原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜关闭不全的治疗

报道18例原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜关闭不全患者,采用股浅,隐-股静脉瓣膜戴戒术,大隐静脉高位属支结扎、主干曲张静脉剥脱术,小腿局部曲张浅静脉间断缝扎技术治疗。随访4～26个月,症状基本消失,皮炎明显好转。术后1～3角溃疡愈合。有3例作逆行 顺行静脉造影,显示1级瓣膜功能。     

腘静脉外肌袢形成术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

本文报告用肌袢形成术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全１４例（共１４条下肢），随访６～１２个月，疗效理想。本手术用半腥肌和股二头肌腱所形成的肌袢，在窝置于静脉外，能在行走时与小腿肌肉交替作用，当小腿肌松驰时肌袢收缩，压迫静脉使之闭合，制止深静脉血液倒流。但术前应行患肢深静脉造影，术中避免过多刺激或损伤神经、血管及淋巴管，肌拌长度要适当，术后避免长时间站立不动。     

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的外科治疗

目的评价股浅静脉瓣膜“戴戒”加曲张浅静脉剥脱术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院血管外科1997～2004年收治的78例（92条）原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全患者实施股浅静脉瓣膜“戴戒”加曲张浅静脉剥脱术的临床疗效。结果65例（76条）术后症状消失或显著改善，恢复满意；8例（10条）术后症状减轻；3例（4条）术后无改善；2例（2条）术后肿胀加剧，经彩超证实为急性髂股静脉血栓形成。患肢治疗临床总有效率为93．5％（86／92），手术并发症发生率为2．2％（2／92）。结论原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的外科治疗应严格掌握手术指征，股浅静脉瓣膜“戴戒”加曲张浅静脉剥脱术对重度瓣膜功能不全患者疗效确切、操作简便，是外科治疗的有效术式。     

Guo静脉外肌袢形成术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

本文报告用肌袢形成术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全１４例，随访６￣１２个月，疗效理想。本手术用半腱肌和股二头肌腱所形成的肌袢，在Ｇｕｏ窝置于Ｇｕｏ静脉外，能在行走时与小腿肌肉交替作用，当小腿肌松驰时肌袢收缩，压迫Ｇｕｏ静脉使之闭合，制止深静脉血液倒流。但术前应行患肢深静脉造影，术中避免过多刺激或损伤神经、血管及淋巴管，肌袢长度要适当，术后避免长时间站立不动。     

股浅静脉戴戒术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全52例体会

股浅静脉戴戒术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全５２例体会寿铉明，边锡良本院自１９９１年８月至１９９４年１月为大隐静脉曲张病人共施行股浅静脉戴戒术５２例（共５８条下肢），效果满意，现报告如下：临床资料１、一般资料：男２８人，女２４人，左侧下肢３２条，右侧下肢...     

股浅静脉戴戒术术中彩色多普勒超声的应用体会

目的 研究术中彩色多普勒超声指导股浅静脉戴戒术治疗原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全疗效。方法 对原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的患者63例69条肢体采用股浅静脉戴戒术，术中应用彩色多普勒超声测量静脉返流，瓣环扩大及判定瓣膜的功能．指导最佳环缩位置及程度，并于术中判断瓣环及瓣膜修复情况。结果 全组病例均于术中证实，瓣环环缩适当，瓣膜开闭良好，静脉返流完全控制。结论 术中彩色多普勒超声的应用使股浅静脉戴戒术更精确有效，避免了盲目环缩的位置不当、环缩程度不够、返流控制不完善等弊端。     

自体阔筋膜袢成形术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全

对下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的105例患施行自体阔筋膜袢成形术，所有肢体同时行浅静脉手术。95．2％(100/105)的患下肢酸胀、沉重、水肿、疼痛等症状消失，所有患浅静脉曲张消失。合并溃疡的15例中愈合11例。皮肤色素沉着的50例中肤色恢复正常43例。经彩超复查90．5％(95／105)的病人深静脉瓣膜功能恢复正常，其余改善至Ⅰ—Ⅱ级。自体阔筋膜袢成形术能有效治疗下胶深静脉瓣膜功能不全。     

