Abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with severe acute pancreatitis in early stage

AIM： To study retrospectively the influence of intra-abdominal hypertension （IAH） and abdominal compartment syndrome （ACS） in patients with early acute pancreatitis （AP） （during the first week after admission） on physiological functions, and the association of the presence of IAH/ACS and outcome.
METHODS： Patients （n = 74） with AP recruited in this study were divided into two groups according to intra-abdominal pressure （IAP） determined by indirect measurement using the transvesical route via Foley bladder catheter during the first week after admission. Patients （n = 44） with IAP ≥ 12 mmHg were assigned in IAH group, and the remaining patients （n = 30） with IAP 〈 12 mmHg in normal IAP group. For analysis of the influence of IAH/ACS on organ function and outcome, the physiological parameters and the occurrence of organ dysfunction during intensive care unit （ICU） stay were recorded, as were the incidences of pancreatic infection and in-hospital mortality.
RESULTS： IAH within the first week after admission was found in 44 patients （59.46%）. Although the APACHE Ⅱ scores on admission and the Ranson scores within 48 h after hospitalization were elevated in IAH patients in early stage, they did not show the statistically significant differences from patients with normal IAP within a week after admission （16.18 ± 3.90 vs 15.70 ± 4.25, P = 0.616; 3.70 ± 0.93 vs 3.47 ± 0.94, P = 0.285, respectively）. ACS in early AP was recorded in 20 patients （27.03%）. During any 24-h period of the first week after admission, the recorded mean IAP correlated significantly with the Marshall score calculated at the same time interval in IAH group （r = 0.635, P 〈 0.001）. Although ACS patients had obvious amelioration in physiological variables within 24 h after decompression, the incidences of pancreatitic infection, septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS） and death in the patients with ACS were significantly higher than that in other patients wit     

Current concepts of the role of abdominal compartment syndrome in acute pancreatitis – An opportunity or merely an epiphenomenon

The association of acute pancreatitis (AP) with intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) has only recently been recognized. The detrimental effects of raised intra-abdominal pressure in cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal systems have been well established. Although IAH was associated with a higher APACHE II score and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in severe acute pancreatitis, a causal relationship between ACS and MODS in SAP is yet to be established. It is therefore debatable whether IAH is a phenomenon causative of organ failure or an epiphenomenon seen in conjunction with other organ dysfunction. This review systemically examines the pathophysiological basis and clinical relevance of ACS in AP and summarizes all the available evidence in its management.     

Intra-Abdominal Pressure in the Early Phase of Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Canary in a Coal Mine? Results from a Rigorous Validation Protocol

Background/Aims

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is being increasingly reported in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with worsened outcomes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) as a marker of severity in the entire spectrum of acute pancreatitis and to ascertain the relationship between IAP and development of complications in patients with SAP.

Methods

IAP was measured via the transvesical route by measurements performed at admission, once after controlling pain and then every 4 hours. Data were collected on the length of the hospital stay, the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiorgan failure, the extent of necrosis, the presence of infection, pleural effusion, and mortality.

Results

In total, 40 patients were enrolled and followed up for 30 days. The development of IAH was exclusively associated with SAP with an APACHE II score ≥8 and/or persistent SIRS, identifying all patients who were going to develop abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). The presence of ACS was associated with a significantly increased extent of pancreatic necrosis, multiple organ failure, and mortality. The mean admission IAP value did not differ significantly from the value obtained after pain control or the maximum IAP measured in the first 5 days.

Conclusions

IAH is reliable marker of severe disease, and patients who manifest organ failure, persistent SIRS, or an Acute Physiology and Chronic health Evaluation II score ≥8 should be offered IAP surveillance. Severe pancreatitis is not a homogenous entity.     

