国产带膜食管支架治疗食管恶性狭窄的疗效观察

目的:评价国产带膜网状金属内支架治疗食管恶性狭窄和瘘的疗效及并发症。方法:本组47例,均为失去手术时机或有手术禁忌证的恶性肿瘤患者,其中3例食管瘘,27例食管恶性狭窄,17例贲门和吻合口狭窄,在X线电视透视下共置入国产带膜网状支架48枚。结果:内支架置入全部一次成功,无即刻并发症,术后患者狭窄改善,饮食得到恢复,瘘道封闭,有效率达100%。随访结果示支架移位3例,脱落胃内1例,23例死于癌肿晚期,生存期5~23个月,与疾病性质和相关治疗情况有关。结论:国产带膜食管内支架治疗食管恶性狭窄是安全有效的,其方法简单,并发症少,可提高患者的生存质量,是一种值得推广的治疗方法。     

被覆内支架治疗各种食管瘘—附11例分析

目的：评价金属被覆内支架治疗不同原因的食管瘘的效果。材料和方法：11例患者，均经口操作，先用球囊导管对狭窄段进行扩张，后置入国产金属Z型被覆内支架（共12枚）。结果：内支架全部置入成功，术后患者狭窄得到改善，各种食管瘘完全封闭。结论：被覆内支架是治疗各种食管瘘的安全有效的非手术方法，可明显改善患者的生存质量。     

应用金属内支架治疗食管及贲门部恶性狭窄

目的：评价金属内支架治疗食管及贲门部恶性狭窄的效果。材料和方法：１４例食管，贲门部恶性狭窄患者，１例合并有食管气管瘘。经口操作，先行球囊导管对狭窄段进行扩张，后置入金属内支架，其中１３例置入国产被覆涤纶膜Ｚ型内支架（共１５枚）。另１例应用Ｓｔｒｅｃｋｅｒ ｓｔｅｎｔ。结果：内皮架置入全部成功，术后患者狭窄得到改善，食管气管瘘孔安全封闭。术后患者平均生存时间为５．５个月。结论：金属内支架是治疗食管及     

内支架置入对食管良恶性狭窄姑息性治疗的临床应用

目的 采用内支架置入的方法对食管良恶性狭窄和食管瘘患者进行姑息性治疗,观察并比较进口支架和国产支架的临床应用情况。方法 20例食管癌所致食管狭窄患者中,手术后吻合口狭窄3例,合并食管－气管瘘4例,食管－纵 隔瘘1例。置入进口支架10个;国产支架10个。对4例食管造影显示完全梗阻和7例严重狭窄的患者,先行球囊扩张,后置入支架。9例直接置入。结果 15例单纯食管狭窄患者置入支架后,进食情况明显改善,5例合并瘘者置入带膜支架后,瘘口消失。分别随访2个月至2年。1例20d后死于消化道大出血。3例6个月后再次出现狭窄,1例行放射治疗,2例第2次置入支架。其余患者均未出现明显的进食障碍。结论 食管内支架置入术简单、安全、近期疗效明显,无严重并发症,是食管癌性狭窄和食管瘘的一种良好的姑息性治疗方法。国产支架与进出口支架疗效相仿,值得临床推广应用。     

国产被覆自膨式金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄及食管-气管瘘

目的：评价国产被覆自膨式金属内支架治疗恶性食管狭窄及食管－气管瘘的效果和适用性。方法：利用DSA高清晰度X线电视造影、定位和监视释放。经口在0．038inch Amplatz直头导丝引导下，对食管癌引起的恶性狭窄12例置入单喇叭型；对癌性食管-气管瘘12例置入双喇叭型国产被覆自膨式金属内支架，随访3－10个月。结果：24个内支架一次性植入成功，患者可即刻吞食水，不再呛咳。结论：国产支架操作简单、 成功率高、安全、效果立竿见影，价值低廉能为众多患者接受。     

内支架治疗上胃肠道恶性狭窄和食管气管瘘

目的 探讨国产带膜金属内支架姑息治疗上胃肠道恶性狭窄和食管气管瘘的临床价值.方法 32例晚期食管癌、食管-气管瘘、贲门癌、胃窦癌及其术后复发引起的吻合口恶性狭窄患者,在日立TU-41 500 mA和GE 3100-IQ DSA的监视下,将国产带膜金属内支架置入病变段.结果 32例37枚带膜内支架置放成功率为100％,患者吞咽困难及上胃肠道梗阻症状明显改善和解除,食管气管漏被封堵,未出现上胃肠道穿孔、大出血或死亡等严重并发症.结论 国产带膜金属内支架姑息治疗上胃肠道恶性狭窄和漏安全有效.     

