We treated 3 patients with lobectomy on both lungs, and 4 patients with lobectomy and segmentectomy, 2 patients with lobectomy and wedge resection, 2 patients with segmentectomy and thoracoscopic wedge resection, and one patient with lobectomy and ablation on each lung. Two patients who had lobectomy on both lungs were dead, one of whom of bronchofistula on operation and the other of respiratory failure 7 years and one month after second operation. The 5-year survival rate in 12 patients was 68.5% after first operation and 82.5% after second operation. We conclude that lobectomy on both lungs are not recommended because of high mortality rate and the limited resection should be considered to treat the other contralateral primary lung cancers. Because the patients with primary lung cancers have the possibility to suffer from new primary cancers in the different site of the lung, we need careful follow up of the patients after treatment on the first lung cancer.     

Thoracoscopic segmentectomy for lung cancer

Lobectomy has long been considered the standard procedure for early-stage lung cancer, and minimally invasive techniques have been demonstrated to be associated with superior outcomes compared with lobectomy by thoracotomy. The use of segmentectomy is under investigation for selected patients with small tumors, and the use of minimally invasive strategies is applicable as well. In this review, we analyzed studies that have compared (1) thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus the open approach, (2) thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus thoracoscopic lobectomy, and (3) thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus thoracoscopic lobectomy versus thoracoscopic wedge resection. When compared with open segmentectomy, preliminarily, thoracoscopic segmentectomy was found to have equivalent oncologic results, with shorter hospital length of stay, reduced rates of morbidity, and lower cost. When compared with thoracoscopic lobectomy, thoracoscopic segmentectomy had equivalent rates of morbidity, recurrence, and survival. Preliminarily, thoracoscopic segmentectomy was found to result in greater preservation of lung function and exercise capacity than the thoracoscopic lobectomy.     

Indication and results of thoracoscopic segmentectomy for small peripheral lung cancer

Since 2008, 46 patients have undergone thoracoscopic segmentectomy without mini-thoracotomy for almost pure ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesion by thin-section computed tomography (CT) finding which was difficult to be performed wedge resection. No patient was converted to both thoracotomy and lobectomy. The operation time ranged from 75 to 240 min (mean, 161 min), and blood loss ranged from 1 to 110 g( mean, 25 g). We used stapler in 29 patients and electrocautery in 17 patients to deviate inter segmental plane. Postoperative complications were seen in 6 patients (13%), major complication was air leakage in 6 patients. There was no in-hospital mortality. Only 1 patient had bone metastasis on 11 months after operation. Thoracoscopic segmentectomy considered to be a safe and feasible procedure for the selected patients with small-sized peripheral lung cancer.     

Multiple primary lung cancers. Results of surgical treatment

During a 13-year period, multiple primary lung cancers were diagnosed in 80 consecutive patients. Forty-four patients had metachronous cancers. The initial pulmonary resection was lobectomy in 36 patients, bilobectomy in 3, pneumonectomy in 1, and wedge excision or segmentectomy in 4. The second pulmonary resection was lobectomy in 16 patients, bilobectomy in 2, completion pneumonectomy in 7, and wedge excision or segmentectomy in 19. There were two 30-day operative deaths (mortality rate, 4.5%). Actuarial 5- and 10-year survival rates after the first pulmonary resection for stage I disease were 55.2% and 27.0%, respectively. Five-year and 10-year survival rates for stage I disease after the second pulmonary resection were 41.0% and 31.5%, respectively. The remaining 36 patients had synchronous cancers. The pulmonary resection was lobectomy in 18 patients, bilobectomy in 3, pneumonectomy in 10, and wedge excision or segmentectomy in 8. There were two 30-day operative deaths (mortality rate, 5.6%). Actuarial overall 5- and 10-year survival rates after pulmonary resection were 15.7% and 13.8%, respectively. We conclude that an aggressive surgical approach is safe and warranted in most patients with multiple primary lung cancers and that the presence of synchronous primary cancers is ominous.     

