超声心动图评价左心房功能

<正>左心房在整个心动周期中发挥着重要作用:在左心室收缩期,作为从肺静脉回流血液的储存库;在快速充盈期和缓慢充盈期,作为血液从肺静脉进人左心室的管道;在心房收缩期,增加左心室充盈;当左心室舒张功能障碍时,     

实时三维超声心动图测量左心房功能相关参数及其应用价值

目的应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)探讨健康人左心房容积及功能相关参数的正常值及其应用价值。方法选取202名健康志愿者,按性别分为男性组和女性组,按年龄分为A组≤40岁(63名),B组41⁶0岁(87名),C组>60岁(52名)。应用RT-3DE技术获得左心房最大容积(LAEDV)、左心房最小容积(LAESV)、左心房射血量(LASV)、左心房收缩前容积(LApre)、左心房被动排空容积(LAVp)、左心房主动排空容积(LAVa)和左心房射血分数(LAEF),并对参数用体表面积校正,得出标化LAEDVI、LAESVI、LASVI、LApreI、LAVpI、LAVaI、LAEF',统计分析得到上述参数正常值区间范围,并比较各年龄组及性别组之间的差异。结果 202名健康志愿者LAEDVI为(32.5860岁(87名),C组>60岁(52名)。应用RT-3DE技术获得左心房最大容积(LAEDV)、左心房最小容积(LAESV)、左心房射血量(LASV)、左心房收缩前容积(LApre)、左心房被动排空容积(LAVp)、左心房主动排空容积(LAVa)和左心房射血分数(LAEF),并对参数用体表面积校正,得出标化LAEDVI、LAESVI、LASVI、LApreI、LAVpI、LAVaI、LAEF',统计分析得到上述参数正常值区间范围,并比较各年龄组及性别组之间的差异。结果 202名健康志愿者LAEDVI为(32.58³5.05)ml/m2,LAESVI为(14.8035.05)ml/m2,LAESVI为(14.80¹6.21)ml/m2,LASVI为(17.8716.21)ml/m2,LASVI为(17.87¹9.40)ml/m2,LApreI为(17.9919.40)ml/m2,LApreI为(17.99¹9.86)ml/m2、LAVpI为(10.4619.86)ml/m2、LAVpI为(10.46¹1.92)ml/m2、LAVaI为(6.8811.92)ml/m2、LAVaI为(6.88⁷.92)ml/m2、LAEF'为53.54%7.92)ml/m2、LAEF'为53.54%⁵5.95%。男性组与女性组比较LAEDVI、LAESVI、LASVI、LApreI、LAVpI、LAVaI、LAEF'值差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。不同年龄组间比较LAEDVI、LAESVI、LASVI、LApreI、LAVpI、LAVaI值差异有统计学意义(均为P<0.05),LAEF'值随年龄增加呈递减趋势,但差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。结论 RT-3DE技术在评价左心房容积及功能方面是可行的,并初步建立了健康人左心房容积与功能相关参数的医学参考值,为临床评估左心房结构和功能提供参考。     

实时三维超声心动图评价心肌梗死患者左心房功能

目的应用实时三维超声心动图技术评价心肌梗死患者左心房功能改变。方法分别对37例陈旧性心肌梗死患者和50名健康人进行二维超声心动图和三维超声心动图检查。测量左心房射血分数(LAEF)、左心室舒张末容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣E/e'。采用成组t检验比较两组指标。结果与健康组比较,心肌梗死患者左心室容积、左心房内径、二尖瓣环内径、二尖瓣E/e'和LAEF[(11.5±5.6)kdyne比(4.8±2.7)kdyne]均明显增加(均为P<0.05)。结论实时三维超声心动图技术能够用以评价左心房功能。左心室功能减低的心肌梗死患者表现为左心房收缩功能代偿增强。     

超声心动图早期诊断慢性肺心病的价值

慢性肺心病是较常见的心脏病之一,既往临床诊断多始于右心功能失代偿期,为时已晚。超声心动图是较为敏感的辅助检查手段,在失代偿期前即可检出,对慢性肺心病的早期诊断、及时治疗、予后都有非常重要的意义。本文就１５０例慢性支气管炎患者检出的慢性肺心病资料报道如下：１　对象和方法１．１　观察对象　患者１５０例,男１２９例,女２１例。均以咳嗽、咳痰为主要症状或伴有喘息,每年发病持续３个月。慢性支气管炎病史３年～５０年,平均２０年。临床诊断慢性肺心病６３例,疑诊慢性肺心病２７例。１．２　诊断标准　①心电图及Ｘ线…     