下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的瓣膜外修复成形术

目的研究和评价利用瓣膜外修复成形术治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效。方法对下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的２６例患者（３７条肢体）施以股静脉瓣膜外修复成形术。其中男１２例,女１４例;年龄１６～６９岁,平均年龄（５０８±１００）岁。所有肢体均施行股浅静脉第一对瓣膜外修复成形术,其中７条肢体加施股浅静脉第二对瓣膜外修复成形术,６条肢体加施股总静脉外瓣膜修复成形术。结果８１１％（３０／３７）的患肢静脉性跛行、酸胀、疼痛等症状消失,１８９％（７／３７）的患肢症状明显改善,所有肢体静脉曲张消失,７／９的肢体溃疡愈合。彩超复查除有４条肢体瓣膜功能不全Ⅰ～Ⅱ度外,其余肢体（８９２％）瓣膜功能恢复正常。结论深静脉外瓣膜修复成形术是治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全比较理想和有效的方法     

手术治疗原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的术式选择

自１９９３年１２月至１９９６年１０月间,我们收治原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全（ＰＤＶＩ）９４例,１０２条下肢。根据瓣膜功能不全的程度,分别采用第１对股浅静脉瓣膜包窄术,静脉外肌袢形成术与单纯曲张浅静脉分段结扎、剥脱术治疗。疗效满意。现报告如下。一、...     

原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全戴戒术的疗效观察

目的 探讨戴戒术治疗下肢原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全的疗效和手术经验。方法 ３５例（４７条肢体）下肢原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全采用Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人造血管行戴戒术治疗,在股浅静脉最高位第一对瓣膜下缩小原静脉周径１／４～１／３。结果 该手术简便、安全易掌握,疗效满意,为提高本手术效果,应做到：①熟悉掌握本术式的技术要点;②合理掌握手术适应和手术时机。     

Importance of valvular incompetence after acute deep venous thrombosis.

The color Doppler scanner was used to analyze acute deep venous thrombosis in 14 patients. A thrombus was found in the superficial femoral vein in 4 patients and in the superficial femoral and popliteal veins in 6 patients; a popliteal occlusion was found in 4 patients. All 14 patients were treated with intravenous heparin followed by at least 3 months of warfarin therapy. Patients were re-examined between 24 and 48 months. Six patients were symptomatic; 8 were asymptomatic. Five patients had occluding thrombus in the distal popliteal vein; major competent collateral channels developed from the proximal superficial femoral vein, and they remained asymptomatic. Three patients whose superficial femoral veins recanalized without valvular incompetence were asymptomatic. Valvular incompetence was observed in all of the symptomatic patients. Patients with persistent popliteal occlusion and collateral channels have fewer symptoms than patients with valvular incompetence in the superficial femoral and popliteal veins.     

下肢深静脉功能不全诊治的实验和临床研究

目的研究治疗不同程度下肢原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全的有效方法。方法①观察以自体大隐静脉片、自体阔筋膜片和人造血管片作深静脉瓣膜包窄术的效果;②分别采用股或静脉瓣修复加包窄术、股或（和）静脉瓣包窄术、股浅静脉瓣修复和包窄加静脉瓣包窄术、自体带瓣腋静脉段静脉移植外加人造血管环包术、股静脉瓣包窄加静脉外代瓣术、静脉外代瓣术,共治疗１２１例（１３３条患肢）;③以静脉插管造影和彩色多普勒超声检查作为诊断和评估疗效的观察指标。结果①以膨体聚四氟乙烯人造血管片作包窄材料的效果最好;②彩超检查与静脉造影比较准确率为９１８６％;③本组患者平均随访３７８年,治愈率９１７３％。结论治疗下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全,应根据病情选用不同的手术方法。     

Valvuloplasty and fixation of the femoral vein for valvular incompetence of deep veins of the lower extremity

Fifty cases (54 limbs) of valvuloplasty and fixation of the incompetent valve of the femoral vein were reported. Diagnosis was made by clinical features, measurement of ambulatory venous pressure, ascending and descending phlebography, and by intraoperative checking the blood flow. After repairing the highest primary valve of the superficial femoral vein a circular suture around the vein at 2 mm under the repaired valve was made to prevent the recurrence of valvular incompetence. Patients were followed-up for 6 to 45 months (mean 20.2 months) with satisfactory results in all and excellent in 50 limbs (92.6%). The swelling subsided, stasis dermatitis and ulcer healed promptly, the "heavy leg" became light, and venous pressure of post-exercise lowered significantly (P less than 0.01). No retrograde flow of contrast medium was detected during the descending phlebography after operation. The results suggest that this operation is better than simple repair of the incompetent valve.     

