急性肺栓塞并右心室功能不全心电图表现及临床应用

目的探讨急性肺栓塞(Acute Pulmonary Embolism APE)合并右心功能不全(Right Ventricular Dysfunction RVD)时心电图(ECG)的表现及临床应用价值。方法根据超声心动图(TTE)是否存在RVD,将105名APE患者分为:A组合并RVD 47例;B组无RVD 58例。分析比较两组患者的心电图表现及临床预后。结果 (1)心电图表现比较:T波倒置,V1-V3导联、V1及a VR导联ST段抬高,完全性右束支阻滞(complete right branch block CRBBB),SIQIIITIII,A组高于B组;(2)超声心动图指标:三尖瓣返流速度,肺动脉收缩压A组更高;(3)D-二聚体,达到临床终点的人数、中心肺动脉栓塞发生率A组更高。结论 APE合并RVD的患者临床预后差,更容易出现T波倒置,CRBBB,右胸及a VR导联ST段抬高,SIQIIITIII等一系列心电图表现。     

右室功能异常对血压正常肺栓塞预后影响

目的研究右心室功能异常对血压正常肺栓塞患者临床和预后的影响。方法2001年1月至2004年12月入住本院就诊时血压正常确诊肺栓塞患者,超声心动图检查右室扩张、肺动脉高压作为右室功能异常定量诊断标准。分为血压正常肺栓塞右室功能异常组和正常组,对临床情况进行回顾性分析。结果57例血压正常肺栓塞患者其中27例右室功能异常,30例右室功能正常。右室功能异常组与正常组肺栓塞相关病死率为19％比0％,差异有统计学意义。结论右室功能异常是增加肺栓塞病死率的一个重要因素。超声心动图能较好地评价右室功能状况,可识别出具有高度死亡危险性的人群。     

Regional right ventricular strain pattern in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

Aims: Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is a frequent consequence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and a marker of increased risk. However, current qualitative methods assessing RV function are imprecise. We sought to determine whether RV strain analysis would have clinical utility in patients with PE compared with normal controls. Methods and results: We compared 75 acute PE subjects (mean age 54 ± 16) with 30 normal controls (mean age 50 ± 15). Regional RV longitudinal strain was assessed using offline speckle tracking software to obtain strain and strain rate data from the basal, mid, and apical free wall and septum. Global RV free wall and septal strain was significantly reduced in PE subjects (?14.17 (±5.96) vs ?24.92 (±4.16), P < 0.0001; ?14.99 (±5.55) vs ?18.54 (±7.34), P = 0.0082). Regional RV strain was markedly reduced in PE subjects in all regions of the free wall and in the mid and basal septum (P < 0.05). Strain rates of PE subjects were significantly reduced in all segments of the RV free wall (P < 0.05). In 36 PE subjects with regional RV dysfunction (“McConnell sign”), strain in the apical free wall was significantly reduced in comparison to those without (?10.08 vs ?13.51; P = 0.0420), in parallel with higher RV:LV ratios (1.30, ±1.01 vs 0.78, ±0.16; P = 0.0035) and lower RV fractional area change (32.06, ±14.42 vs 42.52, ±11.61; P = 0.0021). Conclusions: Regional RV longitudinal strain is altered in the free wall and mid and basal septum in subjects with acute PE. Strain rates are only reduced in the RV free wall. (Echocardiography 2012;29:464‐470)     

Regional right ventricular dysfunction in acute pulmonary embolism and right ventricular infarction.

BACKGROUND: A normally contracting right ventricular apex associated to a severe hypokinesia of the mid-free wall ('McConnell sign') has been considered a distinct echocardiographic pattern of acute pulmonary embolism. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical utility of the 'McConnell sign' in the bedside diagnostic work-up of patients presenting to the Emergency Department with an acute right ventricular dysfunction due to pulmonary embolism or right ventricular infarction. DESIGN: Among 201 patients, consecutively selected from our clinical database and diagnosed as having massive or submassive pulmonary embolism or right ventricular infarction, 161 were suitable for an echocardiographic review of regional right ventricular contraction and were included in the study. There were 107 cases with pulmonary embolism (group 1) and 54 cases with right ventricular infarction (group 2). All echocardiographic studies were randomly examined by two experienced and independent echocardiographers, blinded to the patient diagnosis and without Doppler informations. RESULTS: The McConnell sign was detected in 75 of 107 patients in group 1 (70%) and in 36 of 54 patients in group 2 (67%); the finding was absent in 32 cases in group 1 and in 18 cases in group 2 (P=0.657). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the McConnell sign for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism were respectively 70, 33, 67 and 36%. CONCLUSIONS: In a clinical setting of patients with acute right ventricular dysfunction the McConnell sign cannot be considered a specific marker of pulmonary embolism.     

The spatial ventricular gradient is associated with adverse outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism

Background

The spatial ventricular gradient (SVG) is a vectorcardiographic measurement that reflects cardiac loading conditions via electromechanical coupling.

Objectives

We hypothesized that the SVG is correlated with right ventricular (RV) strain and is prognostic of adverse events in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE).

Methods

Retrospective, single-center study of patients with acute PE. Electrocardiogram (ECG), imaging, and outcome data were obtained. SVG components were regressed on tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), qualitative RV dysfunction, and RV/left ventricular (LV) ratio. Odds of adverse outcomes (30-day mortality, vasopressor requirement, or advanced therapy) after PE were regressed on demographics, RV/LV ratios, traditional ECG signs of RV dysfunction, and SVG components using a logit model.

