跨区供血的手部微型岛状皮瓣的设计和应用

目的：探索修复手指中节和末节皮肤缺损的新方法。方法：16例新鲜肢体血管灌注氧化铅－明胶混合液,通过X线片显示手背及指背皮肤内的血管结构和血管之间吻合类型。在此基础上设计并应用了两种不同的跨区供血的手部微型岛状皮瓣,1999年以来共应用14例（以指动脉侧支为蒂的掌背逆行岛状皮瓣8例和以指动脉背侧支为蒂的邻指背侧逆行岛状皮瓣6例）。结果：对指背及掌背皮肤进行解剖,结果表明指动脉背侧皮支与掌背动脉的指背支相互吻合形成皮下血管吻合支,是上述两种皮瓣的解剖基础。临床应用14例,皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣色泽、厚度与质地与手部受区皮肤接近。结论：跨区供血的手部微型岛状皮瓣扩大了指背和掌逆行岛状皮瓣的旋转弧度,为修复手指中节和末节皮肤缺损提供了一种新方法。     

指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣修复手指中、远节皮肤软组织缺损的效果.方法 从2007年6月至2009年6月,应用以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣修复25例手指中、远节皮肤软组织缺损,皮瓣旋转点位于手指近节中点或近节远段.结果 24例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣远端少部分表皮层坏死.随访病例20例,随访12～18个月.6例皮瓣蒂部局部臃肿需要二期修薄,其余皮瓣血运良好,耐寒,皮瓣薄而质地柔软,外观色泽良好,皮瓣供区无伸肌腱粘连和指蹼挛缩.5例吻合神经的皮瓣两点分辨觉6～10 mm,15例未吻合神经的皮瓣两点分辨觉8～14 mm.结论 以指固有动脉背侧支为蒂的逆行掌指背筋膜皮瓣血运可靠,旋转弧长,操作简单,皮瓣更接近创面,对皮瓣供区损伤更小,可以吻合皮神经重建皮瓣感觉,是一种修复手指中、远节软组织缺损的理想方法.     

Innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap for fingertip reconstruction

PURPOSE: Various methods of fingertip reconstruction with a sensory flap have been reported. Digital island flaps or cross-finger flaps have to be used for large defects; however, the digital artery is sacrificed when creating conventional homodigital island flaps and 2 surgeries are required for the cross-finger flap. We describe our experience with an innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap that does not require sacrifice of the digital artery. METHODS: We used innervated reverse dorsal digital flaps for fingertip reconstruction in 8 patients. The flap was supplied by the vascular network between the dorsal digital artery (the terminal branch of the dorsal metacarpal artery) and the dorsal branch of the digital artery. Venous drainage was through the cutaneous veins and the venous network associated with the dorsal arterial network. The flap was designed on either the dorsal proximal or the dorsal middle phalangeal region. The flap was harvested with the dorsal branch of the digital nerve (for the dorsal middle phalanx), the dorsal digital nerve (for the dorsal proximal phalanx), or the superficial branch of the radial nerve (for the thumb), which was anastomosed to the distal end of the digital nerve. After flap transfer the donor site was covered with a full-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: Of the 8 flaps, 6 survived completely, 1 had partial epithelial skin necrosis, and 1 showed central compression skin necrosis. Three flaps showed congestive changes from the first to the fifth day after surgery, which resolved by massage. All patients achieved satisfactory recovery of sensation; the static 2-point discrimination ranged from 3 mm to 5 mm and the Semmes-Weinstein test results ranged from 0.036 g to 0.745 g. CONCLUSIONS: The innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap provides another option for homodigital tip coverage. The advantages are that the digital artery is not sacrificed and only 1 surgery is needed. A disadvantage is the potential for venous congestion for the first 4 or 5 days after surgery.     

Vascular basis of dorsal digital and metacarpal skin flaps

We studied the vascular anatomy of dorsal digital skin flaps and the vascular anastomoses between the dorsal cutaneous branch of the palmar digital artery (PDA) and the dorsal digital branches (the terminal branches) of the dorsal metacarpal artery (DMA) at the level of the proximal phalanx. Eight fresh cadavers (16 hands) were injected with a lead oxide-gelatin mixture. Our radiographic assessment revealed that there were 2 sources of the arterial supply to the dorsum of the digit, the dorsal digital branches of the DMA, and the dorsal cutaneous branches of the PDA. These branches anastomose with each other. A flap including the territory of the dorsal cutaneous branches of the PDA and a part of the territory of the DMA can be harvested on the dorsal aspect of the proximal and middle phalanges. The extended neurovascular island flap, based on the PDA and the dorsal branch of digital nerve, can be transposed to the volar surface of an adjacent finger resurfacing the entire length of the digit.     