国产带膜支架治疗食管狭窄和食管瘘的研究

探讨置入国产带膜食管支架治疗各种食管狭窄和食管瘘的效果。材料和方法采用国产不锈钢带膜支 架,在X线监视下用插送器经口置入食管病变部位。治疗食管病变所致食管狭窄26例,其中7例合并食管气管痿/纵隔 瘘;非食管病变所致气管食管瘘2例。结果28例均为一次置入成功,未出现技术问题及严重并发症。支架置入后食管 狭窄部位开通,食管瘘口封闭,患者症状均得到缓解。结论国产带膜食管支架适用于治疗各种食管狭窄和食管痿,支架 置入术简便、安全、有效。     

食管内支架置入术后脱落原因分析

目的:针对食管支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄和瘘的置入术后效果及由治疗可能引起的并发症,从中总结出一些经验及体会。方法:本组56例,均为失去手术时机或有手术禁忌症的恶性肿瘤患者,共置入覆膜镍钛合金支架及覆膜不锈钢Z型支架59枚(其中有防返流支架5枚)。结果:56例患者共置入59枚支架均一次成功,支架置入后食管狭窄改善,瘘道封闭,饮食得到恢复。有效率达100%。但在术后一段时间内有5例患者支架发生移位和/或脱落。结论:食管支架治疗食管恶性狭窄应根据患者不同情况制定不同治疗方案以最大程度减少并发症的发生。     

覆膜内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘临床分析

目的评价覆膜食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床效果。方法本组89例食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘的患者,其中并发食管气管瘘28例。食管内覆膜支架置入均在数字减影血管造影机(DSA)监视下进行。结果 89例患者均成功置入覆膜内支架,27例中上段食管气管瘘完全被封闭,进水呛咳症状消失。18例术后再狭窄,再次置入支架。结论食管覆膜内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄及食管气管瘘安全有效,能提高患者生活质量,延长生存期。     

覆膜食管支架置入术60例临床应用分析

目的：分析晚期食管癌狭窄、纵隔淋巴结增大侵犯食管狭窄、贲门失弛缓症和食管术后吻合口狭窄、腐蚀性食管狭窄及食管破裂、食管-纵隔瘘、食管-气管瘘等病变的食管支架置入术的治疗方法及效果。方法60例中,晚期食管癌患者22例;食管癌并食管-气管瘘1例;纵隔内淋巴结增大侵犯食管导致食管狭窄10例;贲门失弛缓症18例;食管癌术后狭窄5例及腐蚀局限性食管狭窄2例;食管胸腔瘘1例、食管-纵隔瘘1例;60例均采用数字多功能X线机透视引导,其中部分病例同时采用胃镜下置入导丝放置支架治疗。结果60例患者中恶性狭窄永久性植入支架33例;良性狭窄暂时性置入支架27例,暂时性置入支架均在3-28 d安全取出;支架留置以后98％（59/60）患者的摄食能力有了很大提高,生活质量明显改善。结论食管支架置入术,简捷、安全、有效,对提高食管狭窄及食管瘘患者的生活质量、延长生命是一个好的治疗方法。     

老年食管恶性狭窄金属内支架植入的姑息性治疗

目的　探讨金属内支架置入治疗老年食管恶性狭窄的疗效。方法　本组 2 8例 ,男 17例 ,女 11例 ,年龄 61～ 78岁。在X线电视透视下 ,对狭窄部位扩张后 ,共置入支架 2 8枚。结果　所有病人的支架留置均获成功 ,患者的生活质量均得到提高。结论　金属内支架植入术是治疗老年食管恶性狭窄的有效的姑息性治疗。     

Esophagogastric neoplasms: palliation with a modified gianturco stent.

Self-expanding metallic stents of a modified Gianturco design were used for palliative treatment of malignant esophagogastric strictures. Over a 10-month period, 10 stents were placed in nine patients. All patients with severe dysphagia due to malignant strictures in whom all other treatment options had failed were candidates for these stents. Neither extensive length of esophageal involvement nor complete esophageal obstruction was a contraindication. All stents were placed with fluoroscopic guidance without any technical failures or procedural morbidity or mortality. Mild reflux occurred in three patients in whom the stent tubes straddled the distal esophageal sphincter. Five patients were still alive after 1-8 months. The remaining four patients died 6-28 weeks after stent placement; all stents were patent at the time of death. These stents are easy to insert, safe, and reasonably effective for short-term palliative treatment of esophagogastric neoplasms.     

