血栓致人工瓣膜急性功能障碍的外科治疗

目的 :研究血栓致人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍的治疗。方法 :分析与总结心脏机械瓣膜置换术后 ,因血栓形成致人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍再次手术的效果。结果 :在 730例行机械瓣膜置换术的患者中 ,8例患者因血栓致人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍 ,均行瓣膜置换术 ,死亡 1例 ,与手术操作有关。余均痊愈出院。结论 :心脏机械瓣膜急性功能障碍的患者 ,手术应宜早宜快 ,操作应仔细。加强抗凝是关键。     

心脏瓣膜置换术后再次手术52例治疗体会

人工瓣膜置换术后可出现机械瓣膜急性功能障碍、人工瓣膜心内膜炎、人工瓣膜瓣周漏及生物瓣衰败等严重并发症,此时再次换瓣是挽救患者生命的惟一治疗方法.1988年7月至2005年4月,我们共施行再次心脏瓣膜替换术52例,取得了满意效果.现报告如下.     

术中经食管超声心动图对心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻人工瓣膜功能异常的诊断价值

目的:探讨术中经食管超声心动图对心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻人工瓣膜功能异常的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2011年4月至2016年9月我院心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻急性人工瓣膜功能异常患者11例资料,总结术中经食管超声心动图结果,并与手术结果进行对照分析。结果:11例患者中,机械瓣置换术8例,生物瓣置换术3例。术中经食管超声心动图显示,瓣膜功能异常包括人工瓣膜梗阻(7例)及瓣膜关闭不全(4例)。术中经手术证实,人工瓣膜梗阻原因包括:残留血栓、残留腱索、保留二尖瓣后叶、主动脉瓣下隔膜、机械瓣离体瓣叶开放受限;人工瓣膜关闭不全原因包括:生物瓣瓣叶脱垂、缝线勒住生物瓣瓣脚及瓣膜内源性因素。11例患者再次接受手术,其中6例更换新的人工瓣膜,其余5例去除梗阻原因,所有患者均未再次出现人工瓣膜功能异常,住院期间无患者死亡。结论:经食管超声心动图可及时确认心脏瓣膜置换术后即刻人工瓣膜功能异常,协助判别内源性因素并指导外科补救。     

人工机械瓣膜急性功能障碍(附6例报告)

1986年以来,我院为350例患者行心脏瓣膜置换术,术后发生机械瓣膜急性功能障碍6例,均经再次手术或尸解证实。现总结分析如下。1 临床资料 本组男4例,女2例;年龄23～53岁(平均37岁)。行二尖瓣置换术5例,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换术1例。瓣膜功能障碍距首次手术时间为10分钟至13个月。临床主要表现为突然室颤,其中心脏骤停2例,急性左心衰及机械瓣金属音消失3例,另1例表现为低血压、桡动脉平均压波动范围较大。瓣膜急性功能障碍的原因为人工瓣叶破裂造成卡瓣2例,瓣柱断裂造成卡瓣1例,血栓形成堵塞瓣口、残留细腱索卡瓣及左心室后壁钙化斑块影响瓣叶开放各1例。再次手术时重新置换机械瓣或生物瓣各2例,调整瓣叶开口方向1例,另1例为双瓣置换术后,怀疑低血钾心脏骤停,心脏复苏后并行机诫转流3小     

心脏瓣膜置换术后患者再次换瓣效果观察

目的观察心脏瓣膜置换术后再次换瓣的效果。方法本组59例患者,其中风湿性心脏病瓣膜替换术后58例,扩张性心肌病左室减容术同时行二、三尖瓣替换术后1例。因机械瓣膜急性功能障碍、人工瓣膜心内膜炎、人工瓣膜瓣周漏及生物瓣衰败出现瓣膜功能缺失者急症行再次换瓣手术,其中5例急症手术时行股动脉插管灌注。换瓣术后瓣周漏6例,4例行再次瓣膜置换术,2例限期直接采用带垫片褥式缝合修补术。生物瓣衰败43例中,23枚猪瓣及25枚牛心包瓣多为不同程度的瓣叶增厚、钙化,同时合并不同程度瓣叶撕裂、穿孔,择期行再次瓣膜替换术及附加手术。结果术后早期死亡2例,出现并发症4例,晚期死亡2例,失访5例。50例心功能恢复至Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。结论 心脏瓣膜置换术后出现严重瓣膜功能缺失者行再次换瓣效果较好。     