指背侧岛状皮瓣在手指皮肤缺损中的临床应用

目的 探讨以手指背侧微血管网为血管蒂的手指近、中节背侧皮瓣逆行修复手指不同平面皮肤缺损的临床效果.方法 2007年1月-2011年12月,以近节及中节手指桡、尺背侧的手指背侧微血管网为血管蒂,逆行修复手指近指间关节掌侧,及其以远指体掌背侧及侧方皮肤缺损60例78指,皮瓣大小为1.2 cm×2.0 cm～2.5 cm×3.5 cm.结果 术后随访6～36个月,73指皮瓣成活,5指中节指背皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药后创面愈合.术后皮瓣两点辨别觉8～10 mm,指间关节活动功能好.结论 该皮瓣具有操作简单、不损伤指固有动脉及指固有神经等优点.近节指背皮瓣面积大、血管蒂长、旋转弧大、成功率高.中节指背皮瓣血管蒂短,可用于修复末节甲根及甲中段平面背侧及指侧方皮肤缺损.     

The proximal dorsal digital flap

In 9 patients, 10 flaps based on the dorsal branches of the digital artery from the dorsum of the proximal phalanx were used to cover tissue defects on the volar aspect of the fingers. Full-thickness skin grafts were applied to the donor defects. All flaps survived completely with no donor site morbidity. This flap appears to be an easy and reliable way of covering the flexor tendon, the digital nerve and the digital artery after contracture release or for skin defects on the volar surface of the proximal phalanx. Received: 15 December 1997 / Accepted: 31 March 1998     

缝合神经的掌骨背逆行筋膜蒂皮瓣修复逆行指动脉皮瓣术后供区皮肤缺损

目的：探讨采用缝合神经的掌骨背逆行筋膜蒂皮瓣修复逆行指动脉皮瓣切取后指神经裸露及软组织缺损的方法及疗效。方法应用缝合神经的掌骨背逆行筋膜蒂皮瓣修复逆行指动脉皮瓣移植后供区软组织缺损20例21指,软组织缺损面积：1.5 cm×2.0 cm～2.0 cm×3.0 cm。随访检测患指皮瓣外观、关节活动度及感觉等指标。结果术后20例皮瓣全部成活。术后经5个月随访,修复后患指指动脉皮瓣供区外形饱满,质地柔软,局部皮肤感觉及供区各关节活动范围令人满意。结论采用缝合神经的掌骨背逆行筋膜蒂皮瓣修复逆行指动脉皮瓣切取后供区指神经裸露及软组织缺损是有效而简单的方法,并可获得良好的外形及功能。     

Free dorsal middle phalangeal finger flap

Three patients underwent finger reconstruction using free dorsal middle phalangeal finger flaps (DMF flaps). All flaps survived. The free DMF flap relies on blood flow from the dorsal branches of the digital artery and is harvested from the skin on the dorsum of the middle phalanx. The digital artery gives rise to four dorsal branches; two in the middle and two in the proximal phalangeal regions. The flap is based on the dorsal branch of the digital artery that passes near the center of the phalanx. The characteristic feature of the free DMF flap is that the dorsal cutaneous veins are used as drainage vessels. Unlike island flaps, blood congestion does not occur after free DMF flap surgery. Sensibility of the free flap may be obtained by inclusion of the dorsal branches of the digital nerves in the flap pedicle. Loss of the digital artery at the donor site can be circumvented with venous grafting. Surgery under brachial plexus block is an advantage of this flap. The free DMF flap is a useful technique for skin and soft-tissue defects.     

指动脉背侧支逆行筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的介绍一种修复手指皮肤缺损的指动脉背侧支逆行筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用。方法2001年9月～2002年12月以近节或中节指固有动脉背侧支为蒂,切取掌骨头背侧或近节手指背侧皮瓣,逆行修复近节指间关节或以远的皮肤缺损35例42指,同时对伴有骨、关节、肌腱等损伤者进行修复。皮瓣切取范围1.0cm×2.5cm～1.5cm×3.5cm。结果术后35例42指获3个月～1年随访,皮瓣全部成活;两点辨别觉6～10mm,指外形及功能佳。结论此皮瓣具有手术操作简便、不损伤指固有动脉及神经,血管蒂长、旋转弧大和成功率高等优点,是修复手指皮肤缺损较理想的方法。     

近节指背逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的 探讨应用多源供血的指背逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损的方法及疗效.方法 2005年1月至2008年12月,应用包含指动脉背侧皮支、指固有神经背侧支营养血管和深筋膜血管网三重血供来源的多源供血近节指背逆行岛状皮瓣,修复2-5指中、末节皮肤缺损59例71指,皮瓣切取面积为2.0 cm × 1.5 cm～4.0 cm × 2.8 cm.结果 术后皮瓣全部存活,随访6个月至2年,手指外形满意,皮瓣两点分辨觉达4.5～10.0 mm,平均6.6 mm,患指近指间关节活动正常,供区无明显并发症.结论 多源供血的近节指背逆行岛状皮瓣具有血供可靠、不牺牲主要血管、皮瓣感觉恢复良好的优点,是修复手指中、末节皮肤缺损的理想术式.     

