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1.
J. L. DeVito PhD M. E. Anderson 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1982,46(1):107-117
Summary Radioactive amino acids were injected into restricted regions of the globus pallidus of rhesus macaques to allow identification of the organization and courses of efferent pallidal projections. The previously identified projection of the internal pallidal segment (GPi) to ventral thalamic nuclei showed a topographic organization, with the predominant projection from ventral GPi being to medial and caudal ventralis anterior (VA) and lateralis (VL) and from dorsal GPi to lateral and rostral VA and VL. Pallidal efferent fibers also extended caudally and dorsally into pars caudalis of VL, but they spared the portion of pars oralis of VL shown by others to receive input from the cerebellum. In addition to centromedian labeling in all animals, the parafascicular nucleus was also labeled when isotope was injected into dorsal GPi. The medial route from GPi to the midbrain tegmentum was more substantial than has been shown before, and along this route there was an indication that some fibers terminated in the prerubral region. The projection to the pedunculopontine nucleus was extensive, and fibers continued caudally into the parabrachial nuclei.Pallidal projections to the thalamus seem to be topographically organized but spare thalamic regions that interact with area 4. Caudally directed efferent fibers follow multiple routes and extend more caudally than to the pedunculopontine nuclei.Abbreviations Cd
caudate nucleus
- CM
centromedian nucleus
- CT
central tegmental tract
- DPCS
decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
- F
fornix
- FLM
medial longitudinal fasciculus
- GPe
globus pallidus, pars externa
- GPi
globus pallidus, pars interna
- HbL
lateral habenular nucleus
- HbM
medial habenular nucleus
- Is
interstitial nucleus
- LM
medial lemniscus
- MD
dorsomedial nucleus
- PbL
lateral parabrachial nucleus
- PbM
medial parabrachial nucleus
- PCS
superior cerebellar peduncle
- Pf
parafascicular nucleus
- PPN
pedunculopontine nucleus
- Put
putamen
- R
reticular nucleus
- Rmg
red nucleus, pars magnocellularis
- Rpc
red nucleus, pars parvocellularis
- S
stria medullaris
- SI
substantia innominata
- SNc
substantia nigra, pars compacta
- SNr
substantia nigra, pars reticulata
- St
subthalamic nucleus
- ST
stria terminalis
- THI
habenulointerpeduncular tract
- TM
tuberomamillary nucleus
- TMT
mamillothalamic tract
- VA
nucleus ventralis anterior
- VAmg
nucleus ventralis anterior, pars magnocellularis
- VAp
nucleus ventralis anterior, pars principalis
- VI
nucleus ventralis intermedius
- VLc
nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis
- VLm
nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars medialis
- VLo
nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis
- VPL
nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis
- X
area X
Supported by National Institutes of Health, grant RR00166, Rehabilitation Services Administration, grant 16-P-56818, and PHS grant NS10804 相似文献
2.
Thalamic afferents of area 4 and 6 in the dog: a multiple retrograde fluorescent dye study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In the present study, we compared the distribution of thalamocortical afferents of cortical area 4 to that of cortical area 6 in the dog, using fluorescent tracers. Multiple injections of combinations of two dyes (diamidino yellow dihydrochloride, Evans blue, fast blue, granular blue) were made into either the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri or into the medial and lateral regions of the anterior sigmoid gyrus in the anesthetized dog. We found that the thalamic afferents of areas 4 and 6 arise from topographically organized bands of cells that traverse several thalamic nuclei and extend throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the thalamus. The most medial band included area 6-projecting neurons in the anterior nuclei, the rhomboid nucleus, the ventral anterior nucleus (VA), ventromedial nucleus (VM) and mediodorsal nucleus (MD). Within this band, cells projecting to medial area 6a tended to be more numerous in the anterior nuclei, anterior parts of VA and VM and anterior and caudal parts of MD. Fewer cells in MD but more cells in caudal parts of VA and VM projected to lateral area 6 a. Lateral bands of cells in central through lateral parts of VA and VL projected topographically to lateral area 4 on the anterior sigmoid gyrus and lateral through medial parts of postcruciate area 4. The most lateral band of cells in VL continued ventrally into the zona incerta. Area 4 also received input from VM and the central lateral (CL) and centrum medianum (CM) nuclei. Within regions of VA, VL and VM, cells from one band interspersed with cells from another, but there were very few double-labeled cells projecting to two cortical sites. When the present results are compared with our previous findings on the distribution of subcortical afferents to the motor thalamus, it appears that separate motor cortical areas may receive predominantly separate but also partially over-lapping pathways in the dog.Abbreviations AV
Anterior ventral nucleus
- AM
anterior medial nucleus
- Cb
cerebellar nuclei
- CeM
central medial nucleus
- CL
central lateral nucleus
- CM
centrum medianum nucleus
- EN
entopeduncular nucleus
- Hb
habenula
- LD
lateral dorsal nucleus
- MD
mediodorsal nucleus
- mt
mammillothalamic tract
- MV
medioventral nucleus
- Pf
parafascicular nucleus
- R
reticular thalamic nucleus
- rf
retroflex fasciculus
- Rh
rhomboid nucleus
- SN
substantia nigra
- VA
ventral anterior nucleus
- VL
ventral lateral nucleus, principal division
- VLd
ventral lateral nucleus, dorsal division
- VM
ventral medial nucleus
- VPL
ventral posterior lateral nucleus
- ZI
zona incerta 相似文献
3.