人工机械瓣膜功能障碍诊断及治疗进展

瓣膜置换术是治疗瓣膜疾病的主要手段,而人造瓣膜功能障碍为心脏瓣膜置换术中较为严重的并发症之一,按瓣膜种类可分为机械瓣功能障碍和生物瓣功能障碍,按临床特点可分为急性和慢性功能障碍,按发病机制可分为内源性因素和外源性因素障碍,临床上机械瓣膜功能障碍起病急,可能带来严重后果,需要尽旱诊断和处理,现对人工机械瓣膜功能障碍的常见原因、临床表现、诊断和治疗做一综述。     

亚治疗剂量低分子肝素作为机械瓣膜患者再次外科手术的桥接抗凝治疗效果

目的 机械心脏瓣膜（MHV）患者接受再次手术时，需要中断华法林的抗凝治疗，往往需要桥接低分子肝素（LMWH）进行抗凝。本研究的目的是评估MHV患者再次接受择期手术（心脏手术和非心脏手术）桥接亚治疗剂量的LMWH是否是一种安全有效的方法。 方法 观察我院在2013年1月1日到2018年1月1日收治的需再次择期手术的机械瓣膜置换术后患者（瓣膜置换组，n = 47），瓣膜置换组纳入标准是围手术期桥接抗凝的机械瓣置换的患者,并经心外科医生制定桥接抗凝方案患者（机械瓣主动脉瓣置换术后患者14例，机械瓣二尖瓣/双瓣置换术后患者33例），以同期行相同手术的患者（未做过瓣膜置换术）为对照组（n = 47），主要观察指标是住院病死率、术中出血量、桥接后30 d内血栓栓塞事件或主要出血事件的发生率。 结果 瓣膜置换组术中出血量及术后第一个24 h出血量较对照显著增多（P < 0.05），瓣膜置换组1例死亡（2%），死亡原因为低心排，并出现1例（2%）出血事件，两组均未发生栓塞事件，但与对照组相比两组病死率、栓塞事件和出血事件发生率均无显著性差异。 结论 机械瓣膜置换术后患者在进行择期外科手术期间采用亚治疗剂量LMWH进行桥接抗凝术中出血量增多，但严重并发症发生率无显著增加，此结论尚需进一步验证。     

95例再次人工机械瓣置换术

目的:总结95例再次人工机械瓣置换术的外科治疗经验。方法:自2000年1月至2010年4月共行心脏瓣膜置换术3235例,其中95例行再次人工机械瓣置换术。本组95例第一次手术均是行人工机械瓣置换术后的患者,其中机械瓣功能障碍65例,瓣周漏19例,机械瓣心内膜炎11例,手术均在全麻体外循环心脏停跳下进行,其中急诊手术35例,限期手术20例,择期手术40例。其中二尖瓣置换74例,主动脉瓣置换12例,双瓣置换9例,同期行三尖瓣置换13例,三尖瓣成形45例。结果:围术期死亡7例,病死率7.37%,其中有3例是术中无法脱离体外循环机,2例因术后出现严重低心排出量综合征(低心排)及多脏器功能衰竭死亡,1例死于术后心室颤动(室颤),1例死于术后脑出血、脑疝,其余88例痊愈出院。随访3个月至4年,晚期死亡4例,存活患者心功能均明显改善。结论:掌握好手术时机、手术技术及术后处理,是再次机械瓣置换术成功的重要因素。     

以心衰为主要表现的慢性人工机械瓣功能障碍一例

人造瓣膜功能障碍为心脏瓣膜置换术中较为严重的一种并发症。Vitale等报道,机械瓣置换术后14年内机械瓣功能障碍的发生率为4．63％（87／1878）。以下介绍1例以发热、咳嗽伴胸闷为首发表现,临床易误诊的慢性机械瓣功能障碍病例。     