带感觉支指背侧岛状皮瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的 探讨含指掌侧固有神经背侧支的指背岛状皮瓣的应用解剖学，以提高皮瓣的修复疗效。方法 在20具40侧成人上肢标本上解剖观测指掌侧固有神经背侧支的起点和走行。另对4具8侧成人上肢进行血管铸型制作，观察指掌侧固有动脉及手指静脉的分布范围。结果 示、中、环指的指掌侧固有神经在掌指关节附近恒定发出1较大的背侧支，小指尺侧未见背侧支出现；小指桡侧背侧支缺如者占82．5％。指掌侧固有神经背侧支在近节指骨中下1／3处恒定地和指掌侧固有动脉相交，在该处神经跨过动脉上方的占69．17％，另30．83％走行在动脉下方。结论 示、中、环指的背侧支有较为恒定的蒂部，可以包含在指背侧岛状皮瓣中。其体表投影为近节指骨基底掌侧部中外1／3至近侧指问关节背外侧，以及其和甲根外侧缘的连线。小指桡侧的指掌侧固有神经背侧支缺如率较高，不宜设计成背侧支指背皮瓣。     

指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复指腹缺损

目的 介绍指背筋膜逆行皮瓣修复指腹、指尖缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法 在手指近节中远段及近侧指间关节背倒设计皮瓣，皮瓣边缘不超过手指侧正中线，轴点位于远侧指间关节背桡侧或尺背侧，指背侧缘为轴心线。切取的皮瓣内含有指固有神经背侧支，转移后与创面指固有神经断端缝合。结果 本组16例皮瓣全部成活，随访5～18个月，外形美观，质地柔软、耐磨，指腹两点辨别觉为4mm—7．5mm。供区无并发症发生。结论 该皮瓣具有不损伤主要动脉、神经，操作简便，质地良好，血供可靠等优点，重建的指腹感觉恢复满意，是修复指腹缺损的较好方法。     

第二掌背动脉岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：通过解剖学研究，设计第２掌背动脉岛状皮瓣，临床修复手部皮肤缺损，获得成功。方法：对５０只经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人手标本，在放大镜下观察第２掌背动脉及伴行静脉的起端，皮支、终末支的走行；测量血管各部位的直径。结果：第２掌背动脉终末支分布于第２指蹼、示中指近节皮肤；皮支和其它掌背、掌指动脉间有丰富的吻合支。临床应用８例，顺行皮瓣７例，逆行１例。修复手背、拇指皮肤缺损，皮瓣全部成活。结论：临床应用第２掌背动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣时，可设计成顺行或逆行皮瓣，均能成活。     

Reverse dorsal digital and intercommissural flaps used for digital reconstruction.

Reverse dorsal digital and intercommissural flaps offer a simple and versatile option for skin cover of distal finger defects, especially when other local flaps are not available. Twenty-one reverse dorsal digital flaps were used, on an outpatient basis, to cover dorsal soft tissue defects over or beyond the PIP joint. All the flaps were transposed as reverse island flaps. The average size of the defects was 2.5 cm(2) and they were all used to cover exposed tendon, bone, joint or a combination. Twenty flaps survived completely and did not present any feature of circulatory difficulty. Marginal necrosis of one flap was noticed, while two patients complained of swollen finger 6 months later. No morbidity was reported and the patients maintained good range of motion. Various other types of flaps that have been used to reconstruct distal digital skin defects are reviewed and compared with the reverse dorsal digital and metacarpal flaps.     