Correlation between procalcitonin and intra-abdominal pressure and their role in prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis

Background/aimsEarly assessment of disease severity and vigilant patient monitoring are key factors for adequate treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of procalcitonin (PCT) serum concentrations and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) as prognostic markers in early stages of AP.MethodsThis prospective observational study included 51 patients, of which 29 had severe AP (SAP). Patients were evaluated with the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score, C-reactive protein (CRP) and PCT serum concentrations and IAP at 24 h from admission. PCT was measured three times in the 1st week of disease and three times afterward, while IAP was measured daily. PCT and IAP values correlated with each other, and also compared with APACHE II score and CRP values.ResultsPCT, IAP, CRP values and APACHE II score at 24 h after hospital admission were significantly elevated in patients with SAP. There was significant correlation between PCT and IAP values measured at 24 h of admission, and between maximal PCT and IAP values. Sensitivity/specificity for predicting AP severity at 24 h after admission was 89%/69% for APACHE II score, 75%/86% for CRP, 86%/63% for PCT and 75%/77% for IAP.ConclusionsIncreased IAP was accompanied by increased PCT serum concentration in patients with AP. PCT and IAP can both be used as early markers of AP severity.     

Management of intra-abdominal hypertension in patients with severe acute pancreatitis with continuous hemodiafiltration using a polymethyl methacrylate membrane hemofilter

To evaluate, with a prospective observational study, whether continuous hemodiafiltration using a polymethyl methacrylate membrane hemofilter (PMMA-CHDF) is effective for prevention and treatment of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) on patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The study was carried out in the general intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Seventeen consecutive patients with SAP were treated in the intensive care unit and underwent PMMA-CHDF whether or not they had renal failure. Blood level of interleukin (IL)-6, as an indicator of cytokine network activation, and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) were measured daily to investigate their time-course of changes and the correlation between the two. The blood level of IL-6 was high at 1350+/-1540 pg/mL on admission to the ICU. However, it significantly decreased to 679+/-594 pg/mL 24 h after initiation of PMMA-CHDF (P<0.05), and thereafter decreased rapidly. Mean intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on admission was high, at 14.6+/-5.3 mm Hg, with an IAP of 20 mm Hg or over in 2 of 17 patients, showing that they had already developed IAH. The IAP was significantly lower (P<0.05) 24 h after initiation of PMMA-CHDF, and subsequently decreased. There was a significant positive correlation between blood level of IL-6 and IAP, suggesting that PMMA-CHDF improved vascular permeability through elimination of cytokines, and that it thereby decreased interstitial edema to lower IAP. Sixteen of the 17 patients were discharged from the hospital in remission from SAP without development of complications. Continuous hemodiafiltration using a polymethyl methacrylate membrane hemofilter appears to be effective for prevention and treatment of IAH in patients with SAP through the removal of causative cytokines of hyperpermeability.     

Reduction of intra-abdominal pressure after percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic fluid collection predicts survival

ObjectiveIntra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) can adversely affect the outcome in patients of acute pancreatitis (AP). Effect of percutaneous drainage (PCD) on IAH has not been studied. We studied the effect of PCD on IAH in patients with acute fluid collections.Material and methodsConsecutive patients of AP undergoing PCD between Jan 2016 and May 2018 were evaluated for severity markers, clinical course, hospital and ICU stay, and mortality. Patients were divided into two groups: with IAH and with no IAH (NIAH). The two groups were compared for severity scores, organ failure, hospital and ICU stay, reduction in IAP and mortality.ResultsOf the 105 patients, IAH was present in 48 (45.7%) patients. Patients with IAH had more often severe disease, BISAP ≥2, higher APACHE II scores and computed tomography severity index (CTSI). IAH group had more often OF (87.5% vs. 70.2%, p = 0.033), prolonged ICU stay (12.5 vs. 6.75 days, p = 0.007) and higher mortality (52.1% vs. 15.8%, p < 0.001). After PCD, IAP decreased significantly more in the IAH group (21.85 ± 4.53 mmHg to 12.5 ± 4.42 mmHg) than in the NIAH group (12.68 ± 2.72 mmHg to 8.32 ± 3.18 mmHg), p = <0.001. Reduction of IAP in patients with IAH by >40% at 48 h after PCD was associated with better survival (63.3% vs. 36.7%, p = 0.006).ConclusionWe observed that patients with IAH have poor outcome. PCD decreases IAP and a fall in IAP >40% of baseline value predicts a better outcome after PCD in patients with acute fluid collections.     