MEDTRONIC Open Pivot主动脉瓣机械瓣置换术后早中期临床结果

目的:回顾性分析MEDTRONIC Open Pivot主动脉瓣机械瓣置换术后早中期临床结果。方法:连续收集2016年1月至2019年12月在中国医学科学院阜外医院使用MEDTRONIC Open Pivot主动脉瓣机械瓣行瓣膜置换术的患者348例,回顾性分析患者的基线临床资料、手术结果、早中期生存率和并发症发生情况。结果:348例患者中,男性283例(81.3%),平均年龄(49.4±11.2)岁。围术期无患者死亡和二次手术。共333例(95.7%)患者完成随访,平均随访(1.9±0.8)年(最长3.36年,共计627人年)。随访期间,11例(3.3%)患者死亡,术后第1、2、3、4年分别死亡3例、2例、5例、1例;5例死于心力衰竭,1例死因为人工瓣膜功能障碍,1例因脑出血死亡,4例为其他非心脑血管原因死亡。术后1年、2年、3年累积生存率分别为99.0%、98.1%、93.5%。随访期间,14例(4.2%)患者出现人工瓣膜功能障碍,发生率为2.23%/人年;6例(1.8%)患者出现瓣周漏,发生率为0.96%/人年;2例(0.6%)患者因严重瓣周漏需二次接受手术。17例(5.1%)患者发生主要不良事件,其中心肌梗死1例(0.3%),脑出血2例(0.6%),脑栓塞1例(0.3%),其他严重出血事件13例(3.9%)。结论:MEDTRONIC Open Pivot主动脉瓣机械瓣有效、耐用,置换术后死亡率及并发症发生率低,是主动脉瓣膜置换的可靠选择之一。     

急诊心脏瓣膜替换25例报告

目的:探讨急诊心脏瓣膜替换手术时机和围手术期处理措施。方法:1995年1月至2009年5月,对急性心脏瓣膜功能障碍致急性心肺功能衰竭施行急诊瓣膜置换25例,其中男性15例,女性10例,年龄12～64岁,术前心功能均为Ⅳ级。二尖瓣病变17例,其中二尖瓣机械瓣替换术后血栓形成致人工瓣膜功能障碍7例,人工瓣膜性心内膜炎并瓣周漏4例,感染性心内膜炎致急性二尖瓣腱索及乳头肌断裂并二尖瓣重度关闭不全5例,二尖瓣关闭不全并预激症1例。主动脉瓣病变8例,其中感染性心内膜炎并主动脉穿孔致急性心力衰竭(心衰)3例,血栓形成致人工瓣功能障碍2例,主动脉关闭不全并主动脉窦瘤破裂致急性心衰2例,外伤性主动脉瓣撕裂致主动脉瓣重度关闭不全1例。二尖瓣替换18例,其中再次心脏瓣膜替换11例,同时施行三尖瓣成形9例,异常传导束旁路切断1例。主动脉瓣替换8例。置入机械瓣22例,生物瓣3例。主动脉阻断时间34～80 min,转流时间70～160 min。结果:早期死亡1例,死于术后严重低心排综合征(低心排),其余病例术后恢复顺利,随访1～13年,心功能恢复良好。结论:及时、准确诊断,果断抉择手术时机,合理选择术式及良好围术期处理是进一步提高手术疗效的关键。     

人工心脏瓣膜失功12例分析

我院自１９８４年１月至１９９３年１２月共行心脏瓣膜置换术６３２例，其中１２例因人工心脏瓣膜失功而进行再次人工心脏瓣膜置换术。失功的主要原因为人工生物瓣衰败和人工机械瓣卡瓣。术后早期死亡５例，死亡原因为术后低心排出量综合征、多脏器功能衰竭和严重感染。     

Dysfunction of mechanical heart valve prosthesis: experience with surgical management in 48 patients

Background

Dysfunction of mechanical heart valve prostheses is an unusual but potentially lethal complication after mechanical prosthetic valve replacement. We seek to report our experience with mechanical valve dysfunction regarding etiology, surgical techniques and early outcomes.