肺栓塞的超声心动图诊断

目的探讨经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图肺栓塞的诊断价值。方法利用二维超声(2DE)、脉冲多普勒(PW)和彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检测肺动脉、心脏和下腔静脉等。结果超声心动图肺栓塞的直接征象可做诊断,间接征象可做提示。结论超声心动图简便易行、费用低,可筛检、重复检测肺动脉压。     

实时三维超声心动图评价高血压患者左心室心肌质量及左心房功能

目的应用实时三维超声心动图技术评价高血压患者左心室质量、左心房功能,并对左心室质量的测量与常规M型方法进行对照。方法在37名健康人、39例高血压无左心室肥厚(NLVH)患者和27例高血压伴左心室肥厚(LVH)患者中进行了超声心动图检查。应用M型超声心动图测量左心室质量(LVM)并计算左心室质量指数(LVMI),实时三维超声测量左心室质量(LVM)及LVMI,左心房舒张末容积(LAEDV)、左心房收缩末容积(LAESV),左心房射血分数(LAEF),并比较高血压组(NLVH组、LVH组)与健康对照组之间的差异。结果对照组、高血压NLVH组、LVH组3组间左心室质量指数两种检测方法差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),并且发现三维超声检测结果较M型测量数值低。左心房收缩功能指标各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在左心室重构、心肌质量增大的高血压患者,左心房容积增大,而收缩功能减低。结论实时三维超声技术能够定量评价高血压患者左心房功能,测量左心室质量。     

超声心动图发展概要

影像学检查通过人体脏器的扫查,提供重要的解剖学信息,而超声心动图能够实时评价心脏解剖结构、功能以及血流动力学信息。三维超声心动图、应变成像等定量评估方法以及超声增强显影不再是纸上谈兵,已经广泛应用于临床并且为患者的诊断和预后提供了丰富信息。本文主要通过超声心动图新技术在心脏移植等新领域的应用来阐述其重要性,从而指导治疗。     

完全性和矫正性大动脉转位的超声心动图诊断及误诊分析

作者报道经手术或心血管造影证实的完全大动脉转位４例、矫正性大动脉转位９例的超声结果，超声诊断符合率７６．９％（１０／１３例）。大动脉转位并发畸形以室间隔缺损及肺动脉狭窄最多见，其次为房间隔缺损。本组误诊为右室双出口３例，其原因与室缺较大、大动脉远离室间隔、室间隔移位和切面选择等有关。作者认为大动脉转位选择剑突下切面观察最佳。     

超声心动图对中等以上心包积液的诊断

超声心动图的广泛应用使心包积液的检出率较过去明显提高。一些症状不明显、物理检查和其他实验室检查不能确定的病例,通过超声心动图检查能予以证实。本文作者对９７例中等以上心包积液进行分析。１　临床资料　检查方法：患者平卧位或侧卧位,取左室长轴切面、心尖和剑突下四腔切面、左室各短轴切面及主动脉根部短轴切面进行二维及Ｍ型超声心动图检查。心包积液的半定量分级（依据周永昌,郭万学,主编《超声医学》,５１５）：少量心包积液（５０ｍｌ～１００ｍｌ）：心包腔无回声区３ｍｍ～５ｍｍ,限于房室沟和左室后下壁;中等量心包…     

超声心动图对心肌梗死后并发左心室附壁血栓的诊断价值

目的探讨超声心动图对心肌梗死后并发左心室附壁血栓的诊断价值。方法选取2010年9月—2011年9月阜外心血管病医院收治的35例心肌梗死后并发左心室附壁血栓患者的超声心动图,观察其特点。结果超声心动图可显示患者左心室受累的程度及左心室附壁血栓的部位、形态、大小等。结论超声心动图是诊断心肌梗死后并发左心室附壁血栓的敏感手段,其简便、无创、准确、可重复性强。     