Predictors of Critical Acute Pancreatitis: A Prospective Cohort Study

Critical acute pancreatitis (CAP) has recently emerged as the most ominous severity category of acute pancreatitis (AP). As such there have been no studies specifically designed to evaluate predictors of CAP. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of 4 parameters (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] II score, C-reactive protein [CRP], D-dimer, and intra-abdominal pressure [IAP]) for predicting CAP early after hospital admission. During the study period, data on patients with AP were prospectively collected and D-dimer, CRP, and IAP levels were measured using standard methods at admission whereas the APACHE II score was calculated within 24 hours of hospital admission. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied and the likelihood ratios were calculated to evaluate the predictive accuracy. A total of 173 consecutive patients were included in the analysis and 47 (27%) of them developed CAP. The overall hospital mortality was 11% (19 of 173). APACHE II score ≥11 and IAP ≥13 mm Hg showed significantly better overall predictive accuracy than D-dimer and CRP (area under the ROC curve—0.94 and 0.92 vs 0.815 and 0.667, correspondingly). The positive likelihood ratio of APACHE II score is excellent (9.9) but of IAP is moderate (4.2). The latter can be improved by adding CRP (5.8). In conclusion, of the parameters studied, APACHE II score and IAP are the best available predictors of CAP within 24 hours of hospital admission. Given that APACHE II score is rather cumbersome, the combination of IAP and CRP appears to be the most practical way to predict critical course of AP early after hospital admission.     

Intra-abdominal pressure: Time ripe to revise management guidelines of acute pancreatitis?

AIM: To systematically review evidence on pathophysiology of intra-abdominal pressure(IAP) in acute pancreatitis(AP) with its clinical correlates. METHODS: Systematic review of available evidence in English literature with relevant medical subject heading terms on Pub Med, Medline and Scopus with further search from open access sources on internet as suggested by articles retrieved. RESULTS: Intra-abdominal hypertension(IAH) is increasingly gaining recognition as a point of specific intervention with potential to alter disease outcome and improve mortality in AP. IAH can be expected in at least 17% of patients presenting with diagnosis of AP to a typical tertiary care hospital(prevalence increasing to 50% in those with severe disease). Abdominal compartment syndrome can be expected in at least 15% patients with severe disease. Recent guidelines on management of AP do not acknowledge utility of surveillance for IAP other than those by Japanese Society of Hepato-BiliaryPancreatic Surgery. We further outline pathophysiologic mechanisms of IAH; understanding of which advances our knowledge and helps to coherently align common observed variations in management related conundrums(such as fluid therapy, nutrition and antibiotic prophylaxis) with potential to further individualize treatment in AP. CONCLUSION: We suggest that IAP be given its due place in future practice guidelines and that recommendations be formed with help of a broader panel with inclusion of clinicians experienced in management of IAH.     

Early onset of organ failure is the best predictor of mortality in acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: APACHE II is a multifactorial scoring system for predicting severity in acute pancreatitis (AP). Organ failure (OF) has been correlated with mortality in AP. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of APACHE II as an early predictor of severity in AP, its correlation with OF, and the relevance of an early establishment of OF during the course of AP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1999 to November 2001, 447 consecutive cases of AP were studied. APACHE II scores and Atlanta criteria were used for defining severity and OF. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of patients had severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). APACHE II at 24 h after admission showed a sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of 52, 77, 46, and 84%, respectively, for predicting severity. Mortality for SAP was 20.5%. Seventy percent of patients who developed OF did so within the first 24 hours of admission, and their mortality was 52%. Mortality was statistically significant (p< 0.01) if OF was established within the first 24 hours after admission. CONCLUSIONS: APACHE II is not reliable for predicting outcome within the first 24 hours after admission and should therefore be used together with other methods. OF mostly develops within the first days after admission, if ever. The time of onset of OF is the most accurate and reliable method for predicting death risk in AP.     