Methods

Clinical data of 48 patients with mechanical valve dysfunction surgically treated between October 1996 and June 2011 were analyzed.

Results

Mean age was 43.7±10.9 years and 34 were female (70.8%). The median interval from primary valve implantation to dysfunction was 44.5 months (range, 1 hour to 20 years). There were 21 emergent and 27 elective reoperations. The etiology was thrombosis in 19 cases (39.6%), pannus in 12 (25%), thrombosis and pannus in 11 (22.9%), improper disc orientation in 2 (4.1%), missing leaflet in 1 (2.1%), excessively long knot end in 1 (2.1%), endogenous factor in 1 (2.1%) and unidentified in 1 (2.1%). Surgical procedure was mechanical valve replacement in 37 cases (77.1%), bioprosthetic valve replacement in 7 (14.9%), disc rotation in 2 (4.2%) and excision of excessive knot end in 1 (2.1%). Early deaths occurred in 7 patients (14.6%), due to low cardiac output in 3 (6.3%), multi-organ failure in 2 (4.2%) and refractory ventricular fibrillation in 2 (4.2%). Complications occurred in 10 patients (20.8%).

Conclusions

Surgical management of mechanical valve dysfunction is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Earlier identification and prompt reoperation are vital to achieving better clinical outcomes. The high incidence of thrombosis in this series highlights the need for adequate anticoagulation and regular follow-up after mechanical valve replacement.     

主动脉瓣人工瓣膜置换术156例分析

目的总结成人主动脉瓣人工机械瓣膜置换手术的经验.方法1996年1月至2005年1月对156例成人行主动脉瓣置换,术中均行人工机械瓣膜置换,其中双叶瓣125例,单叶瓣31例.13例行瓣膜侧倾缝合,6例行主动脉瓣瓣环加宽.结果存活151例,死亡7例,死亡率4.48%.结论对主动脉瓣膜行人工机械瓣瓣膜置换手术术前充分估计瓣环大小,术中良好的灌注、心肌保护、选择合适瓣膜和恰当手术方法,可降低死亡率.     

Fulminant thrombosis of mechanical mitral valve prosthesis

In patients with prosthetic heart valves non-cardiac surgery may require temporary discontinuation of oral anticoagulation. Although the risk of valve related thromboembolic complications may generally be only slightly increased during the short perioperative period, in the presence of certain risk factors, replacement of oral anticoagulation with heparin is recommended. In the presented patient, unusually fulminant and finally fatal thrombosis of a mechanical mitral valve prosthesis developed within only 48 hours after non-cardiac surgery despite heparin treatment. The thrombosis was triggered by clinical conditions favouring a hypercoagulable state. This report dramatically shows that despite improvements in prosthetic heart valve design and in the management of anticoagulation, thrombosis remains one of the most dangerous complications after valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis.


Keywords: complications; mitral valve; mechanical prosthesis; thrombosis     

Causes of reoperations and their outcomes in patients with the Marfan's syndrome after correction of the ascending aorta aneurysm and aortic insufficiency

Aim of the study was to elucidate causes of repeat operations and their outcomes in patients with the Marfan's syndrome. Between December 1972 and January 2009 60 patients with Marfan's syndrome were operated for aneurysm of the ascending aorta and aortic insufficiency. All patients were subjected to ascending aorta and aortic valve replacement with valve containing conduit. Five of 60 patients (8.3%) were subjected to 7 repeat operations (2 patients were reoperated twice). Causes of repeat interventions were: conduit dysfunction (n=3), abdominal aortic aneurysm (n=3), mitral valve prolapse (n=1). Three patients died: 2 during surgery because of impaired conduit function, one - in 1 year after repeat operation of mitral valve replacement for mitral valve prolapse with pronounced mitral insufficiency. In all cases cause of death was progressive heart failure. As an example a case of a female patient who had been subjected to repetitive surgeries because of malfunctioning conduit is presented in this paper. Main reason for reoperations was the Marfan's syndrome itself. Progression of this disease might continue after operation, alteration of the aortic wall promote dissection in regions not subjected to prosthetics. Application of prostheses especially designed for replacement of the ascending aorta excludes such causes of reoperations and death as disruption of old sutured of two parts conduits.     