Malignant esophageal-tracheobronchial strictures: parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents

Purpose: To assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of the parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents in the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.

Material and Methods: Under fluoroscopic guidance, parallel stents were placed in 12 symptomatic patients with both malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures. Seven of these 12 patients also had an esophagorespiratory fistula (ERF) and one patient had an esophagocutaneous fistula. Technical success, clinical improvement, complications, and survival rates were evaluated.

Results: A total of 28 esophageal and airway stents were successfully placed. The grade of dysphagia and dyspnea score significantly decreased after stent placement (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). ERF and esophagocutaneous fistula were sealed off in all eight patients after esophageal stent placement; however, the esophagocutaneous fistula reopened 1 month later. Complications included stent migration or expectoration (n = 3), tracheal compression by the esophageal stent (n = 3), new fistula development due to covering membrane degradation of the esophageal stent (n = 1), and symptomatic sputum retention (n = 1). Stent removal was easily performed for two stents; one migrated stent and the other with covering membrane degradation. All 12 patients died within the mean survival period of 72.50 days (range 7-375 days).

Conclusion: Parallel placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents is safe and effective for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal and tracheobronchial strictures.     

4种食管内支架术的应用对照

目的：作者分析了４６例食管内支架术的结果，旨在选择支架术的理想方法。方法：本组收集４６例，用４种方法，共安放支架５１根。结果：支架植入均获得成功。改善患者的进食能力，提高患者的生活质量。结论：我们认为支架经胃镜在Ｘ线电视下植入治疗食管良恶性狭窄最安全、简便、可靠，因此，应将此作为支架术的首选方法     

国产被膜网状支架治疗食管癌性狭窄初步研究

目的 评价国产被膜网状支架治疗食管癌性狭窄的价值,探讨支架置入的相关技术。方法 本组30例,置入支架前,行食管造影,并用X线显影尺精确定位,然后用超滑导丝、导引导管引入超硬导丝,对狭窄部扩张后,将支架置入预定部位。结果 30例共置入支架31枚,所有病例均一次成功,患者吞咽功能明显改善,未出现食管穿孔、大出血或死亡等严重并发症。结论 国产被膜网状支架治疗食管癌性狭窄安全、有效;相关技术的改进,可减少患者不适及并发症,提高支架放置的成功率及准确性。     

Intraureteral metallic endoprosthesis in the treatment of ureteral strictures

OBJECTIVE: We report our experience on intraureteral metallic stents placement for the treatment of malignant and benign ureteral strictures. METHODS: Eight patients (six men and two women) with inoperable malignant or benign ureteral strictures, underwent insertion of metallic stents through percutaneous tracts. Six lesions (three malignant, three benign) involved ureterointestinal anastomoses after cystectomy for bladder cancer and ureteroileal urinary diversion or bladder substitution, and two malignant lesions involved the midureter. Self-expandable stents were used in seven cases and a balloon-expandable stent in the remaining one case. One stent was sufficient in seven ureters, and in one ureter, two overlapping stents were placed. RESULTS: Metallic stents were inserted without technical difficulties in all obstructed ureters and patency was achieved in all patients. Ultrasonography revealed resolution of pre-existing hydronephrosis. The duration of follow-up was 6-17 months (mean, 9 months). One ureter was occluded 8 months after stent placement because of ingrowth of tumor and granulation tissue. The other ureters showed no signs of obstruction during follow-up. No major complications directly attributable to the metallic stent occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that insertion of a metallic stent in the ureter is feasible and safe for the treatment of benign or malignant ureteral strictures. However, more work needs to be done to establish the use of these stents for the treatment of ureteral obstruction.     

Nitinol Esophageal Stents: New Designs and Clinical Indications

Purpose To evaluate the clinical use of covered and noncovered, knitted nitinol stents in patients presenting new stent indications. Methods Self-expandable, knitted nitinol stents were implanted in four patients for treatment of dysphagia. In two patients who had malignant strictures and had esophago-respiratory fistulae and in one patient with an esophagocutaneous fistula, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stents were implanted. One patient received a noncovered stent, but a retrograde approach through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) fistula had to be chosen for recanalization of an esophageal occulusion. Two patients received stents for treatment of benign strictures. Results Recanalization of the stricture and stent implantation were performed under fluoroscopic control without any procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Dysphagia improved in all patients and the esophageal fistulae could be sealed off by covered stents. During a maximum follow-up of 18 months, there was no stent migration or esophageal perforation. Complications observed were stent stenosis due to food impaction (1/4) and benign stent stenosis (2/2). Most complications could be treated by the interventional radiologist. Conclusion Self-expandable, covered Nitinol stents provide an option for the treatment of dysphagia combined with esophageal fistulae. In combination with interventional radiology techniques, even complex strictures are accessible. For benign strictures, the value of stent treatment has not yet been proven.     