Ascites in acute pancreatitis: not a silent bystander

Background & aimAscites in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) is understudied although recent literature hints at its evident role in the final outcome. This study was planned to study the characteristics of ascites in patients of AP and its effect on the disease course and outcome.MethodsConsecutive patients of AP were studied and patients with or without ascites were evaluated for the baseline parameters and severity assessment. Ascites was quantified and fluid analyzed for its characteristics. Intraabdominal pressure (IAP) was monitored. The various outcome parameters were compared between the two groups of patients with and without ascites.ResultsOf the cohort of 213 patients, 82 (38.5%) developed ascites. Ascites group had significantly higher rates of organ failure (p = 0.001), necrosis (p=<0.001) and higher severity assessment scores. The ascites group had significantly longer hospital and ICU stay and higher ventilator days compared to the non-ascites group. Mortality was also higher in the ascites group (34.1% vs 8.45; p = 0.001). Majority of patients with ascites had moderate to gross ascites (75.6%), low serum ascites albumin gradient (87.8%) with low amylase levels (71.9%). Sub-group analysis in ascites group showed that patients with fatal outcome had higher rates of moderate to gross ascites, higher baseline IAP and lower reduction in IAP after 48 h. Moderate to gross ascites and grades of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) were significant predictors of mortality (AUC – 0.76).ConclusionAP patients with ascites have a more severe disease with poorer outcome. Higher degrees of ascites and IAH grades are significant predictors of mortality.     

新CT评分系统预测急性胰腺炎病情严重程度的临床研究

目的 在综合急性胰腺炎(AP)患者胰腺外炎症征象及胰腺坏死程度基础上,建立一种新CT评分系统--胰腺外炎症和胰腺坏死CT指数(EPIPN)评分系统.以初步探讨其预测AP病情严重程度和预后的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析2006年8月至2007年12月住院确诊的77例AP患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、病因、起病72 h C反应蛋白(CRP)水平、Ranson评分、人院48 h时APACHEⅡ评分,器官衰竭发生情况、腹痛消失时间、住院时间等.所有患者人院后2～3 d行增强CT检查,获得CT严重指数(CTSI)评分和EPIPN评分,CTSI≥7分为重症AP(SAP),EPIPN>5分为SAP.应用ROC曲线比较EPIPN和CTSI预测AP病情严重程度的诊断效力,初步分析EPlPN和CTSI与AP临床预后指标的相关性.结果 77例患者中男34例,女43例,平均年龄51.79岁(22～92岁).胆源性63例,高血脂6例,酒精性1例,原因不明7例.14例(18.2%)患者曾发生器官衰竭.EPIPN和CTSI预测SAP的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.82(95%可信区间0.73～0.91)、0.72(95%可信区间0.59～0.86),CTSI≥7预测SAP的灵敏度、特异度分别为80.4%和55%,EPIPN>5预测SAP的灵敏度、特异度分别为91.3%和63%.EPIPN与AP患者住院时间、APACHEⅡ评分、CRP有良好的相关性.结论 EPIPN可准确预测和评估AP病情严重程度和预后,其诊断效力优于CTSI.EPIPN简便实用,具有良好的临床应用价值.     

Treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome in severe acute pancreatitis patients with traditional Chinese medicine

AIM： To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese traditional medicines Da Cheng Qi Decoction （Timely-Purging and Yin-Preserving Decoction） and Glauber＇s salt combined with conservative measures on abdominal compartment syndrome （ACS） in severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） patients.
METHODS： Eighty consecutive SAP patients, admitted for routine non-operative conservative treatment, were randomly divided into study group and control group （40 patients in each group）. Patients in the study group received Da Cheng Qi Decoction enema for 2 h and external use of Glauber＇s salt, once a day for 7 d. Patients in the control group received normal saline （NS） enema. Routine non-operative conservative treatments included non-per os nutrition （NPON）, gastrointestinal decompression, life support, total parenteral nutrition （TPN）, continuous peripancreatic vascular pharmaceutical infusion and drug therapy. Intra-cystic pressure （ICP） of the two groups was measured during treatment. The effectiveness and outcomes of treatment were observed and APACHE Ⅱ scores were applied in analysis.
RESULTS： On days 4 and 5 of treatment, the ICP was lower in the study group than in the control group（P 〈 0.05）. On days 3-5 of treatment, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ （APACHE Ⅱ） scores for the study and control groups were significantly different （P 〈 0.05）. Both the effectiveness and outcome of the treatment with Da Cheng Qi Decoction on abdominalgia, burbulence relief time, ascites quantity, cyst formation rate and hospitalization time were quite different between the two groups （P 〈 0.05）. The mortality rate for the two groups had no significant difference.
CONCLUSION： Da Cheng Qi Decoction enema and external use of Glauber＇s salt combined with routine non-operative conservative treatment can decrease the intra-abdominal pressure （IAP） of SAP patients and have preventive and therapeutic effects on abdominal compartment syndrome o     