Atrial fibrillatory rate and risk of left atrial thrombus in atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: In atrial fibrillation (AF), a relation between electrocardiogram (ECG) fibrillatory wave amplitude and thrombus formation has been sought for long with conflicting results. In contrast, the possible relation between atrial fibrillatory rate obtained from the surface ECG and left atrial thrombus formation in patients with AF is unknown and was consequently evaluated in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty-five patients (mean age 64 +/- 12 years, 72% male) with persistent non-valvular AF (mean duration 28 +/- 80 days) undergoing transesophageal echocardiography were studied. In all patients, standard 12-lead ECG recordings were acquired before the examination. Atrial fibrillatory rate was determined using spatiotemporal QRST cancellation and time-frequency analysis of lead V1. Atrial fibrillatory rate measured 401 +/- 63 fibrillations per minute (fpm, range 235-566 fpm) and was related with age (R = -0.326, P < 0.001), ventricular rate (R = -0.202, P = 0.024), gender (407 +/- 62 in males vs. 387 +/- 64 fpm in females, P = 0.038) but not AF duration (R = 0.088, P = 0.374), presence of lone AF (408 +/- 66 vs. 394 +/- 58 fpm, P = 0.228), or beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker treatment (398 +/- 63 vs. 405 +/- 62 fpm, P = 0.556). Age was the only independent predictor of fibrillatory rate (B = -1.714, P < 0.001). In patients with left atrial thrombus (n = 10), spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) was more frequently present (70 vs. 29 %, p = 0.007) and left atrial appendage (LAA) outflow velocity was lower (26 +/- 20 vs. 37 +/- 15 cm/s, P = 0.012) than in patients without thrombus (n = 115). In contrast, mean fibrillatory rate, which showed a weak inverse correlation with LAA velocity (R = -0.118, P = 0.048) was not different between both groups (380 +/- 56 vs. 403 +/- 63 fpm, P = 0.226). Similarly, presence of thrombus and SEC combined was not related with fibrillatory rate. CONCLUSION: Atrial fibrillatory rate obtained from surface ECG lead V1 is not a risk marker for left atrial thrombus formation in AF.     

Giant left atrial thrombus successfully treated with anticoagulation

A giant left atrial mass (6 cm x 4 cm) was visualised on a transoesophageal echocardiogram in an elderly woman who had a history of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The surgical removal of the mass, presumed to be a thrombus, was declined by the patient, and oral anticoagulation with warfarin was initiated. After eight weeks of anticoagulation, a repeat echocardiogram demonstrated complete resolution of the mass, without systemic embolisation.     

慢性心房颤动患者左心房扩大与左心房血栓形成的相关性

目的:探讨慢性心房颤动患者左心房扩大与左心房血栓形成的相关性。方法:选择我院确诊的80例慢性心房颤动伴左心房扩大患者为左心房扩大组,80例慢性心房颤动左心房无扩大患者为心房无扩大组,应用经食管超声检测左心房大小及观察有无血栓。根据食管超声检查结果分为血栓形成组(22例)和无血栓组(138例),通过单因素及多元逐步Logistic回归分析,分析左心房血栓形成的危险因素。结果:超声心动图显示左心房扩大组心房内血栓形成率明显高于左心房无扩大组(17.5%比10.0%,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,与心房内血栓形成的相关的危险因素有:左心房直径(OR=4.514,95%CI:1.243～14.206,P=0.01)、病程(OR=1.106,95%CI:0.898～1.071,P=0.035)。结论:心房颤动患者的左心房扩大,可导致心肌收缩力下降,增加左心房内血栓形成的危险性,是左心房内血栓形成的有意义的预测因子。     

Echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular-right atrial communication (Gerbode-type defect) in an adult with chronic renal failure: a case report.

Left ventricular-right atrial communication, known as a Gerbode-type defect, is a rare form of ventricular septal defect. It is usually congenital, but rarely acquired. Clinical presentation is associated with the volume of the shunt. Transthoracic echocardiography is the most useful diagnostic method. We present a 63-year-old man with chronic renal failure and left ventricular-right atrial shunt.     