L. A. Smaha W. W. Kaelber 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1973,16(3):291-308
Summary A study of efferent fiber connections of the habenula and the inter-peduncular nucleus was conducted using anterograde degeneration techniques. Lesions were placed in the habenula of the opossum and the habenula and interpeduncular nucleus of the cat. Degeneration was studied by means of the Nauta and Fink-Heimer techniques.Fibers from the habenular nucleus of the opossum extended caudally and were traced bilaterally to the interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, deep (ventral) tegmental nucleus of Gudden, nucleus centralis superior and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Rostrally fibers were traced to the preoptic and septal region and the anterior and lateral hypothalamus.The medial and lateral habenular nuclei of the cat projected differentially to portions of the interpeduncular nucleus and the tegmental nuclei of Gudden. The medial habenular nucleus sent fibers to the paramedian subnucleus of the interpeduncular nucleus and to the deep tegmental nucleus; whereas the lateral habenular nucleus distributed to the apical and central subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus and the dorsal tegmental nucleus.Fibers from both the medial and lateral habenular nuclei were found to project bilaterally to the nucleus paraventricularis anterior, nucleus ventralis anterior, anterior medialis and anterior dorsalis of the thalamus, and the septal area.Fibers from the interpeduncular nucleus of the cat were represented bilaterally. Those passing rostral went to the lateral habenular nucleus, nucleus centromedianus and parafascicularis of the thalamus, and to the septal area. Those directed caudally projected to the nucleus centralis superior, and the dorsal and deep tegmental nucleus of Gudden.Abbreviations AC
anterior commissure
- AD
nucleus anterior dorsalis
- AM
nucleus anterior medialis
- AV
nucleus anterior ventralis
- BC
brachium conjunctivum
- CC
corpus callosum
- CD
caudate nucleus
- CI
internal capsule
- CL
nucleus centralis lateralis
- CM
nucleus centromedianus
- CP
cerebral peduncle
- DT
dorsal tegmental nucleus (of Gudden)
- EN
entopeduncular nucleus
- Fx
fornix
- GC
central gray
- GL
lateral geniculate nucleus
- GM
medial geniculate nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- HbPt
habenulopeduncular tract
- HVM
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
- IC
inferior colliculus
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- LHb
lateral habenular nucleus
- LL
lateral lemniscus
- LMN
lateral mammillary nucleus
- LP
nucleus lateralis posterior
- MD
nucleus medialis dorsalis
- MHb
medial habenular nucleus
- ML
medial lemniscus
- MMN
medial mammillary nucleus
- MP
mammillary peduncle
- NCM
nucleus centralis medialis
- OC
optic chiasm
- OT
optic tract
- Pf
nucleus parafascicularis
- Pul
pulvinar
- PUT
putamen
- RE
nucleus reuniens
- RN
red nucleus
- RPO
preoptic area
- RTP
nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontisv (von Bechterew)
- S
stria medullaris
- SC
superior colliculus
- SN
substantia nigra
- SPT
septal area
- VA
nucleus ventralis anterior
- VL
nucleus ventralis lateralis
- VM
nucleus ventralis medialis
- VPL
nucleus ventralis posterolateralis
- VPM
nucleus ventralis posteromedialis
- VT
deep tegmental nucleus (of Gudden)
- II
optic nerve 相似文献
4.
M. E. Anderson J. L. DeVito 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1987,68(2):260-276
Summary Potentially convergent inputs to cerebellar-receiving and basal ganglia-receiving areas of the thalamus were identified using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing techniques. HRP was deposited iontophoretically into the ventroanterior (VA), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nuclei in the cat. The relative numbers of labeled neurons in the basal ganglia and the cerebellar nuclei were used to assess the extent to which the injection was in cerebellar-receiving or basal ganglia-receiving portions of thalamus. The rostral pole of VA showed reciprocal connections with prefrontal portions of the cerebral cortex. Only the basal ganglia and the hypothalamus provided non-thalamic input to modulate these cortico-thalamo-cortical loops. In VM, there were reciprocal connections with prefrontal, premotor, and insular areas of the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia (especially the substantia nigra), and to a lesser extent, the posterior and ventral portions of the deep cerebellar nuclei, provided input to VM and may modulate these corticothalamo-cortical loops. The premotor cortical areas connected to VM include those associated with eye movements, and afferents from the superior colliculus, a region of documented importance in oculomotor control, also were labeled by injections into VM. The dorsolateral portion of the VA-VL complex primarily showed reciprocal connections with the medial premotor (area 6) cortex. Basal ganglia and cerebellar afferents both may modulate this cortico-thalamo-cortical loop, although they do not necessarily converge on the same thalamic neurons. The cerebellar input to dorsolateral VA-VL was from posterior and ventral portions of the cerebellar nuclei, and the major potential brainstem afferents to this region of thalamus were from the pretectum. Mid- and caudo-lateral portions of VL had reciprocal connections with primary motor cortex (area 4). The dorsal and anterior portions of the cerebellar nuclei had a dominant input to this corticothalamo-cortical loop. Potentially converging brainstem afferents to this portion of VL were from the pretectum, especially pretectal areas to which somatosensory afferents project.List of Abbreviations AC
central amygdaloid nucleus
- AL
lateral amygdaloid nucleus
- AM
anteromedial thalamic nucleus
- AV
anteroventral thalamic nucleus
- BC
brachium conjunctivum
- BIC
brachium of the inferior colliculus
- Cd
caudate nucleus
- CL
centrolateral thalamic nucleus
- CM
centre median nucleus
- CP
cerebral peduncle
- CUN
cuneate nucleus
- DBC
decussation of the brachium conjunctivum
- DR
dorsal raphe nuclei
- EC
external cuneate nucleus
- ENTO
entopeduncular nucleus
- FN
fastigial nucleus
- FX
fornix
- GP
globus pallidus
- GR
gracile nucleus
- IC
internal capsule
- ICP
inferior cerebellar peduncle
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- IVN
inferior vestibular nucleus
- LD
lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus
- LGN
lateral geniculate nucleus
- LH
lateral hypothalamus
- LP
lateral posterior thalamic complex
- LRN
lateral reticular nucleus
- LVN
lateral vestibular nucleus
- MB
mammillary body
- MD
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
- MG
medial geniculate nucleus
- ML
medial lemniscus
- MLF
medial lengitudinal fasciculus
- MT
mammillothalamic tract
- MVN
medial vestibular nucleus
- NDBB
nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca
- NIA
anterior nucleus interpositus
- NIP
posterior nucleus interpositus
- OD
optic decussation
- OT
optic tract
- PAC
paracentral thalamic nucleus
- PPN
pedunculopontine region
- PRO
gyrus proreus
- PRT
pretectal region
- PT
pyramidal tract
- PTA
anterior pretectal region
- PTM
medial pretectal region
- PTO
olivary pretectal nucleus
- PTP
poterior pretectal region
- Pul
pulvinar nucleus
- Put
putamen
- RF
reticular formation
- RN
red nucleus
- Rt
reticular complex of the thalamus
- S
solitary tract
- SCi
superior colliculus, intermediate gray
- SN
substantia nigra
- ST
subthalamic nucleus
- VA
ventroanterior thalamic nucleus
- VB
ventrobasal complex
- VL
ventrolateral thalamic nucleus
- VM
ventromedial thalamic nucleus
- III
oculomotor nucleus
- IIIn
oculomotor nerve
- 5S
spinal trigeminal nucleus
- 5T
spinal trigeminal tract
- VII
facial nucleus 相似文献
5.