伤指背筋膜岛状皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损

目的 介绍以伤指指背筋膜为蒂，带指固有神经背侧支的岛状皮瓣顺行或逆行转移修复指腹或指背软组织缺损的方法。方法 在手指近、中节背侧沿指固有神经背侧支走行方向设计并切取筋膜蒂皮瓣，切取皮瓣时蒂部带一矩形皮瓣，以减轻转位后皮瓣蒂部的张力。皮瓣顺行转移不需缝合神经，逆行转移时与受区神经缝合。皮瓣切取范围不超过手指侧中线，切取面在腱周浅层，皮瓣转移轴线沿指固有神经背侧支走向。结果 本组17例22指皮瓣全部成活。结论 采用伤指指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转移修复指腹或指背皮肤缺损是一种简单安全，行之有效的手术方法。     

Anatomic basis of dorsal finger skin cover

This study describes the anatomy of the dorsal cutaneous vascular system of 180 digits (36 thumbs, index, middle, ring, and little fingers) from 18 pairs of fresh human cadaver hands. The aim of this paper is to incorporate the anatomic data into the current way of designing the homodigital adipofascial turnover flap for cutaneous coverage of the dorsum of the finger. We have carried out an anatomic study in preserved cadaver hands to define the distance between the joint and the origin of the dorsal cutaneous branches of the proper palmar digital artery in the proximal and middle phalanx of the long fingers and for the thumb to metacarpal and interphalangeal joint. All branches of the proper digital artery that ran to the dorsal skin were then identified, and their diameters and the distances of their origins from the proximal interphalangeal joint were measured. We showed that 2 constant branches in the proximal and middle phalanx from each proper digital artery have consistent sites of origin at predictable distances from the proximal interphalangeal joint for the long fingers and the metacarpal and interphalangeal joint for the thumb. The flap survival was excellent, and no donor site complications were observed. We showed that these branches have consistent sites of origin at predictable distances from the proximal interphalangeal joint. The adipofascial turnover arterial flap has appeared as an excellent alternative to achieve early coverage of cutaneous wounds at the dorsal aspect of the fingers.     

以指固有动脉为蒂的掌背动脉皮瓣修复手指中远节皮肤缺损

目的 报告以指固有动脉为蒂的掌背动脉皮瓣修复手指中远节皮肤缺损的方法及临床效果.方法 对15例手指中远节皮肤缺损的患者,在应用逆行掌背动脉皮瓣修复中,采用延长掌背动脉指蹼交通支至指固有动脉,以指固有动脉为蒂旋转,修复手指中远节皮肤缺损.结果 术后15例皮瓣全部存活,随访时间平均为10个月,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意.结论 采用指固有动脉为蒂的掌背动脉皮瓣修复手指中远节皮肤缺损,明显延长了皮瓣蒂部,减少了静脉危象的发生,使皮瓣可以达到手指远节任意长度,弥补了传统掌背动脉皮瓣蒂长度不足的缺点.     

改良掌背逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨切取掌背皮瓣的改进方法及其临床应用效果方法：复习相关掌背动脉解剖学研究成果,改进掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的切取方法,以背侧指蹼中点和两掌骨基底部汇合点连线设计为轴线,距指蹼缘近侧约1．5cm为旋转点,在深筋膜下、伸肌腱腱膜浅层解剖皮瓣,保留掌背动脉远端皮支,临床分别应用修复12例食、中、环、小指中、近节皮肤软组织缺损。结果：12例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣术后远端出现张力性水疱,皮瓣远端部分表皮坏死,后创面经换药后愈合。术后随访3～6个月,皮瓣质地、外观满意,手背部外形功能良好。结论：自深筋膜下、指伸腱膜浅面解剖皮瓣,保留掌背动脉远端皮支的掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣手术方法操作简便,对供区损伤小,应用于修复手指近、中节皮肤软组织软缺损创面临床效果好。     

改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的应用

目的 探讨改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法 以指总动脉作为邻、患指指掌侧固有动脉逆行供血通道，在患指近侧指间关节近侧平面为旋转点，设计邻指指动脉岛状皮瓣逆行翻转，修复10例手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损，同时将皮瓣上的感觉神经与患指远端指神经缝合。结果 10例皮瓣全部成活，术后随访6～15个月。手指外观饱满，皮瓣颜色与正常手指相似，皮瓣质软，两点分辨觉为4mm。供区手指功能无影响。结论 改良邻指指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣适用于修复手指中节以远掌侧皮肤软组织缺损创面的覆盖，术后疗效满意。     

掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复食、中、环、小指近、中节皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法对26例食、中、环、小指中近节皮肤缺损的病例，采用掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复，设计的轴线为各指蹼背侧中点和两掌骨基底部汇合点连线，旋转点为距指蹼缘近侧约1．5cm，皮瓣解剖平面在深筋膜与伸肌腱之间。切取皮瓣最大为3．8cm×2.5cm，最小为1．8cm×0．8cm.结果26例全部成活，2例因血运障碍出现皮瓣远端部分坏死，经换药处理后愈合。术后随访2-10个月，皮瓣质地、外观满意，手部功能良好。结论掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣手术操作简便，损伤小，应用于手指近中节皮肤缺损的修复效果良好。