Surgery for intrathoracic recurrence and second primary tumors in resected lung cancer

From 1986 to 2000, 42 patients (3.7%) underwent resection for intrathoracic recurrence or second primary lung cancer. Survival in 27 patients with recurrent diseases was 60% at 5 years and 35% at 10 years compared with 65% at 5 and 10 years for 15 patients with metachronous lung cancers morphologically. Ten patients had the second operation less than 2 years since the first operation, 19 patients between 2 and 5 years, and 13 patients more than 5 years, while these 5-year survivals were 72%, 53%, 67% respectively. At the first operation lobectomy was performed in 39 patients (93%), wedge resection or segmentectomy in 3. The reoperation was 14 lobectomy or completion pneumonectomy, 24 wedge or segmentectomy (57%), and 4 other procedures, while these 5-year survivals were 35%, 73%, and 100% respectively. The 5-year survival was 78% for 27 patients with stage I disease and 26% for 10 patients with stage III disease at the first operation, compared with 55% for 30 patients with stage I and 53% for 9 patients with stage III at the reoperation. These data suggest that limited resection is recommended for intrathoracic recurrent diseases and metachronous multiple lung cancers whenever possible.     

Surgical results for second primary lung cancer

Of 897 patients who underwent operation for lung cancer between April 1996 and March 2010, 57 patients underwent pulmonary resection for 2nd primary lung cancer. There were 44 men and 13 women. The average age at the 2nd operation was 71. The initial pulmonary resection was lobectomy in 49 patients, segmentectomy in 4 and wedge resection in 4. The 2nd pulmonary resection was lobectomy in 10 patients, segmentectomy in 12 and wedge resection in 35. Preoperative stage of the 2nd primary lung cancer was IA in 43, IB in 13 and IIB in 1. Postoperative stage was IA in 38, IB in 10, IIA in 1, IIB in 3, IIIA in 2 and IIIB in 3. Surgical complications occurred in 4, but there were no perioperative deaths. The 5-year survival rate for 2nd primary lung cancers was 59.9%. The 5-year survival rate for patients treated with wedge resection was 71.1%. The 5-year survival rate of the patients with p-stage IA was 72.7%, and that for patients with p-stage IB or more advanced diseases was 32.9%. We conclude that an aggressive surgical approach for a 2nd primary lung cancer is effective and is linked with good outcome if the tumor is detected at stage IA, when the possible cure by performing wedge resection is promissing.     

Thoracoscopic lingulectomy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is associated with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. Surgery has a therapeutic role for selected patients when the main objective is to achieve infection control with minimal lung resection. Large or deep-seated lesions may require an anatomic resection such as segmentectomy, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy. Thoracoscopic lobectomy has been described as a treatment of localized IPA; however, thoracoscopic anatomic segmentectomy has not been reported until now. Herein, we describe a case of thoracoscopic lingulectomy for localized IPA in an immunocompromised patient: this operation minimized the delay in resuming therapy for the patient's underlying acute myeloid leukemia. Video-assisted thoracoscopic segmentectomy can be safely performed for localized IPA.     

Needle localization of small pulmonary nodules: Lessons learned

Background

Lung nodules that are small and deep within lung parenchyma, and have semisolid characteristics are often challenging to localize with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). We describe our cumulative experience using needle localization of small nodules before surgical resection. We report procedural tips, operative results, and lessons learned over time.

电视胸腔镜手术治疗转移性肺肿瘤

目的探讨肺转移瘤电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery ,VATS)的治疗效果. 方法回顾分析31例VATS治疗肺转移瘤的临床资料,其中肺叶切除2例,肺叶切除联合转移瘤摘除1例,肺叶切除联合胸壁转移瘤切除1例,肺段切除 2例,肺楔形切除 20例,肺楔形切除联合转移瘤摘除5例. 结果无住院死亡,术后呼吸功能不全1例,肺部感染2例、持续肺疱漏气2例、胸腔积液3例,经抗生素治疗、持续胸腔闭引流后治愈.1例肝癌肺转移术后2个月发现腰椎骨转移,转骨科行手术治疗.1年生存率71.0%(22/31),3年生存率38.7%(12/31). 结论 VATS治疗有手术指征的肺转移瘤可行、安全.     

Pulmonary resection for fungal infection in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation.

Recipients of bone marrow transplants for hematologic malignancies are at risk for a variety of infectious complications. We have reviewed our experience with six patients 2 to 15 years of age who developed significant fungal infections of the lungs before or after bone marrow transplant. No patient was known to have active fungal or bacterial infection at the time bone marrow transplant was performed. In two patients fungal infections were diagnosed before bone marrow transplant, and operations were performed to permit bone marrow transplant under optimal conditions. Four patients had pulmonary mycoses discovered after bone marrow transplant, and underwent operation 12 to 24 days following transplant. Operations consisted of lobectomy (three), multiple unilateral wedge resections (one), staged segmentectomy and contralateral wedge resection (one), and staged bilateral wedge resection (one). Survival following bone marrow transplant was achieved for 6 months and 11 months in patients undergoing lung resection before transplant, and for 24, 30, 39, and 60 days in patients undergoing lung resections after transplant. Bone marrow transplant recipients are at high risk of pulmonary mycoses, and a vigorous search for occult fungal infections should be carried out before transplant. Aggressive operative treatment of fungal infections of the lungs combined with antifungal chemotherapy before transplant may offer the best hope of extended survival.     