J. Cornwall J. D. Cooper O. T. Phillipson 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1990,80(1):157-171
Summary Afferent pathways to the rostral reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt) in the rat were studied using anterograde and retrograde lectin tracing techniques, with sensitive immunocytochemical methods. The analysis was carried out to further investigate previously described subregions of the reticular thalamic nucleus, which are related to subdivisions of the dorsal thalamus, in the paraventricular and midline nuclei and three segments of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. Cortical inputs to the rostral reticular nucleus were found from lamina VI of cingulate, orbital and infralimbic cortex. These projected with a clear topography to lateral, intermediate and medial reticular nucleus respectively. Thalamic inputs were found from lateral and central segments of the mediodorsal nucleus to the lateral and intermediate rostral reticular nucleus respectively and heavy paraventricular thalamic inputs were found to the medial reticular nucleus. In the basal forebrain, afferents were found from the vertical and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, ventral pallidum and medial globus pallidus. Brainstem projections were identified from ventrolateral periaqueductal grey and adjacent sites in the mesencephalic reticular formation, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, medial pretectum and ventral tegmental area. The results suggest a general similarity in the organisation of some brainstem Rt afferents in rat and cat, but also show previously unsuspected inputs. Furthermore, there appear to be at least two functional subdivisions of rostral Rt which is reflected by their connections with cortex and thalamus. The studies also extend recent findings that the ventral striatum, via inputs from the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, is included in the circuitry of the rostral Rt, providing further evidence that basal ganglia may function in concert with Rt. Evidence is also outlined with regard to the possibility that rostral Rt plays a significant role in visuomotor functions.Abbreviations ac
anterior commissure
- aca
anterior commissure, anterior
- Acb
accumbens nucleus
- AI
agranular insular cortex
- AM
anteromedial thalamic nucleus
- AV
anteroventral thalamic nucleus
- BST
bed nucleus of stria terminalis
- Cg
cingulate cortex
- CG
central gray
- CL
centrolateral thalamic nucleus
- CM
central medial thalamic nucleus
- CPu
caudate putamen
- DR
dorsal raphe nucleus
- DTg
dorsal tegmental nucleus
- EP
entopeduncular nucleus
- f
fornix
- Fr2
Frontal cortex, area 2
- G
gelatinosus thalamic nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- Hb
habenula
- HDB
horizontal limb of diagonal band
- IAM
interanterodorsal thalamic nucleus
- ic
internal capsule
- INC
interstitial nucleus of Cajal
- IF
interfascicular nucleus
- IL
infralimbic cortex
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LDTg
laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
- LH
lateral hypothalamus
- LHb
lateral habenular nucleus
- ll
lateral lemniscus
- LO
lateral orbital cortex
- LPB
lateral parabrachial nucleus
- MD
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
- MDL
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral segment
- Me5
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
- MHb
medial habenular nucleus
- mlf
medial longitudinal fasciculus
- MnR
median raphe nucleus
- MO
medial orbital cortex
- mt
mammillothalamic tract
- OPT
olivary pretectal nucleus
- pc
posterior commissure
- PC
paracentral thalamic nucleus
- PF
parafascicular thalamic nucleus
- PPTg
pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
- PrC
precommissural nucleus
- PT
paratenial thalamic nucleus
- PV
paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- PVA
paraventricular thalamic nucleus, anterior
- R
red nucleus
- Re
reuniens thalamic nucleus
- RRF
retrorubral field
- Rt
reticular thalamic nucleus
- Scp
superior cerebellar peduncle
- SI
substantia innominata
- sm
stria medullaris
- SNR
substantia nigra, reticular
- st
stria terminalis
- TT
tenia tecta
- VL
ventrolateral thalamic nucleus
- VO
ventral orbital cortex
- VP
ventral pallidum
- VPL
ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus
- VTA
ventral tegmental area
- 3
oculomotor nucleus
- 3V
3rd ventricle
- 4
trochlear nucleus 相似文献
6.
Ueki A. 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1983,49(1):116-124
Postsynaptic potentials evoked by stimulating the substantia nigra (SN) were recorded intracellularly from ipsilateral ventral medial (VM), ventral lateral (VL), and ventral anterior (VA) nuclei of the thalamus in cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. SN stimulation evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) at a short latency in VM neurons (mean 1.68 ms, SD 0.23, n = 59). The IPSP were produced monosynaptically because linear regression analysis of latency vs. conduction distance between stimulating and recording sites indicated a synaptic delay of less than 0.6 ms. Conduction velocity for these fibers was calculated to be 4.48 m/s. The spots from which IPSP were produced with the lowest threshold were determined for each of 38 VM neurons. IPSP origins thus determined were distributed in the pars reticulata of the SN (SNr) and in the area where nigro-thalamic fibers run. Neurons which received IPSP from the SNr were distributed in the VM nucleus, ventromedial to the VL nucleus, where fibers from the contralateral brachium conjunctivum terminate. Convergence of nigral and cerebellar impulses was not observed in thalamic neurons sampled in this study. Stimulation of the entopeduncular nucleus (ENT) also produced monosynaptic IPSP in VL-VA neurons. The SNr-related cell group was located ventromedially and caudally to the ENT-related cell group. No convergence of nigral and pallidal influences was observed within thalamic neurons. 相似文献
7.
J. L. DeVito Ph.D. M. E. Anderson K. E. Walsh 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1980,38(1):65-73
Summary The high tonic discharge rates of globus pallidus neurons in awake monkeys suggest that these neurons may receive some potent excitatory input. Because most current electrophysiological evidence suggests that the major described pallidal afferent systems from the neostriatum are primarily inhibitory, we used retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to identify possible additional sources of pallidal afferent fibers. The appropriate location was determined before HRP injection by mapping the characteristic high frequency discharge of single pallidal units in awake animals. In animals with injections confined to the internal pallidal segment, retrograde label was seen in neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, substantia nigra, caudate, putamen, subthalamic nucleus, parafascicular nucleus, zona incerta, medial and lateral subthalamic tegmentum, parabrachial nuclei, and locus coeruleus. An injection involving the external pallidal segment and the putamen as well resulted in additional labeling of cells in centromedian nucleus, pulvinar, and the ventromedial thalamus.Abbreviations AC
anterior commissure
- CG
central grey
- CM
centromedian nucleus
- CN
caudate nucleus
- DM
dorsomedial nucleus
- DR
dorsal raphe nucleus
- DSCP
decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle
- GPe
globus pallidus, external segment
- GPi
globus pallidus, internal segment
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LL
lateral lemniscus
- MG
medial geniculate nucleus
- ML
medial lemniscus
- NVI
abducens nucleus
- OT
optic tract
- Pbl
lateral parabrachial nucleus
- Pbm
medial parabrachial nucleus
- Pf
parafascicular nucleus
- PPN
pedunculopontine nucleus
- PuO
oral pulvinar nucleus
- RN
red nucleus
- SCP
superior cerebellar peduncle
- SI
substantia innominata
- SNc
substantia nigra, pars compacta
- SNr
substantia nigra, pars reticulata
- STN
subthalamic nucleus
- TMT
mamillothalamic tract
- VA
ventral anterior nucleus
- VLc
ventral lateral nucleus, pars caudalis
- VLm
ventral lateral nucleus, pars medialis
- VLo
ventral lateral nucleus, pars oralis
- VPI
ventral posterior inferior nucleus
- VPM
ventral posterior medial nucleus
- VPLc
ventral posterior lateral nucleus, pars caudalis
- ZI
zona incerta 相似文献
8.