BISAP联合凝血指标对急性胰腺炎严重程度评估的意义

目的:研究BISAP(bedside index for severity in AP)评分联合凝血指标对急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)严重程度评估的意义.方法:回顾2008-2012年中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的166例AP患者的临床资料.对所有患者进行入院24h的BISAP、APACHE-Ⅱ评分,48h的Ranson’s及发病72h内CTSI评分,入院24h内抽取静脉血测定部分凝血活酶活化时间、凝血酶原时间、D-二聚体(D-dimer)、纤维蛋白原及血小板水平.分析凝血指标及BISAP评分对AP严重程度判断的意义,并通过ROC曲线分析二者联合对AP严重程度评估的意义.结果:多因素Logistic回归分析发现,D-dimer对AP严重程度评估具有独立预测意义;随着BISAP评分增加,SAP的比率增加;BISAP评分系统评估AP严重程度以2为临界点时Youden指数最大(0.541),ROC曲线下面积为0.836(0.776-0.896),并不逊于传统评分系统;BISAP评分系统联合D-dimer能更好地评估AP患者的严重程度.结论:BISAP是临床判断AP轻重程度的简单有效的指标,将BISAP与D-dimer联合应用使得对AP严重程度的评估更为准确.     

Clinical characteristics and management of patients with early acute severe pancreatitis： Experience from a medical center in China

AIM: To study clinical characteristics and management of patients with early severe acute pancreatitis (ESAP). METHODS: Data of 297 patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) admitted to our hospital within 72 h after onset of symptoms from January 1991 to June 2003 were reviewed for the occurrence and development of early severe acute pancreatitis (ESAP). ESAP was defined as presence of organ dysfunction within 72 h after onset of symptoms. Sixty-nine patients had ESAP, 228 patients without organ dysfunction within 72 h after onset of symptoms had SAP. The clinical characteristics, incidence of organ dysfunction during hospitalization and prognosis between ESAP and SAP were compared. RESULTS: Impairment degree of pancreas (Balthazar CT class) in ESAP was more serious than that in SAP (5.31+/-0.68 vs 3.68+/-0.29, P<0.01). ESAP had a higher mortality than SAP (43.4% vs 2.6%, P<0.01), and a higher incidence of hypoxemia (85.5% vs 25%, P<0.01), pancreas infection (15.9% vs 7.5%, P<0.05), abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) (78.3% vs 23.2%, P<0.01) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)(78.3% vs 10.1%, P<0.01). In multiple logistic regression analysis, the main predisposing factors to ESAP were higher APACHE II score, Balthazar CT class, MODS and hypoxemia. CONCLUSION: ESAP is characterised by MODS, severe pathological changes of pancreas, early hypoxemia and abdominal compartment syndrome. Given the poor prognosis of ESAP, these patients should be treated in specialized intensive care units with special measures such as close supervision, fluid resuscitation, improvement of hypoxemia, reduction of pancreatic secretion, elimination of inflammatory mediators, prevention and treatment of pancreatic infections.     