Reconstructive venous valve surgery]

The indication for venous valves surgery has to consider morphological and functional aspects. 36 reconstructive valve repair procedures and the long-term results are reported. The procedures need surgical skill and a meticulous operation technique. Primary idiopathic valvular incompetence can be treated with a direct valvuloplasty (Kistner). The leaflets of the floppy valve become shortened either by an open repair or with a closed procedure. Patients suffering from post-thrombotic syndrome showing intact valves in the deep femoral vein may undergo a transposition operation. In this case the superficial femoral vein is implanted end to side into the deep femoral vein distally to a proximal valve. The best results in post-thrombotic syndrome are achieved with a free transplantation of a venous valve from the axillary vein into the superficial femoral or into the popliteal vein (Taheri). Postoperatively the patients are anticoagulated and have to wear a compressing stocking (Grade III). The results of direct valvuloplasty (Kistner) and valve transplant (Taheri) are satisfactory, whereas the results of transposition seem to be disappointing. Good results are depending mostly on a correct indication for the operation and on avoiding the contraindications.     

Percutaneous transpopliteal venography

The authors advocate percutaneous transpopliteal venography as a new method for evaluating the function of deep venous valves of the lower extremity. At the popliteal fossa, the popliteal vein was punctured and a catheter was inserted cephaladly for venographic study of the valves. By this method, not only the ilio-femoropopliteal vein was clearly visualized, also the competence of the valves in this venous segment may accurately be tested one by one, thus making up the shortcomings of the ascending and descending venography. It was found, through this venography, that even if the highest valve of the superficial femoral vein was competent distal valves in the femoral and popliteal veins may become incompetent resulting in primary valvular incompetence of the deep veins in the lower extremity.     

DUPLEX ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF THE VENOUS STATUS OF THE SWOLLEN LEG

Between January 1991 and December 1993, duplex ultrasound characterization of venous disease in leg swelling was studied in 214 patients (261 limbs; 167 unilateral and 47 bilateral). All patients were examined with a duplex scanner, the superficial and deep venous systems were evaluated for the presence of thrombus and valvular incompetence. Of the 261 limbs, 29 (11.1%) had deep venous thrombosis, 14 (5.4%) had superficial venous thrombosis, 66 (25.3%) had deep venous incompetence (31/66 limbs also had superficial venous incompetence), 65 (24.9%) had incompetence in the superficial veins only. and five (1.9%) had deep venous obstruction resulting from a popliteal cyst or a popliteal vein ligation. Eighty-two limbs (31.4%) had no evidence of venous obstruction or incompetence at the areas evaluated. This study showed that venous obstruction and valvular incompetence had occurred in two-thirds of swollen legs examined. Some of the venous obstructions resulted from surgically treatable diseases such as a popliteal cyst, and some of the venous disorders involved the superficial venous system only. Complete venous evaluation with duplex imaging can be very helpful in the determination of the underlying cause of the swelling.     

下肢深静脉功能不全的检测与修复材料选择的研究

目的寻找下肢深静脉瓣膜包窄术最佳环包材料,了解彩色超声多普勒对深静脉瓣膜功能不全的诊断价值和月国静脉瓣膜功能。方法观察以自体大隐静脉片、自体阔筋膜和人造血管片作深静脉瓣膜包窄术的效果;彩色超声多普勒与经月国静脉插管造影结果对比;月国静脉瓣膜血液动力学检查。结果自体阔筋膜和大隐静脉片逐渐挛缩呈纤维化瘢痕增生,而人造血管的形态和结构无明显变化;彩色超声多普勒与经月国静脉插管造影检测下肢深静脉功能比较,前者与后者的符合率为９１．８６％;屏气时股、月国静脉瓣膜同时关闭,小腿三头肌收缩时月国静脉瓣膜开放程度明显大于股静脉瓣膜。结论以人造血管作环包材料效果最好;彩色超声多普勒以其无创性成为重要的检测手段;月国静脉瓣膜是保护小腿深静脉功能的最后屏障     

Valvular reflux after deep vein thrombosis: incidence and time of occurrence.

From December 1986 to December 1990, 268 patients with acute deep vein thrombosis were studied in our laboratory. From this group 107 patients (123 legs with deep vein thrombosis) were placed in our long-term follow-up program. The documentation of valvular reflux and its site was demonstrated by duplex scanning. The duplex studies were done at intervals of 1 and 7 days, 1 month, every 3 months for the first year, and then yearly thereafter. The mean follow-up time for these patients was 341 days. In addition, reflux was evaluated in 502 patients with negative duplex study results and no previous history of deep vein thrombosis or chronic venous insufficiency. In the patients with acute deep vein thrombosis, valvular incompetence was noted in 17 limbs (14%) at the time of the initial study. Reflux was absent in 106 limbs (86%). In this last group reflux developed in 17% of the limbs by day 7. By the end of the first month, 37% demonstrated reflux. By the end of the first year, more than two thirds of the involved limbs had developed valvular incompetence. The distribution of reflux at the end of the first year of follow-up was the following: (1) popliteal vein, 58%; (2) superficial femoral vein, 37%; (3) greater saphenous vein, 25%; and (4) posterior tibial vein, 18%. Reflux seems to be more frequent in the segments previously affected with deep vein thrombosis. Among cases where segments were initially affected with thrombi, after 1 year the incidence of reflux was 53%, 44%, 59%, and 33% for the common femoral vein, superficial femoral, popliteal vein, and posterior tibial vein, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Surgical correction of recurrent venous ulcer