Quantitative evaluation of crossed and uncrossed projections from basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cat thalamus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of crossed vs uncrossed projections from the substantia nigra, entopeduncular nucleus and individual cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus was undertaken in nine adult cats using retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase and fluorescent dyes. The results indicate that about 90% of entopeduncular nucleus neurons and 50% of substantia nigra neurons give rise to ipsilateral projections to the thalamus whereas the contralateral component of these projections originates from about 10 and 7% neurons of entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra, respectively. Some of the fibers constituting the contralateral component are represented by branching axon collaterals of the neurons projecting ipsilaterally. In the basal ganglia thalamic projection, its minor component (contralateral) targets the ventral anterior and ventral medial nuclei the same as its major component (ipsilateral). However, some preferential distribution of the contralateral projections to the ventral medial nucleus appears to exist. In regard to the cerebellothalamic projections it was found that about 90% of neurons located in the dentate and interpositus nuclei and 50% of neurons in the fastigial nucleus project to the contralateral thalamus while 16% of dentate nucleus neurons and 40% of fastigial nucleus neurons give rise to the ipsilateral cerebellothalamic projections. A considerable number of ipsilateral cerebellothalamic fibers are represented by divergent axon collaterals of the same neurons projecting to the contralateral thalamus. The cerebellothalamic projections from all cerebellar nuclei including the fastigial nucleus are targeted primarily to the ventral lateral nucleus both contra- and ipsilaterally. The ventral medial nucleus receives bilateral input from the fastigial nucleus which originates from about one quarter of the thalamus projecting neurons in this nucleus. Of all other cerebellar nuclei only the dentate nucleus projects to the ventral medial nucleus and this projection is exclusively contralateral. 相似文献
9.
A study was made to determine the efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. Because of the impossibility of producing lesions in this nucleus, not involving adjacent structures, lesions were produced by different stereotaxic approaches. Comparisons were made with degeneration resulting from localized lesions in substantia nigra and globus pallidus. Degeneration resulting from these lesions was studied in transverse and sagittal sections stained by the Nauta-Gygax method. Efferent fibers from the subthalamic nucleus pass through the internal capsule into the medial pallidal segment; a few fibers are distributed to the lateral pallidum. Some subthalamic efferent fibers pass to the contralateral globus pallidus via the dorsal supraoptic decussation, but none projection to the thalamus. Nigral efferent fibers project to parts of the ventral anterior (VAmc) and ventral lateral (VLm) thalamic nuclei. The medial pallidal segment gives fibers to: (1) ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VLo) and centromedian (CM) thalamic nuclei, and (2) the pedunculopontine nucleus. The lateral pallidal segment projects exclusively to the subthalamic nucleus. Thalamic projections of the substania nigra and globus pallidus are distinctive. Subthalamic projections to the globus pallidus are more profuse than those of the substantia nigra. The following hypothesis is presented: Subthalamic dyskinesia, due to lesions in the subthalamic nucleus, is a consequence of removal of inhibitory influences acting upon the medial segment of the globus pallidus. 相似文献
10.
M. Takada K. Itoh Y. Yasui T. Sugimoto N. Mizuno 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1985,60(2):385-396
Summary Projections from the posterior thalamic regions to the striatum were studied in the cat by the anterograde tracing method after injecting wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) into the caudalmost regions of the lateroposterior thalamic nucleus (caudal LP), suprageniculate nucleus (Sg) and magnocellular division of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm). The results were further confirmed by the retrograde tracing method after injecting WGA-HRP into the regions of the caudate nucleus (Cd) and putamen (Put) where afferent fibers from the caudal LP, Sg and MGm were distributed. Fibers from the MGm, Sg or caudal LP were distributed mainly in the medial, middle or lateral part of the caudal half of the putamen (caudal Put), respectively. Although there was a considerable overlap, thalamostriatal fibers from the caudal LP terminated more caudally than those from the MGm. On the other hand, thalamocaudate fibers from the MGm, Sg and lateral part of the caudal LP overlapped with each other in the ventrolateral part of the caudal half of the caudate nucleus (caudal Cd). Fibers from the medial part of the caudal LP were distributed in the ventral part of the caudal Cd. In the superior colliculus (SC) of the cats with WGA-HRP injections in the caudal LP, retrogradely labeled neuronal cell bodies were mainly seen ipsilaterally in the superficial SC layer, and simultaneously, anterogradely labeled axon terminals were observed in the striatum. On the other hand, when WGA-HRP was injected into the Sg or MGm, labeled SC neurons were mainly located in the intermediate and deep SC layers. Thus, ascending impulses from the superficial SC layer may possibly be conveyed ipsilaterally via the caudal LP to the ventral and ventrolateral parts of the caudal Cd and the lateral part of the caudal Put, whereas those from the intermediate and deep SC layers may be relayed via the Sg and/or MGm to the ventrolateral part of the caudal Cd and the middle and medial parts of the caudal Put.Abbreviations AC
anterior commissure
- Am
amygdaloid nucleus
- Cd
caudate nucleus
- Ce
centromedial nucleus
- CL
centrolateral nucleus
- Cl
claustrum
- CM-Pf
centre médian-parafascicular complex
- CP
cerebral peduncle
- d
deep SC layer
- EC
external capsule
- Ep
entopeduncular nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- i
intermediate SC layer
- IC
internal capsule
- Ip
interpeduncular nucleus
- LG
lateral geniculate nucleus
- LP
lateroposterior nucleus
- MD
mediodorsal nucleus
- MG
medial geniculate nucleus
- MGm
magnocellular division of MG
- MGp
principal division of MG
- NBIC
nucleus of brachium of inferior colliculus
- O
oculomotor nucleus
- OT
optic tract
- Pom
medial division of posterior group of thalamus
- Pt
pretectum
- Pul
pulvinar nucleus
- Put
putamen
- Pv
paraventricular nucleus of thalamus
- R
reticular nucleus of thalamus
- Rh
rhomboid nucleus
- RN
red nucleus
- s
superficial SC layer
- SC
superior colliculus
- Sg
suprageniculate nucleus
- SN
substantia nigra
- SNpc
pars compacta of SN
- SNpr
pars reticulata of SN
- V
lateral ventricle
- VA
ventroanterior nucleus
- VL
ventrolateral nucleus
- VM
ventromedial nucleus
- WGA-HRP
wheat germ agglutinin-HRP conjugate 相似文献
11.