MODS修订评分对老年多器官功能障碍综合征患者的预后评估

目的比较多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)评分修订系统与现用评分系统对老年多器官功能不全综合征(MODSE)患者的预后评估价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院2009年1月至2012年6月收治的387例符合MODSE标准患者入重症监护室后第一个24 h的急性生理及慢性健康状态评分(APACHE Ⅱ、APACHE Ⅲ)、简化急性生理评分(SAPS Ⅱ)、MODS评分、MODS联合年龄评分、MODS联合年龄评分加倍修订、MODS联合年龄评分指数修订系统,评估并检验各自预后评估效能。 结果与女性组相比,男性组平均住ICU时间和死亡平均年龄显著降低,28天病死率和总体病死率高于女性组;随着年龄增大,器官衰竭数目、28天病死率和总体病死率逐渐增加,平均住ICU时间逐渐缩短;与生存组相比,死亡组年龄及各种评分均高,差异具有统计学意义;APACHE Ⅱ、APACHE Ⅲ、SAPS Ⅱ、MODS、MODS联合年龄评分、MODS联合年龄评分加倍修订、MODS联合年龄评分指数化修订系统受试者工作曲线下面积：0.810、0.791、0.712、0.801、0.834、0.787、0.793。其中MODS联合年龄评分敏感性最高,APACHE Ⅱ特异性最好,MODS联合年龄评分系统Youden指数和曲线下面积最大。 结论MODS评分修订系统与现用评分系统均可较好的早期评估老年多器官功能不全综合征患者的预后;其中MODS联合年龄评分系统具有更优秀的预后评估效能。     

同型半胱氨酸、肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-6对急性胰腺炎严重程度及预后的评价

目的 探讨同型半胱氨酸（HCY）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α和白细胞介素（IL）-6与急性胰腺炎（AP）病情严重程度的相关性以及对AP患者预后的评估价值.方法 选取AP患者64例,将其分为轻症AP组41例（MAP组）、重症AP组23例（SAP）;另选取健康体检者72例作为对照组.分别于入院第1、3和7天抽取静脉血检测血清HCY、TNF-α和IL-6水平,同时进行急性生理和慢性健康评分标准Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分.结果 与对照组比较,入院第1天MAP组和SAP组血清HCY、TNF-α和IL-6水平均升高（P＜0.01）,其中SAP组升高更加明显（P＜0.01）;入院第3天时MAP组和SAP组血清HCY、TNF-α和IL-α水平均明显升高达到峰值;经常规治疗后（入院第7天）,两组HCY、TNF-α和IL-6水平均明显下降.HCY、TNF-α和IL-6水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关（P＜0.01）.结论 血清HCY、TNF-α和IL-6水平与AP的发生、发展相关,早期密切观察血清HCY、TNF-α和IL-6水平变化对评估AP的严重程度和判断预后有一定的临床价值.     

Increased intra-abdominal pressure: is it of any consequence in severe acute pancreatitis?

Background. Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is detrimental for the recovery of organ function in trauma and emergency patients. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the dynamics of IAP and organ dysfunction in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Materials and methods. Management of SAP between 2000 and 2004 was analysed. SAP was classified according to Atlanta 1992. Organ dysfunction, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and outcomes in relation to the IAP were assessed. IAP was measured indirectly. Results. A total of 65 patients, with an average APACHE II score of 6.44, complied with the Atlanta criteria. In all, 34 patients received conservative treatment and 31 were operated. SIRS was observed in 59 cases and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in 61 cases. IAP was significantly higher in the 25 most complicated patients requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT), compared with 40 patients without RRT, 31.72 vs 21.4 cm/H₂O (p=0.037). IAP interrelated positively with SOFA score (r = + 0.371, p<0.01) and organs involved (r = + 0.356, p<0.01), and negatively with platelet count and enterally provided volume (r = − 0.284, p<0.01; r = − 0.5, p<0.01, respectively). Overall mortality (9.2%) was associated with surgery and sustained increase of the IAP over 25 cm/H₂O. Our data support the pathophysiological interrelation of elevated IAP and development of organ dysfunction. Conclusion. Development of organ dysfunction in SAP could be associated with increased IAP. Grade III increase of IAP should be considered as an indicator for revision of treatment modalities.     