食管癌放疗后狭窄食管内支架治疗方法的探讨

目的　评价食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄的临床效果及方法探讨。方法　本组 3 6例食管癌放疗后狭窄的患者 ,其中食管 -纵隔瘘 4例 ,食管 -气管瘘 5例 ,食管 -纵隔 -气管瘘 1例。 40枚食管内支架置入均在X线电视监视下进行 ,术后给予抗生素、止血药及镇静止痛药。结果　 3 6例患者均成功置入 ,其中 4例置入 2枚支架 ,1例食管气管瘘合并气管狭窄者先置入气管支架 1枚后置入食管支架 ,所有患者术后吞咽困难完全消除或明显缓解 ,食管 -气管或纵隔瘘完全封闭。 1～ 12月随诊观察 ,应用支架直径 1.8cm以上的患者 ,术后反应较大 ,并发症较多。结论　食管内支架治疗食管癌放疗后狭窄 ,选用直径 1.8cm以下的支架 ,更为安全、有效     

Fluoroscopically guided placement of a covered self-expandable metallic stent for malignant antroduodenal obstructions: preliminary results in 18 patients

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility and the clinical effectiveness of fluoroscopically guided placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents in the treatment of malignant antroduodenal obstructions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: With fluoroscopic guidance, covered self-expandable metallic stents were placed in 18 consecutive patients with inoperable malignant antroduodenal obstructions. All patients were treated for severe nausea and recurrent vomiting. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful in all patients with or without gastrostomy (n = 2) and balloon dilatation (n = 3). After stent placement, symptoms improved in all but one patient, who had another stenosis in the proximal jejunum. During the follow-up of 2-73 weeks (mean, 12 weeks), stent migration occurred in three patients (16.7%) from 1 to 41 days after the procedure. These patients were treated successfully by means of placing a second covered metallic stent. Two patients, who were followed up for longer than 30 weeks, showed a recurrence of strictures because of mechanical failure of the stents; one of the patients was treated with coaxial placement of a second covered metallic stent, which had a positive clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Fluoroscopically guided placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents is technically feasible and effective for the palliative treatment of inoperable malignant antroduodenal obstructions. The rate of stent migration in our study was lower than those in previous reports.     

Palliation of malignant esophageal strictures: initial results with self-expanding uncovered nitinol coil stents

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the uncovered coil stents in patients with malignant dysphagia. Coiled spring-shaped uncovered self-expanding metallic Esophacoil stents (Instent, Eden Prairie, Minnesota) were placed in 11 patients (9 men and 2 women; age range 38–77 years, mean age 60.5 years) with malignant esophageal strictures and dysphagia, under fluoroscopic guidance. Dysphagia was graded on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = no dysphagia; 1 = dysphagia to normal solids; 2 = dysphagia to soft solids; 3 = dysphagia to solids and liquids; 4 = complete dysphagia, inability to swallow saliva). Two patients had received radiation therapy, 4 had had chemotherapy, and 5 had had a combination of both radiation and chemotherapy before stent palliation. Control clinical examinations and endoscopic or barium swallow studies were performed every 4 weeks until the patient died. The stents were well tolerated by all patients and were effective in 9 of 11 patients with malignant dysphagia. Complications of the procedure included incomplete opening of the stent in 1 case, migration in 1 case, transient pain in 8 cases, reflux in 3 cases and minor gastrointestinal bleeding in 2 cases. Stent migration in 1 case resulted in surgical intervention and incomplete opening of the stent allowed only partial improvement of dysphagia in 1 case. The quality of life significantly improved in all other patients. Mean survival time of the patients was 73 days (range 34–125 days) and no significant tumor ingrowth was detected during the follow-up period. Insertion of an Esophacoil has a good palliative effect on dysphagia in patients with malignant esophageal strictures with few complications. Although the stent is uncovered, tumor ingrowth and overgrowth were not observed in our study, possibly because of previous treatments. Received: 22 July 1998; Revision received: 30 November 1998; Accepted: 21 December 1998