Dr. H. Distel S. O. E. Ebbesson 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1981,43(3-4):324-329
Summary The efferent connections of the medial (MHb) and the lateral (LHb) habenular nuclei in the monitor lizard were studied using experimental degeneration techniques. The MHb was found to project to the interpeduncular nucleus and the parvocellular nucleus of the superior raphe via the core portion of the habenulo-peduncular tract (HPT). The LHb fibers form the mantle portion of the HPT and curve laterally to collect again in the ventral tegmentum. From here, they follow either (1) the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in hypothalamus, ventromedial thalamus, preoptic area, and septum, or (2) they continue caudally to terminate in the superior raphe and the paramedian reticular formation, or (3) they decussate and follow in smaller numbers the ascending and descending pathways on the other side. Some fibers enter the midline and reach the periventricular zone of the midbrain. Short range projections exist to the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus and the paramedian central gray and pretectum. The habenular projections are bilateral, however, much smaller on the contralateral side. Although distinct terminal fields were not found in the substahtia nigra and the central gray of the isthmic region, the overall pattern of habenular pathways is strikingly similar to those found in mammals which confirms a long presumed phylogenetic stability of habenular connections.Abbreviations AC
anterior commissure
- DLA
nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami
- DM
nucleus dorsomedialis thalami
- EP
entopeduncular nucleus
- GLd
nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis
- GLv
nucleus geniculatus lateralis, pars ventralis
- GPT
nucleus geniculatus praetectalis
- Hb
habenula
- HbC
habenular commissure
- HPT
habenulo-peduncular tract
- Hy
hypothalamus
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- LFB
lateral forebrain bundle
- LHb
lateral habenular nucleus
- LHy
nucleus lateralis hypothalami
- MFB
medial forebrain bundle
- MHb
medial habenular nucleus
- N
neostriatum
- NIII
oculomotor nucleus
- nIII
oculomotor nerve
- nIV
trochlear nerve
- Pa
paleostriatum
- PC
posterior commissure
- PD
nucleus posterodorsalis
- PHy
nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami
- Ra
raphe nuclei
- Re
nucleus reuniens
- Rt
nucleus rotundus
- Ru
nucleus ruber
- RMS
nucleus magnocellularis raphe superior
- RPS
nucleus parvocellularis raphe superior
- SAP
stratum album periventriculare
- SGP
stratum griseum periventriculare
- Se
septum
- SMe
stria medullaris
- SRF
superior reticular formation
- TO
nucleus opticus tegmenti
- VHy
nucleus ventralis hypothalami
- VL
nucleus ventrolateralis thalami
- VM
nucleus ventromedialis thalami
Supported by a postdoctoral fellowship to H. Distel from the Alfred Sloan Foundation and by the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung 相似文献
12.
G. Holstege L. Meiners K. Tan 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1985,58(2):379-391
Summary Injections of HRP in the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation in the cat resulted in many labeled neurons in the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not in the medial part of this nucleus. HRP injections in the nucleus raphe pallidus and in the C2 segment of the spinal cord did not result in labeled neurons in the BNST. Injections of 3H-leucine in the BNST resulted in many labeled fibers in the brain stem. Labeled fiber bundles descended by way of the medial forebrain bundle and the central tegmental field to the lateral tegmental field of pons and medulla. Dense BNST projections could be observed to the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the PAG (except its dorsolateral part), the cuneiform nucleus, the nucleus raphe dorsalis, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the lateral tegmental field of caudal pons and medulla and the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation. Furthermore many labeled fibers were present in the solitary nucleus, and in especially the peripheral parts of the dorsal vagal nucleus. Finally some fibers could be traced in the marginal layer of the rostral part of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. These projections appear to be virtually identical to the ones derived from the medial part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (Hopkins and Holstege 1978). The possibility that the BNST and the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei must be considered as one anatomical entity is discussed.Abbreviations AA
anterior amygdaloid nucleus
- AC
anterior commissure
- ACN
nucleus of the anterior commissure
- ACO
cortical amygdaloid nucleus
- AL
lateral amygdaloid nucleus
- AM
medial amygdaloid nucleus
- APN
anterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- AQ
cerebral aqueduct
- BC
brachium conjunctivum
- BIC
brachium of the inferior colliculus
- BL
basolateral amygdaloid nucleus
- BNSTL
lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BNSTM
medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BP
brachium pontis
- CA
central nucleus of the amygdala
- Cd
caudate nucleus
- CI
inferior colliculus
- CL
claustrum
- CN
cochlear nucleus
- CP
posterior commissure
- CR
corpus restiforme
- CSN
superior central nucleus
- CTF
central tegmental field
- CU
cuneate nucleus
- D
nucleus of Darkschewitsch
- EC
external cuneate nucleus
- F
fornix
- G
gracile nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- HL
lateral habenular nucleus
- IC
interstitial nucleus of Cajal
- ICA
internal capsule
- IO
inferior olive
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LGN
lateral geniculate nucleus
- LP
lateral posterior complex
- LRN
lateral reticular nucleus
- MGN
medial geniculate nucleus
- MLF
medial longitudinal fascicle
- NAdg
dorsal group of nucleus ambiguus
- NPC
nucleus of the posterior commissure
- nV
trigeminal nerve
- nVII
facial nerve
- OC
optic chiasm
- OR
optic radiation
- OT
optic tract
- P
pyramidal tract
- PAG
periaqueductal grey
- PC
cerebral peduncle
- PO
posterior complex of the thalamus
- POA
preoptic area
- prV
principal trigeminal nucleus
- PTA
pretectal area
- Pu
putamen
- PUL
pulvinar nucleus
- R
red nucleus
- RF
reticular formation
- RM
nucleus raphe magnus
- RP
nucleus raphe pallidus
- RST
rubrospinal tract
- S
solitary nucleus
- SC
suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SCN
nucleus subcoeruleus
- SI
substantia innominata
- SM
stria medullaris
- SN
substantia nigra
- SO
superior olive
- SOL
solitary nucleus
- SON
supraoptic nucleus
- spV
spinal trigeminal nucleus
- spVcd
spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis
- ST
stria terminalis
- TRF
retroflex tract
- VC
vestibular complex
- VTA
ventral tegmental area of Tsai
- III
oculomotor nucleus
- Vm
motor trigeminal nucleus
- VI
abducens nucleus
- VII
facial nucleus
- Xd
dorsal vagal nucleus
- XII
hypoglossal nucleus 相似文献
13.