肥胖者重症急性胰腺炎发生率的多中心前瞻性对照研究

目的 观察肥胖的急性胰腺炎(AP)患者在基础内科治疗过程中发展为重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)的概率,探讨肥胖对AP病情发展的影响.方法 采用多中心、前瞻性研究,以APACHEⅡ评分评估AP严重程度,共纳入轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)患者161例,以体重指数25 kg/m2为标准,分为肥胖组(79例)和非肥胖组(82例).在相同的基础内科治疗条件下观察两组患者血C-反应蛋白(CRP)和三酰甘油水平、并发症发生率、SAP的发生率及病死率.结果 肥胖组的CRP水平为(117±109)mg/L,显著高于非肥胖组的(35±36)mg/L(P＜0.01);肥胖组高三酰甘油血症患者的例数是非肥胖组的1倍,但无显著性差异.两组均无局部并发症,但肥胖组各系统并发症发生率(20.3%)显著高于非肥胖组(6.1%,P＜0.01).肥胖组有16例(20.3%)发展为SAP,显著高于非肥胖组(5例,6.1%,P＜0.01).肥胖组有1例(1.3%)病死,非肥胖组无病死.在APACHEⅡ4-7分的MAP患者中,肥胖组的SAP发生率(43.3%)明显高于非肥胖组(18.5%,P＜0.05).结论 肥胖且 APACHEⅡ评分为4-7分的MAP 患者更易进展为SAP,应给予更积极的临床干预措施.     

The Relationship Between Intestinal Hypoperfusion and Serum D-Lactate Levels During Experimental Intra-Abdominal Hypertension

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) may result from several clinic situations and carries high morbidity and mortality risk, particularly in intensive care unit patients. The clinical spectrum changes from splanchnic hypoperfusion and intestinal ischemia to multiple organ failure. Previous studies demonstrated that serum D-lactate levels may be an early indicator in intestinal ischemia. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between intestinal ischemia and serum D-lactate levels during experimental IAH. Thirty-two male Wistar Albino rats weighing 250+/-50 g were divided into four groups. Three different intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) levels supplied by placement of an intraperitoneal Peritofix catheter and iso-osmotic polyethylene glycol infusion. Each of the IAP levels (15, 20, and 25 mm Hg groups) was checked with the monitor system and fixed for an hour. Control-group animals were not subjected to increased IAP. One hour later, 5-ml blood samples were taken for measurement of serum D-lactate levels and 2-cm intestinal tissue samples were taken 5 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve for histopathologic examination. Elevated serum D-lactate levels were recorded in animals with higher IAP levels.There was a positive correlation between serum D-lactate levels and IAP levels. Histological examinations of the intestinal tissue samples showed no significant pathologic changes in concordance with intestinal ischemia. Serum D-lactate levels may be an early indicator for increased IAP pressure before intestinal ischemic changes occur.     

急性胰腺炎伴发中心静脉导管相关血流感染的危险因素与病原学分析

目的 探讨AP伴发中心静脉导管相关血流感染(CRBSI)的危险因素和病原学分布情况。方法 回顾性分析2017年4月至2019年3月间武汉大学人民医院胰腺外科收治的行中心静脉置管留置的MSAP和SAP患者的临床资料,将CRBSI患者和非CRBSI患者按照年龄、性别、糖尿病、输血、肠外营养、穿刺部位和导管留置天数以1∶1进行配对。将合并腹腔感染、APACHEⅡ评分≥20分、早期肠内营养和抗菌药物纳入多因素logistic回归模型,分析MSAP、SAP患者发生CRBSI的危险因素及病原学分布情况。结果 共收集352例患者,其中39例发生CRBSI,发生率为11.08%,8.83例/1 000留置导管日。多因素logistic回归分析显示,合并腹腔感染(OR=1.69,95%CI 1.20~2.23)和APACHEⅡ评分≥20分(OR=2.87,95%CI 1.79~5.46)为发生CRBSI的独立危险因素,早期肠内营养(OR=0.81,95%CI 0.43~0.96)是其保护因素。共检出病原菌43株,以革兰阴性菌为主,占58.1%(25/43),其中肺炎克雷伯菌最多见(44.2%,19/43)。多重耐药菌比例高(67.4%,29/43)。结论 合并腹腔感染、APACHEⅡ评分≥20分是AP伴发CRBS的独立危险因素,而早期肠内营养是其保护因素。感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,需重视细菌多重耐药问题。