肺段切除与肺楔形切除对肺小气道功能影响的对比研究

目的比较分析胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除及肺楔形切除术对肺小气道功能的影响。 方法收集2021年1~6月期间,在民航总医院行胸腔镜肺段切除及肺楔形切除124例患者资料,其中行解剖性肺段切除64例、肺楔形切除60例。通过比较两组患者术前、术后1周,以及术后1、3、6个月的MEF25%、MEF50%、MEF75%/25%变化,明确肺段切除与肺楔形切除对肺小气道功能的影响。 结果MEF50%、MEF75%/25%、MEF25%两组指标术后1周均降低,两者之间差异无统计学意义;术后1个月较术后1周升高,且肺楔形切除组较肺段切除组结果升高;术后3个月两组指标均较前升高,且肺楔形切除组仍较肺段切除组结果高;MEF50%、MEF75%/25%术后6个月恢复至术前水平,MEF25%肺楔形切除组恢复至术前水平,较肺段切除组指标高,肺段切除组尚未恢复至术前水平。 结论小气道肺功能指标更能反映出机体肺功能情况;对于<1 cm且实性成分<5 mm的肺小结节,肺楔形切除术后肺功能指标比肺段切除恢复较快;提示切除肺部组织越小,保留的肺功能越多,越具有长期的功能优势。     

Limited resection for small peripheral lung cancer using intraoperative pathologic examination

From 1996 to 2002, we performed intentional limited resection for small peripheral lung cancer using intraoperative pathologic examination. Wedge resection was performed in patients who had small peripheral adenocarcinoma (< or = 20 mm), suspected of being Noguchi type A or B, and confirmed by intraoperative pathologic examination. Extended segmentectomy was performed in the rest of patients (tumor diameter < or = 20 mm), and not suspected of being Noguchi type A or B. Hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes sampling was performed in this group. If lymph node metastasis was detected by the intraoperative pathologic examination, the surgical procedures was converted into a lobectomy with lymph node dissection. Limited resection was performed in 27 patients, wedge resection in 8, and extended segmentectomy in 19. All patients received wedge resection are alive without sign of recurrence. In extended segmentectomy, 17 patients are alive with no evidence of disease, 1 patient died of non-pulmonary disease, and 1 patient is alive with recurrent disease. The overall survival rate at 5 years was 100% in wedge resection, 91% in extended segmentectomy, and 79% in standard lobectomy. We conclude that limited resection for small peripheral lung cancer using intraoperative pathologic examination may be safe and effective procedure.     

Iterative surgical resections for local recurrent and second primary bronchogenic carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with repeated pulmonary resection in patients with local recurrent and second primary bronchogenic carcinoma, to assess operative mortality and late outcome. METHODS: The medical records of all patients who underwent a second lung resection for local recurrent and second primary bronchogenic carcinoma from 1978 through 1998 were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 27 patients. They constituted 2.5% of 1059 patients who had undergone lung resection for bronchogenic carcinoma in the same period. Twelve patients (1.1%) (group 1) had a local recurrence that developed at a median interval of 24 months (range 4-83).The first pulmonary resection was lobectomy in ten patients and segmentectomy in two. The second operation consisted of completion pneumonectomy in ten cases, completion lobectomy in one and wedge resection of the right lower lobe after a right upper lobectomy in one. The other 15 patients (1.4%) (group 2) had a new primary lung cancer that developed at a median interval of 45 months (range 21-188).The first pulmonary resection was lobectomy in 12 patients, bilobectomy in one and pneumonectomy in two. The second pulmonary resection was controlateral lobectomy in seven patients, controlateral sleeve lobectomy in two, controlateral pneumonectomy in 1, controlateral wedge resection in four and completion pneumonectomy in one. Overall hospital mortality was 7.4%, including one intraoperative and one postoperative death in group 1 and 2, respectively. Five-year survival after the second operation was 15.5 and 43% with a median survival of 26 and 49 months in groups 1 and 2, respectively (P=ns). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term results justify complete work-up of patients with local recurrent and second primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Treatment should be surgical, if there is no evidence of distant metastasis and the patients are in good health. Early detection of second lesions is possible with an aggressive follow-up conducted maximally at 4 months intervals for the first 2 years and 6 months intervals thereafter throughout life.     