64排螺旋CT在诊断房颤患者左房血栓中的作用

目的：评价64排螺旋CT行左房及肺静脉计算机断层血管摄影术（CTA）诊断左房血栓的可行性及有效性。方法：51例需行房颤射频消融术或二尖瓣狭窄伴房颤患者拟行球囊扩张术前常规行左房及肺静脉CTA检查,有左房血栓的病例作为实验组,未提示左房血栓的病例作为对照组.所有病例均行经食道超声检查（TEE）,且在行左房及肺静脉CTA检查时测量左房容积（LAV）。检查前均抽取静脉血检查脑钠肽（BNP）水平。结果：51例房颤患者CTA检测出左房血栓11例,无左房血栓40例,均经TEE检测证实;与房颤无血栓组比较,房颤伴左房血栓组BNP水平明显升高[（168.10±50.68）pg/ml比（253.03±150.88）pg/ml],LAV明显增大[（150.55±47.44）cm2比（229.10±104.96）cm2],P均〈0.05。结论：房颤患者行左房及肺静脉CTA检查可以发现是否存在左房血栓,是检测房颤患者是否存在左房血栓的一种无创性方法。     

The left atrial function index: a rhythm independent marker of atrial function.

AIMS: This study evaluates a simple echocardiographic rhythm independent expression of left atrial (LA) function, 'the left atrial function index' (LAFI). BACKGROUND: Quantitation of LA function is challenging and often established parameters including peak A are limited to sinus rhythm (SR). We hypothesized that atrial function could be characterized independent of rhythm by combining analogues of LA volume, reservoir function and LV stroke volume. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF) were followed for six months post cardioversion (CV). Thirty-seven age matched healthy subjects were controls. The LAFI = LAEF x LVOT-VTI/LAESVI (LAEF = LA emptying fraction, LAESVI = maximal LA volume indexed to BSA, LVOT-VTI = outflow tract velocity time integral). RESULTS: The LAFI pre-CV in the CAF group was depressed vs controls (0.10 +/- 0.05 vs 0.54 +/- 0.17; P = 0.0001). Post-CV, LAFI was lower in persistent AF than in those restored to SR (AF vs SR: 0.08 +/- 0.03 vs 0.15 +/- 0.08; P = 0.0001), improved progressively in SR and was unchanged when AF persisted. CONCLUSION: The LAFI, a simple, rhythm independent expression of atrial function, appears sensitive to differences between individuals in AF and those restored to SR and justifies clinical and investigative applications.     

Massive left atrial thrombus: a case report.

This case report describes a patient with aortic and mitral valvular disease who had a massive left atrial thrombus. The left atrial thrombus produced a disappearance of signs of mitral stenosis and a reversed pan diastolic mitral valve gradient. This gradient occurred in the absence of any diastolic mitral insufficiency and may have been due to artifactual lowering of the left atrial pressure by an organized left atrial clot.     

Giant right atrial aneurysm: a case report

Giant right atrial aneurysm is a very rare congenital heart defect. We report a case which was diagnosed during fetal life and operated on at 4 months of age with excision of the aneurysmal part and pericardial patch closure. Early repair is recommended to prevent late complications such as arrhythmias and thromboembolic phenomena.     

非瓣膜性心房颤动血栓形成的相关因素分析

目的通过观察非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血浆C反应蛋白、D-二聚体的浓度及左心房直径、射血分数的水平,研究C反应蛋白与非瓣膜性心房颤动患者左心房内血栓形成的关系。方法按照经食管超声心动图（TEE）检查结果将非瓣膜性心房颤动患者98名分为：左心房血栓形成组（血栓组）22例、无左心房血栓形成组（非血栓组）76例。检测血浆中C反应蛋白、D-二聚体的浓度及经胸超声心动图检测左心房直径、射血分数。结果血栓组在C反应蛋白浓度、D-二聚体浓度、左心房直径、射血分数、缩短分数方面与非血栓组差异有统计学意义,分别为C反应蛋白浓度（中位数1.60mg/L比0.80 mg/L,P=0.003）、D-二聚体浓度（中位数170.50μg/L比92.00μg/L,P=0.004）、左心房直径（55.20±12.94 mm比46.77±12.31 mm,P=0.002）、射血分数（57.46%±9.10%比62.81%±8.67%,P=0.006）、缩短分数（29.82%±5.26%比35.24%±5.41%,P〈0.001）。Logistic回归,发现C反应蛋白、左心房直径与非瓣膜性心房颤动合并血栓形成独立相关（P〈0.05）,而D-二聚体、射血分数、缩短分数与非瓣膜性心房颤动合并血栓形成无显著相关。结论CRP增高、左心房直径扩大是非瓣膜性心房颤动合并血栓形成的高危因素,炎症反应可能参与了心房内血栓的形成。