O. Brüstle G. E. Duncan W. Hu Ch. Pilgrim G. R. Breese W. E. Stumpf 《Anatomy and embryology》1988,179(1):1-17
Summary High resolution autoradiography was used to study the basal pattern of glucose-utilization in the rat thalamus and hypothalamus. Rats were injected via chronic jugular catheter with (1-14C)-glucose and sacrificed 30 min later. The high resolution thaw-mount autoradiographic procedure, using 4 m frozen sections and nuclear emulsion, permited discrimination of regional variations in glucose-utilization that have not yet been described. Quantitative data were obtained by means of digital image analysis and computerized densitometry. In the thalamus, high activity was present in the anterodorsal, anteroventral, laterodorsal and reticular nuclei, while low activity was found in the mediodorsal and paraventricular nuclei. The autoradiographic pattern of glucose utilization in the thalamus corresponds largely to classical cytoarchitectonic subdivisions. In the hypothalamus, the median eminence, arcuate nucleus, and periventricular nucleus showed the lowest activity, whereas certain parts of the lateral hypothalamus appeared high. Very high activity was present in mammillary nuclei. The described detailed anatomical data of glucose-utilization may provide insights into the functional circuitry of thalamic and hypothalamic systems and serve as a baseline from which experimental manipulations can be assessed.Abbreviations
ac
anterior commisure
-
AD
anterodorsal thalamic nucleus
-
AHy
anterior hypothalamic area
-
APT
anterior pretectal area
-
Arc
arcuate hypothalamic nucleus
-
AV
anteroventral thalamic nucleus
-
BST
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
-
ch
choroid plexus
-
CM
central medial thalamic nucleus
-
CL
centrolateral thalamic nucleus
-
cp
cerebral peduncle
-
Dk
nucleus of Darkschewitsch
-
DLG
dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
-
EP
entopeduncular nucleus
-
F
nucleus of the fields of Forel
-
f
fornix
-
fr
fasciculus retroflexus
-
Gem
gemini hypothalamic nucleus
-
HDB
nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band
-
IAM
interanteromedial thalamic nucleus
-
ic
internal capsule
-
LD
laterodorsal thalamic nucleus
-
LH
lateral hypothalamic area
-
LHb
lateral habenular nucleus
-
LM
lateral mammillary nucleus
-
LP
lateral posterior thalamic nucleus
-
MD
mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
-
m
central part
-
c
central part
-
l
lateral part
-
ME
median eminence
-
MGD
medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal part
-
MGV
medial geniculate nucleus, ventral part
-
MHb
medial habenular nucleus
-
ML
medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part
-
ml
medial lemniscus
-
MM
medial mammillary nucleus, medial part
-
MP
medial mammillary nucleus, posterior part
-
MPO
medial preoptic area
-
MS
medial septal nucleus
-
MT
medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract
-
mt
mammillothalamic tract
-
mtg
mammillotegmental tract
-
ox
optic chiasm
-
pc
posterior commissure
-
Pe
periventricular hypothalamic nucleus
-
PF
parafascicular thalamic nucleus
-
PMD
premammillary nucleus, dorsal part
-
Po
posterior thalamic nuclear group
-
PT
paratenial thalamic nucleus
-
PV
paraventricular thalamic nucleus
-
PVN
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
-
RCh
retrochiasmatic area
-
Rh
rhomboid thalamic nucleus
-
Rt
reticular thalamic nucleus
-
SCh
suprachiasmatic nucleus
-
sm
stria medullaris of the thalamus
-
SNC
substantia nigra, compact part
-
SNR
substantia nigra, reticular part
-
SPF
subparafascicular thalamic nucleus
-
st
stria terminalis
-
STH
subthalamic nucleus
-
VL
ventrolateral thalamic nucleus
-
VLG
ventral lateral geniculate nucleus
-
m
magnocellular part
-
p
parvocellular part
-
VMH
ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
-
VPL
ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus
-
VPM
ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus
-
ZI
zona incerta 相似文献
14.
N. Kotchabhakdi Prof. E. Rinvik F. Walberg K. Yingchareon 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1980,40(4):405-418
Summary Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected or iontophoretically ejected in various thalamic nuclei in 63 adult cats. In 11 other animals HRP was deposited outside the thalamic territory. The number and distribution of labelled cells within the vestibular nuclear complex (VC) were mapped in each case. To a varying degree all subgroups of VC appear to contribute to the vestibulothalamic projections. Such fibres are distributed to several thalamic areas. From the present investigation it appears that generally speaking, there exist three distinct vestibulothalamic pathways with regard to origin as well as to site of termination of the fibres. One projection appears to originate mainly in caudal parts of the medial (M) and descending (D) vestibular nuclei and in cell group z. This pathway terminates chiefly in the contralateral medial part of the posterior nucleus of the thalamus (POm) including the magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (Mgmc), the ventrobasal complex (VB) and the area of the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) bordering on VB. A second projection originates mainly in the superior vestibular nucleus (S) and in cell group y and terminates mainly in the contralateral nucleus centralis lateralis (CL) and the adjoining nucleus paracentralis (Pc). A third, more modest, pathway originates chiefly in the middle M and D, with a minor contribution from S and cell group y, and terminates in the contralateral ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (GLV). There is some degree of overlap between the origin of these three vestibulothalamic pathways.Abbreviations B.c.
brachium conjunctivum
- CeM
nucleus centralis medialis thalami
- CL
nucleus centralis lateralis thalami
- CM
nucleus centrum medianum
- D
nucleus vestibularis descendons
- f
cell group f
- g
cell group g
- GLD
corpus geniculatum laterale dorsalis
- GLV
corpus geniculatum laterale ventralis
- i.e.
nucleus intercalatus
- L
nucleus vestibularis lateralis
- LD
nucleus lateralis dorsalis thalami
- LIM
lamina medullaris interna
- Lim
nucleus limitans
- LP
nucleus lateralis posterior thalami
- M
nucleus vestibularis medialis
- MD
nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami
- MGmc
corpus geniculatum mediale, pars magnocellularis
- MGp
corpus geniculatum mediale, pars principalis
- N.cu.e.
nucleus cuneatus externus
- N.f.c.
nucleus fasciculi cuneati
- N.mes.
V nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini
- NR
nucleus ruber
- N.tr.s.
nucleus tractus solitarius
- N.
VII nervus facialis
- N.
VIII nervus statoacusticus
- PC
pedunculus cerebri
- Pc
nucleus paracentralis thalami
- Pf
nucleus parafascicularis
- p.h.
nucleus prepositus hypoglossi
- PO
posterior thalamic group
- PO1
lateral part of PO
- POm
medial part of PO
- Prt
nucleus pretectalis
- Pul
pulvinar
- R
nucleus reticularis thalami
- S
nucleus vestibularis superior
- Sg
nucleus suprageniculatus
- SN
substantia nigra
- Sv
nucleus supravestibularis
- Tr.s.
tractus solitarius
- VA
nucleus ventralis anterior thalami
- VL
nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami
- VPL
nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis
- VPL1
lateral part of VPL
- VPLm
medial part of VPL
- VPM
nucleus ventralis posterior medialis
- x
cell group x
- y
cell group y
- z
cell group z
- V
nucleus motorius nerve trigemini
- X
nucleus dorsalis nerve vagi
- XII
nucleus nervi hypoglossi 相似文献
15.