Seventy-six limbs from 46 patients with comparable superficial and deep venous valve incompetence underwent surgical correction for recurrent venous ulcers of the leg that were refractory to various modes of nonsurgical and surgical treatments. A follow-up of 10 to 73 months (mean = 37 months), revealed the venous ulcer healed with perforator ligation and saphenous vein stripping in 14 of 33 (44%), stripping plus valvuloplasty 17 of 21 (80%), stripping plus vein transposition 11 of 14 (78%) and stripping plus valve transplantation 6 of 8 (75%). In patients with incompetent deep venous valve and perforators, the disassociation of the superficial from the deep venous system (stripping) plus correction of the deep venous valvular incompetence (valvuloplasty, transposition or valve transplant) produced superior results in the treatment of recurrent venous ulcer when compared to perforator ligation and saphenous vein stripping alone (p less than 0.005). Adjunctive usage of elastic stockings and intermittent compression pneumatic boots in the perioperative period was helpful in controlling leg swelling and promoting wound healing.     

Deep axial reflux, an important contributor to skin changes or ulcer in chronic venous disease

OBJECTIVE: We undertook this cross-sectional study to investigate the distribution of venous reflux and effect of axial reflux in superficial and deep veins and to determine the clinical value of quantifying peak reverse flow velocity and reflux time in limbs with chronic venous disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred one legs (127 with skin changes, 274 without skin changes) in 272 patients were examined with duplex ultrasound scanning, and peak reverse flow velocity and reflux time were measured. Both parameters were graded on a scale of 0 to 4. The sum of reverse flow scores was calculated from seven venous segments, three in superficial veins (great saphenous vein at saphenofemoral junction, great saphenous vein below knee, small saphenous vein) and four in deep veins (common femoral vein, femoral vein, deep femoral vein, popliteal vein). Axial reflux was defined as reflux in the great saphenous vein above and below the knee or in the femoral vein to the popliteal vein below the knee. Reflux parameters and presence or absence of axial reflux in superficial or deep veins were correlated with prevalence of skin changes or ulcer (CEAP class 4-6). RESULTS: The most common anatomic presentation was incompetence in all three systems (superficial, deep, perforator; 46%) or in superficial or perforator veins (28%). Isolated reflux in one system only was rare (15%; superficial, 28 legs; deep, 14 legs; perforator, 18 legs). Deep venous incompetence was present in 244 legs (61%). If common femoral vein reflux was excluded, prevalence of deep venous incompetence was 52%. The cause, according to findings at duplex ultrasound scanning, was primary in 302 legs (75%) and secondary in 99 legs (25%). Presence of axial deep venous reflux increased significantly with prevalence of skin changes or ulcer (C4-C6; odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-4.67). Of 110 extremities with incompetent popliteal vein, 81 legs had even femoral vein reflux, with significantly more skin changes or ulcer, compared with 29 legs with popliteal reflux alone (P =.025). Legs with skin changes or ulcer had significantly higher total peak reverse flow velocity (P =.006), but the difference for total reflux time did not reach significance (P =.084) compared with legs without skin changes. In contrast, presence of axial reflux in superficial veins did not increase prevalence of skin changes (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.44-1.2). Incompetent perforator veins were observed as often in patients with no skin changes (C0-C3, 215 of 274, 78%) as in patients with skin changes (C4-C6, 106 of 127, 83%; P =.25). CONCLUSION: Continuous axial deep venous reflux is a major contributor to increased prevalence of skin changes or ulcer in patients with chronic venous disease compared with segmental deep venous reflux above or below the knee only. The total peak reverse flow velocity score is significantly higher in patients with skin changes or ulcer. It is questionable whether peak reverse flow velocity and reflux time can be used to quantify venous reflux; however, if they are used, peak reverse flow velocity seems to reflect venous malfunction more appropriately.