成人药学专升本教育药事管理学教学模式改革的探索与实践

目的探索成人药学“专升本”教育药事管理学教学模式，提高成人药学教育质量。方法通过调查研究，摸清成人药学“专升本”学生的特点和对课程学习的要求，根据其特点和要求，围绕药事管理学教学目标，对教师配备、教学内容、教学方法和教学效果评价等方面进行改革。结果改革后的药事管理学教学模式适合学生的特点和要求，效果良好，但问题尚存。结论成人药学‘‘专升本”药事管理学教学模式应独具特色并不断改革和完善。     

高投入中的间接效益政策评价和课题概述

医院后勤管理是运用现代管理学的理论和方法．以医学科学、管理学为基础，按照医院工作的客观规律，对医院后勤保障系统进行科学的管理．使医院的财力，物力得到合理使用．发挥最佳效益，而后勤保障中经费的合理投入，则是医院三大运行系统的关键。我们在后勤保障中实施“高投入中的间接效益”政策．这一政策是医     

《药事管理学》教学探讨

药事管理学是药学领域中的一门新兴学科。本文作者１０年来致力于探索如何实施本门课教学，使学生对学习这门课的重要性有了明确的认识，促进了药事管理学在药学领域中不断发展壮大。     

21世纪药事管理学课程基本要求探讨

从药事管理学的性质、任务、学生应获得的知识和能力、基础理论、基本方法、基本知识、基本技能、教学方法、参考性学时等方面，对21世纪药事管理学课程的基本要求进行了探讨；并对药事管理学教学内容涉及到的基本知识进行了重点论述。     

探讨教育生态学在卫生事业管理教学中的应用

教育生态学是运用生态学的观点来研究教育系统内部规律的一门科学,核心是发挥实现教育生态结构的最优化和教育生态功效。该文教育生态学的视角出发探讨,卫生事业管理学教学中的生态平衡和教育生态学视角下的卫生事业管理学教学创新。通过对卫生事业管理学实施创新教学方法,从而探索出提高大学卫生事业管理学教学质量的全新途径。     

药事管理学实践环节的教学

探讨本校药事管理学实践环节教学——处方药与非处方药市场调研的目的、程序和效果。该实践环节教学分为课堂讲授、课后调研和汇报交流三个阶段，能够培养学生综合运用药事管理学理论知识、社会科学研究方法来分析解决药事实践问题的技能，锻炼学生社会调查、口头交流、书面表达、团队合作等方面的综合能力，是一种行之有效的实践环节教学形式，值得坚持和推广。     

从美国药事管理学科的演变谈我国药事管理学科建设与发展

目的：介绍美国药事管理学科发展历史和现状，探讨我国药事管理学科的发展方向。方法：收集并分析美国药事管理学科文献资料。结果和结论：理顺药事管理学学科归属，更改学科名称为社会和管理药学，与实践紧密结合，扩大药事管理学的教育和研究领域。     

药事管理学定义的探讨

对现有药事管理学定义、差异进行了探讨，结合定义、药事、管理、管理学提出了新定义，并对其内涵进行了说明。     

药事管理学教学中存在的问题和建议

随着国家经济体制改革的深入进行,建立具有中国特色的社会主义药事管理体制,实现药事管理科学化、现代化、法制化已成为迫切需要研究解决的问题。1985年,《中华人民共和国药品管理法》颁布实施以后,部份高等药学院校(系)重新开设药事管理学,大多数院、系将药事管理学作为选修课或必修课列入教学计划中。 药事管理学已是药学科学中一门专业学科,涉及内容广。它与管理学、经济学、药学、心理学、行为学、社会学、法学等均有密切联系。由于药事管理学的特殊性,决定它的特点是:1.理论性强。药事管理学是以管理学的基本概念和技术为基础,根据药学     

药事管理学实践教学改革探讨

分析药事管理学进行实践教学改革的必要性,介绍药事管理学实践教学改革的目的、学时安排、教学内容、实施程序以及考核方式。通过调查反馈,对实践教学改革的效果进行了客观评价。实践表明,药事管理学实践教学改革取得了良好的效果,是必要的,也是可行的。在总结实践经验的基础上,提出药事管理学实践教学的注意事项和建议     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.