M. Norita L. Mucke G. Benedek B. Albowitz Y. Katoh O. D. Creutzfeldt 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1986,62(2):225-240
Summary We have previously described a visual area situated in the cortex surrounding the deep infolding of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus of the cat (Mucke et al. 1982). Using orthograde and retrograde transport methods we now report anatomical evidence that this anterior ectosylvian visual area (AEV) is connected with a substantial number of both cortical and subcortical regions. The connections between AEV and other cortical areas are reciprocal and, at least in part, topographically organized: the rostral AEV is connected with the bottom region of the presylvian sulcus, the lower bank of the cruciate sulcus, the rostral part of the ventral bank of the splenial sulcus, the rostral portion of the lateral suprasylvian visual area (LS) and the lateral bank of the posterior rhinal sulcus; the caudal AEV is connected with the bottom region of the presylvian sulcus, the caudal part of LS, the ventral part of area 20 and the lateral bank of the posterior rhinal sulcus. Subcortically, AEV has reciprocal connections with the ventral medial thalamic nucleus (VM), with the medial part of the lateralis posterior nucleus (LPm), as well as with the lateralis medialis-suprageniculate nuclear (LM-Sg) complex. These connections are also topographically organized with more rostral parts of AEV being related to more ventral portions of the LPm and LM-Sg complex. AEV also projects to the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, the superior colliculus, and the pontine nuclei. It is concluded that AEV is a visual association area which functionally relates the visual with both the motor and the limbic system and that it might play a role in the animal's orienting and alerting behavior.Abbreviations Ac
aqueductus cerebri
- AEs
anterior ectosylvian sulcus
- ALLS
anterolateral lateral suprasylvian area
- AMLS
anteromedial lateral suprasylvian area
- ASs
anterior suprasylvian sulcus
- Cd
caudate nucleus
- CL
central lateral nucleus
- Cl
claustrum
- Cos
coronal sulcus
- Crs
cruciate sulcus
- DLS
dorsal lateral suprasylvian area
- GI
stratum griseum intermediale
- GP
stratum griseum profundum
- IC
inferior colliculus
- LAm
lateral amygdaloid nucleus
- LGNd
dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body
- LGNv
ventral nucleus of lateral geniculate body
- Llc
nucleus lateralis intermedius, pars caudalis
- LM
nucleus lateralis medialis
- LPl
nucleus lateralis posterior, pars lateralis
- LPm
nucleus lateralis posterior, pars medialis
- Ls
lateral sulcus
- MD
nucleus mediodorsalis
- MG
medial geniculate body
- MSs
middle suprasylvian sulcus
- Ndl
nucleus dorsolateralis pontis
- Nl
nucleus lateralis pontis
- Np
nucleus peduncularis pontis
- Npm
nucleus paramedianus pontis
- Nrt
nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis
- Nv
nucleus ventralis pontis
- Ped
cerebral peduncle
- PEs
posterior ectosylvian sulcus
- Pg
periaqueductal gray
- PLLS
posterolateral lateral suprasylvian area
- PMLS
posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area
- PSs
presylvian sulcus
- Pul
pulvinar
- Put
putamen
- R
red nucleus
- Sg
suprageniculate nucleus
- SN
substantia nigra
- Sps
splenial sulcus
- Syls
sylvian sulcus
- T
trapezoid body
- VA
ventral anterior nucleus
- VL
ventral lateral nucleus
- VLS
ventral lateral suprasylvian area
- VM
ventral medial nucleus
- VPL
ventral posterolateral nucleus
- VPM
ventral posteromedial nucleus
Sponsored by Max-Planck-Society during part of the studySponsored by Thyssen FoundationSponsored by Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation 相似文献
16.
T. Moriizumi Y. Nakamura H. Tokuno Y. Kitao M. Kudo 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1988,71(2):298-306
Summary Projections from the basal ganglia to the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta (TPC) were studied by using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques with horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) in the cat. Following WGA-HRP injections into the medial TPC area, a substantial number of retrogradely labeled cells were seen in the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and medial half of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), whereas following WGA-HRP injections into the lateral TPC area, labeled cells were marked in the caudal half of the globus pallidus (GP) and lateral half of the SNr. To confirm the retrograde tracing study, WGA-HRP was injected into the EP or the caudal GP, and anterograde labeling was observed in the TPC areas. Terminal labeling was located in the medail TPC area in the EP injection case, while terminal labeling was observed in the lateral TPC area in the caudal GP injection case. Projections from the striatum to the pallidal complex (the EP and the caudal GP) were also studied autoradiographically by injecting amino acids into various parts of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. Terminal labeling was distributed over the whole extent of the EP and the rostral GP following injections into the rostral striatum (the head of the caudate nucleus or the rostral part of the putamen), while terminal labeling was distributed over the caudal GP following injections into the caudal striatum (the body of the caudate nucleus or the caudal part of the putamen). From these findings, we conclude that there exists a medio-lateral topography in the projection from the basal ganglia to the TPC: The EP receives afferent projections from the rostral striatum and projects to the medial TPC area, whereas the caudal GP receives projections from the caudal striatum and sends fibers to the lateral TPC area.Abbreviations BC
brachium conjunctivum
- CD
caudate nucleus
- CP
cerebral peduncle
- DBC
decussation of the brachium conjunctivum
- EP
entopeduncular nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- IC
internal capsule
- ICo
inferior colliculus
- LH
lateral habenular nucleus
- ML
medial lemniscus
- PN
pontine nuclei
- PUT
putamen
- SCo
superior colliculus
- SI
substantia innominata
- SN
substantia nigra
- SNc
substantia nigra pars compacta
- SNr
substantia nigra pars reticulata
- STN
subthalamic nucleus
- TH
thalamus
- TPC
nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta 相似文献
17.
本实验用HRP逆行性轴浆运输技术,对猫丘脑中央外侧核的传入纤维联系及其局部定位关系进行了观察。投射至丘脑中央外侧核尾侧区的主要核团包括:外侧膝状体腹核背侧带、丘脑网状核特别是它的背侧部、上丘深层,以同侧为主。板内核、丘脑下部外侧区和黑质网状部神经元的轴突终止在同侧丘脑中央外侧核吻侧区。丘脑中央外侧核全长的传入起自脑干网状结构和前庭神经核,呈双侧投射。前者以同侧为主,后者以对侧占优势。同侧未定带,顶盖前区、动眼神经核周围的细胞群、对侧三叉神经感觉主核、楔束核、薄束核以及小脑齿状核内也含有少量标记细胞。我们还观察到HRP注射中心区位于中央外侧核并扩散至丘脑腹前核者,同侧脚内核含大量HRP阳性细胞,而Gudden被盖腹侧核内充满密集的标记终末。这些结果表明,丘脑中央外侧核可能涉及多种感觉和运动功能。 相似文献
18.