Pulmonary resection for metastasis from renal cell carcinoma

The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma still represents a widely debated issue due to the introduction of several immunotherapies. To confirm again a role for resection of pulmonary metastases for such tumors, we reviewed our institutional experience. Between 1992 and 2007, eight patients with pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma underwent complete pulmonary resection. All patients had undergone curative resection of their primary renal cell carcinomas and also had obtained or had obtainable locoregional control of their primaries. Various perioperative variables were investigated retrospectively. Disease-free interval varied from 25 to 156 months, with a median of 73 months. In three patients, lung metastases were found to be unilateral and solitary. Four patients presented two metastases in the unilateral lungs. One patient showed five metastases in the bilateral lungs. Six patients underwent wedge resection or segmentectomy, while two patients underwent more than lobectomy. Five patients showed recurrence after pulmonary metastasectomy. Five-year and 10-year overall survival rate was 83.3% and 41.7%, respectively, while 3-year and 5-year disease-free survival rate was 35.0% and 17.5%, respectively. Our study suggested that pulmonary metastasectomy for renal cell carcinoma might be well justified.     

胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术20例临床分析

目的评估胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术治疗外周型早期肺癌、肺转移瘤和肺良性疾病的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年3月至2011年11月复旦大学附属中山医院行胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术20例患者的临床资料,其中男10例,女10例;平均年龄58.0(14～86)岁。切口选择3孔法。肺段动脉、静脉使用Hem-o-lok或直线型切割合器处理,肺段支气管及段间水平均使用直线型切割缝合器处理。分析手术效果和安全性。结果 20例患者成功施行了胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术,无中转开胸,无中转肺叶切除,无围术期死亡,无围术期并发症。术后组织病理学诊断示肺癌10例,肺转移瘤3例,肺良性疾病7例。平均手术时间133.0(90～240)min,平均出血量85.0(50～200)ml,术后平均胸腔引流管留置时间3.2(2～7)d,术后平均住院时间6.7(4～11)d。结论胸腔镜解剖性肺段切除术安全可行,可以选择性应用于Ⅰa期肺癌或者不易行肺楔形切除术的肺转移瘤和肺良性疾病患者。     

Thoracoscopic segmentectomy for treatment of congenital lung malformations

Purpose

Congenital lung malformations (CLM) predispose patients to recurrent respiratory tract infections and pose a rare risk of malignant transformation. Although pulmonary lobectomy is the most common treatment of a CLM, some advocate segmental resection as a lung preservation strategy. Our study evaluated lung-preserving thoracoscopic segmentectomy as an alternative to lobectomy for CLM resection.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy for CLM from 2007 to 2010.

Results

Fifteen patients underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy for CLM. There were five postoperative complications: three asymptomatic pneumothoraces and a small air leak that resolved without intervention. One patient developed a bronchopulmonary fistula requiring thoracoscopic repair. At follow-up, all patients are asymptomatic. One patient has a small amount of residual disease on postoperative computed tomography (CT), and re-resection has been recommended.

Conclusions

Thoracoscopic segmentectomy for CLM is a safe and effective means of lung parenchymal preservation. The approach spares larger airway anatomy and has a complication rate that is comparable with that of thoracoscopic lobectomy. Residual disease can often only be appreciated on postoperative CT scan and may require long-term follow-up or reoperation in rare cases. This lung preservation technique is best suited to smaller lesions.     