Repair of congenital malformations of the mitral valve in children: early and long-term results in 34 cases

From March 1972 through December 1986, 34 children underwent surgical treatment of mitral valve dysplasia at our institution. There were 14 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 6 years (range, 5 months to 15 years). Eighteen patients had significant mitral valve insufficiency; 16 had significant mitral valve stenosis. Mitral valve reconstruction was possible in 30 patients (88.2%); replacement of the mitral valve with a mechanical prosthesis was necessary in the other 4 patients (11.8%), after at least 1 attempted reconstruction. Five patients died in the hospital (14.7%): 4 after conservative surgery, and 1 after mitral valve replacement. A 6th patient died 26 months after mitral valve replacement and resection of a subaortic membrane. Four patients required reoperation 2 to 66 months after conservative treatment: in 3 of these, the mitral valve was replaced; in the 4th, additional reconstruction was successful. Upon follow-up (range, 3 months to 14 years after surgery), 26 of the 28 surviving patients were asymptomatic; 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography performed in 22 patients after mitral valve repair showed normal pulmonary artery pressure in all, and moderate mitral valve dysfunction in 2. Our results indicate that reconstructive surgery for mitral valve dysplasia may prove effective and reliable in children, despite the frequent severity of valve malformation. We believe, therefore, that mitral valve repair should always be attempted in the pediatric population to avoid the disadvantages of prosthetic valve replacement.     

同种主动脉瓣在心脏外科的应用

目的总结同种主动脉瓣在心脏外科的应用,探讨其优越性。方法1995年1月至2000年12月,应用同种带瓣主动脉手术治疗先天性及后天性瓣膜疾病18例。其中完全性大动脉转位并右室双出口1例,行Rastelli手术;主动脉瓣狭窄及（或）关闭不全17例,先天性8例,风湿性9例,1例行Ross手术,余皆行主动脉瓣置换手术。结果早期死亡1例：Rastelli手术患者术后因严重低心排死亡;其余均顺利康复。随诊2～10年,1例主动脉瓣置换术后1年因同种瓣严重瓣损毁行二次手术置换机械瓣,术后18d死于多器官系统功能衰竭;其余患者术后生存状态均良好。结论同种主动脉瓣用于心脏瓣膜的置换及心室流出道的重建,可获得很好的临床效果。     

人工机械瓣功能障碍的超声诊断

目的　评价人工机械瓣功能障碍彩色多普勒超声心动图的诊断价值。方法　使用 Sequoia2 5 6、HP5 5 0 0、ATL超 9彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检查 42例 (4 4个人工瓣 )术后重复出现临床症状的病人 ,并与手术结果进行比较。结果超声诊断瓣膜梗阻 12个 ,瓣周漏 16个 ,瓣内漏 16个 ,与手术相符率为 :人工瓣膜梗阻为 10 0 %,瓣周漏为 81%,瓣内漏为 87%。引起功能障碍原因有血栓、赘生物、缝线撕脱、碟片磨损。结论　超声诊断人工机械瓣功能障碍准确性高 ,是临床上评价人工机械瓣功能障碍的最重要检查方法。     

高龄患者主动脉瓣膜退行性病变生物瓣膜置换手术38例临床总结

目的:探讨高龄主动脉瓣膜退行性病变生物瓣膜置换手术的临床特点。方法:2003年8月至2005年8月,我们对38例>70岁的主动脉瓣膜退行性病变的生物瓣膜置换手术者进行回顾性分析。结果:1例死于术后第二天主动脉破裂,1例脑栓塞合并左侧肢体偏瘫,1例完全性房室传导阻滞,置入永久心脏起搏器。手术后1年随访,心功能明显改善,生活质量满意。结论:高龄主动脉瓣膜退行性病变生物瓣膜置换手术临床效果满意。