Dr. S. Shiosaka M. Tohyama H. Takagi Y. Takahashi Y. Saitoh T. Sakumoto H. Nakagawa N. Shimizu 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1980,39(4):377-388
Summary The ascending and descending components of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) were investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with a sensitive substrate. The HRP was injected iontophoretically into the MFB at various levels from the anterior commissure to the posterior hypothalamus. In order to prevent the diffusion of HRP to other brain areas, a double micropipette system was used. The descending components of the MFB are derived from (1) the anterior cingulate area, infra- or prelimbic area, and sulcal cortex, (2) the lateral septal nucleus and diagonal band, (3) the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, (4) the paraventricular nucleus (5) the substantia innominata, (6) the amygdaloid complex (AM), (7) the ventromedial (VM) and dorsomedial (DM) hypothalamic nuclei, (8) the entopeduncular nucleus and (9) nucleus periventricularis stellatocellularis. The ascending components of the MFB originate in: (1) the medial preoptic nucleus, (2) the nucleus periventricularis stellatocellularis and rotundocellularis, (3) the posterior hypothalamic nucleus, (4) the parafascicular nucleus, (5) the ventral premammillary nucleus, (6) the substantia grisea periventricularis, (7) the lateral habenular nucleus, (8) the VM and DM, (9) the paratenial nucleus, (10) the AM and (11) the arcuate nucleus.Abbreviations used in Figures and Tables a
nucleus accumbens
- abl
nucleus amygdaloideus basalis, pars lateralis
- abm
nucleus amygdaloideus basalis, pars medialis
- ac
nucleus amygdaloideus centralis
- AC
anterior cingulate area
- al
nucleus amygdaloideus lateralis
- am
nucleus amygdaloideus medialis
- ar
nucleus arcuatus
- CC
tractus corporis callosi
- CSDV
commissura supraoptica dorsalis, pars ventralis
- DB
diagonal band
- DM
nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami
- EP
nucleus entopeduncularis
- ha
nucleus anterior hypothalami
- hl
nucleus lateralis hypothalami
- hp
nucleus posterior hypothalami
- IL
infralimbic area of frontal cortex
- lh
nucleus habenulae lateralis
- LH1
medial forebrain bundle (MFB) at the level of commissura anterior
- LH2
lateral preoptic area
- LH3
MFB at the level of the nucleus anterior hypothalami
- LH4
MFB at the level of the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
- LH5
MFB at the level of the nucleus posterior hypothalami
- MFB
medial forebrain bundle
- pf
nucleus parafascicularis
- PL
prelimbic area of frontal cortex
- pol
nucleus preopticus lateralis
- pom
nucleus preopticus medialis
- posc
nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica
- pt
nucleus parataenialis
- pv
nucleus premamillaris ventralis
- PV
nucleus paraventricularis
- pvs
nucleus periventricularis stellatocellularis
- pvr
nucleus periventricularis rotundocellularis
- SC
sulcal cortex
- SGPV
substantia grisea periventricularis
- SI
substantia innominata
- SL
lateral septal nucleus
- ST
bed nucleus of stria terminalis
- sum
nucleus supramamillaris
- TO
tractus opticus
- tmm
nucleus medialis thalami, pars medialis
- VM
nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
The nomenclature used in this paper is according to König and Klippel's Stereotaxic Atlas (1967). 相似文献
19.
Chivileva OG 《Neuroscience and behavioral physiology》2004,34(3):271-276
Axonal transport of retrograde markers was used to study the distribution of the afferent projections of the nuclei of the pallidal complex (the globus pallidus, the entopeduncular nucleus, and the ventral pallidum) from functionally diverse cortical and subcortical structures (cortical fields, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental field, and thalamus) in the dog brain. The results were used to analyze the morphological aspects both of the functional heterogeneity of the pallidum and integrative information processing, which underlie the mechanisms of adaptive behavior. 相似文献
20.
A. D. Craig H. Burton 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1985,58(2):227-254
Summary The distribution of anterogradely-transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was examined in the rostral mesencephalon and thalamus of cats and raccoons that had received injections of HRP in the cervical and/or lumbosacral enlargements of the spinal cord. Labeling was consistently observed in a large number of loci. All regions previously identified as targets of spinomesencephalic or spinothalamic fibers were included. Evidence of topographical organization was obtained in several regions. Adjacent fields of labeling were often separable on the basis of the distribution, appearance and topographical organization of the labeling. Subject to the methodological constraints imposed by the possibilities of transneuronal and/or collateral labeling, we conclude that a wide variety of loci in the thalamus receive direct spinal input. The organization of these projections suggests that each terminal region may be associated with different aspects of spinal cord function.Abbreviations A
anterior pretectal nucleus
- AD
anterodorsal n.
- AM
anteromedial n.
- AV
anteroventral n.
- CeM
centromedial n.
- CD
centrodorsal n. (raccoon)
- CL
centrolateral n.
- CM
centre median
- H
habenula
- L n.a
limitans
- LD
laterodorsal n.
- LG
lateral geniculate
- LGv
lateral geniculate, ventral subnucleus
- LP
lateral posterior n.
- LPvi
lateral posterior n., ventral intermediate part
- M
medial pretectal n.
- mc
medial geniculate, magnocellular subnucleus
- MD
mediodorsal n.
- MG
medial geniculate
- ML
medial lemniscus
- N
pretectal nucleus of the optic tract
- nBIC
n. of the brachium of the inferior colliculus
- O
olivary pretectal n.
- OT
optic tract
- P
posterior nucleus of Rioch
- Pc
paracentral n.
- Pf
parafascicular n.
- PO
posterior group of thalamus
- PP
posterior pretectal n.
- Pt
parataenial n.
- Pul
pulvinar
- Pv
paraventricular n. of thalamus
- R
reticular n.
- Re
n. reuniens
- Rh
rhomboid n.
- RN
red nucleus
- SG
suprageniculate n.
- Sm
n. submedius
- SN
substantia nigra
- Spf
subparafascicular n.
- Tg
mesencephalic tegmentum
- VA
ventroanterior n.
- VP
ventroposterior thalamus (i.e. VPM, VPI, and VPL)
- VL
ventrolateral n.
- VM
ventromedial n.
- VMb
ventromedial n., basal part
- VPI
ventroposteroinferior n.
- VPL1a
ventroposterolateral n., lateral part
- VPLm
ventroposterolateral n., medial part
- VPM
ventroposteromedial n.
- ZI
zona incerta 相似文献