胸腔镜手术在孤立性肺结节诊断和治疗中的应用

目的探讨胸腔镜手术在孤立性肺结节诊断和治疗中的价值。方法1994年5月～2009年11月,经胸片、胸部CT发现的周围型孤立性肺结节(直径≤3cm)115例,术前均无明确病理诊断,经胸腔镜手术局部切除,术中送快速冰冻病理检查,根据病理结果和病人情况决定手术方式。原发性肺癌行全胸腔镜或胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除、淋巴结清扫40例;行肺楔形切除75例,其中良性肿瘤59例、转移癌11例、不适合肺叶切除的原发性肺癌5例。结果所有病人均明确病理诊断,确诊率100%。术中、术后并发症10例(8.7%,10/115):全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中肺动脉分支出血1例,转小切口开胸止血;胸引管拔除超过1周3例,呼吸功能不全3例,肺不张、胸腔积液、切口感染各1例,经对症治疗治愈。无严重手术并发症,无手术死亡。良性肿瘤59例随访2～176个月,平均44.5月,无复发。原发性肺癌行全胸腔镜肺叶切除、淋巴结清扫18例,随访3～24个月,平均11个月,1例24个月复发仍存活,其余无复发。结论胸腔镜手术在明确孤立性肺结节病理诊断方面有不可取代的重要作用。良性孤立性肺结节得到治愈,原发肺癌可以得到明确诊断,及时有效的治疗,微创效果显著。     

Successful lingular segmentectomy using bronchoplasty in a patient with early hilar second primary lung carcinoma

A 71-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with a small protrusive lesion at the lingular orifice of the left upper bronchus. He had undergone a right lower lobectomy and mediastinal dissection for lung carcinoma (large cell carcinoma, pT1N0M0) 14 months earlier. Early hilar squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed by chest radiograph, CT and transbronchial biopsy. We performed a lingular segmentectomy with wedge resection of the left upper bronchus and N 1 lymph node dissection. The tumor was histopathologically diagnosed as early hilar second primary lung carcinoma. The patient's postoperative course was uncomplicated. At present, he is alive with good respiratory condition and without any evidence of recurrence. Segmentectomy is appropriate for a patient with contralateral second primary lung carcinoma as well as a patient with early hilar lung carcinoma. Bronchoplasty seems to increase the likelihood that such a patient will be a candidate for segmentectomy.     

Intentional limited resection for small peripheral lung cancer based on intraoperative pathologic exploration

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the adequacy of our intentional limited resection for small peripheral lung cancer based on intraoperative pathologic exploration. METHODS: Patients who had stage IA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a maximum tumor diameter of 2 cm or less were candidates for limited resection. If bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) was suspected on computed tomography and intraoperative pathologic exploration revealed the lesion as BAC without foci of active fibroblastic proliferation (Noguchi type A and B), wedge resection was performed. If the tumor was not suspected of being Noguchi type A or B, extended segmentectomy with intraoperative lymph node exploration was performed. RESULTS: Limited resection was performed in 34 patients, wedge resection in 14, and extended segmentectomy in 20. The median follow-up period after wedge resection was 36 months, and all patients are alive with no signs of recurrence. The median follow-up period after extended segmentectomy was 54 months. No local recurrences were found, but distant metastasis was diagnosed in one patient. The 5-year survival rate after extended segmentectomy was 93%. In the same period, lobectomy was performed in 57 patients with stage IA NSCLC with a maximum tumor diameter of 2 cm or less, and the 5-year survival rate was 84%. There were no significant differences in 5-year survival between extended segmentectomy and lobectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Careful selection of patients based on high-resolution computed tomography findings and intraoperative pathologic exploration makes intentional limited resection an acceptable option for the treatment of small peripheral NSCLC.     

Late outcome and perioperative complications for surgery of locally recurrent bronchogenic carcinoma

AIM: Many doubts involve a 2(nd) surgical approach for local relapse of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) since iterative resections represent a well-recognized treatment in second primary lung cancer (SPLC). METHODS: The medical reports of patients who underwent surgical resection, between 1988 and 2002, were reviewed. All patients submitted to 2(nd) operation were examined according to Martini and Melamed criteria to distinguish between local recurrence and second primary lung cancer. RESULTS: Complete resection for NSCLC was performed in 1 386 patients. Nineteen patients were submitted to surgery for local recurrence (17 men and 2 women) and mean age at the time of 1(st) operation was 61 years (range 41-78 years). The 1(st) operation consisted of lobectomy in 15 cases, anatomical segmentectomy in 2 and wedge resection in 2. The 2(nd) pulmonary resection was completion pneumonectomy in 16 cases, completion lobectomy in 2, wedge resection in 1. Major complications occurred in 26% and overall hospital mortality was 5%. Five-year survival after 2(nd) intervention was 31% and median survival 27 months. Survival was better when the time between 1(st) resection and cancer relapse was longer than 14 months and when recurrence was intrapulmonary. CONCLUSIONS: A new malignant lesion can be operated if it is solitary and intrapulmonary, if accurate staging is negative and if the patient is able to go through 2(nd) surgery from cardiopulmonary evaluation.