Results

ECGs from 317 patients (48% male, age 63.1 ± 16.6 years) with acute PE were analyzed; 36 patients (11.4%) experienced an adverse event. Worse RV hypokinesis, larger RV/LV ratio, and smaller TAPSE were associated with smaller SVG X and Y components, larger SVG Z components, and smaller SVG vector magnitude (p < .001 for all). In multivariable logistic regression, odds of adverse events after PE decreased with increasing SVG magnitude and TAPSE (OR 0.32 and 0.54 per standard deviation increase; p = .03 and p = .004, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that, when combined with imaging, replacing traditional ECG criteria with the SVG significantly improved the area under the ROC from 0.70 to 0.77 (p = .01).

Conclusion

The SVG is correlated with RV dysfunction and adverse outcomes in acute PE and has a better prognostic value than traditional ECG markers.     

老年急性肺栓塞心电图变化特点

目的探讨老年急性肺栓塞患者心电图改变的特点及临床意义。方法选择老年急性肺栓塞患者76例,分析治疗前后心电图的变化。结果 76例急性肺栓塞患者均出现异常心电图改变,其中窦性心动过速63例(82.9%),aVR导联R波振幅增高57例(75.0%),V1～V4导联T波倒置加深42例(55.3%),SⅠQⅢTⅢ现象40例(52.6%),房性或室性期前收缩16例(21.0%)等,治疗后心电图改变较治疗前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论心电图在急性肺栓塞发病初期多有异常改变,但改变缺乏特异性,通过心电图的分析,仍有一些特征规律可循,结合临床症状,认真分析心电图的细微改变和辅助检查,对急性肺栓塞的诊断有重要意义。     

急性肺栓塞的心电图分析

目的探讨心电图特征及其在诊断急性肺栓塞（PE）中的作用。方法回顾性分析6年来确诊的32例急性肺栓塞患者的心电图特征及治疗前后的改变。结果出现心电图改变者95%,最多见为窦性心动过速,达75%,ST-T改变占59%,SⅠQⅢTⅢ征占31%,右束支传导阻滞（RBBB）占31%,肺型P波占28%,顺钟向转位占21%,房性早搏（PAS）占19%,电轴右偏占16%,室性早搏占6%,阵发性房颤、SⅠSⅡSⅢ综合征、低电压各占3%。结论PE的心电图变化是多变性的,但有些特征在诊断及鉴别诊断中仍具有一定价值。     

Isolated right ventricular noncompaction caused ventricular tachycardia and pulmonary embolism

Isolated ventricular noncompaction is an unclassified cardiomyopathy due to intrauterine arrest of compaction of the loose interwoven meshwork. Its mortality and morbidity are high, including heart failure, thromboembolic events, and ventricular arrhythmias. Isolated right ventricular noncompaction was reported rarely, especially that causes pulmonary embolism and ventricular tachycardia. We describe a case of isolated noncompaction of the right ventricular causing pulmonary embolism and ventricular tachycardia.     

急性肺栓塞患者右室功能不全与肺血流灌注的相关性

目的观察血压正常的急性肺栓塞患者右室超声心动指标与肺血管阻塞严重程度相关性及治疗有效性的预测价值。方法回顾我院6年间收治的56例血压正常的急性肺栓塞患者的临床资料,分析其超声心动图所测得的右室收缩末期及舒张末期面积与肺灌注扫描灌注缺损数和增强螺旋CT所代表的肺血管阻塞之间的相关性。结果与正常对照相比,肺栓塞患者右室舒张末面积和收缩末面积增大,且与肺灌注缺损数呈正相关（r=0.76,P<0.01;r=0.77,P<0.01）,而舒张与收缩末面积的变化率则降低,与肺灌注缺损数呈负相关（r=-0.44,P<0.01）。增强CT显示血管阻塞越广泛,收缩末面积越大（P<0.05）,舒张与收缩末面积的变化率越小（P<0.05）。治疗有效时,肺灌注缺损数随右室功能的好转而降低。结论血压稳定的急性肺栓塞患者右室功能的异常程度与肺血管的阻塞程度密切相关,右室功能的检查可用于观察肺灌注情况以及治疗有效情况的相关指标。     

急性肺动脉栓塞患者溶栓治疗过程中心电图V_1导联T波变化的特点观察

目的　观察急性肺动脉栓塞 (APE)患者溶栓前后心电图随时间变化的特征 ,分析溶栓治疗对APE患者心电图的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法　收集 19个溶栓APE病例的心电图系列。分析所有病例V1 导联T波时变曲线的特征。结果　APE溶栓患者心电图V1 导联T波演变表现为两种模式 ,“W型”或“V型”。两种时变曲线的溶栓时刻不同 ,前者位于溶栓前T波演变的上升支 ,而后者则位于T波演变的下降支。但无论哪种类型 ,溶栓均造成T波倒置的进一步加深。结论　溶栓治疗显著影响APE后T波的演变过程 ,溶栓前、后的T波演变 ,可能分别与急性右心室和左心室扩张有关 ,溶栓后出现的倒置T波的加深加宽 ,可以作为溶栓再通判断的心电图特征。     

Mobile right heart thrombus and massive pulmonary embolism.

The current report describes a patient with pulmonary embolism, treated unsuccessfully with heparin. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed free-floating right heart thrombus. Migrating deep vein thrombus to the right heart was suspected. Transesophageal echocardiography confirmed origin of the thrombus in the inferior cava vein. Mortality rate of mobile right heart thrombus is over 40%, therefore urgent surgical embolectomy was performed with relief of symptoms.     

Severe refractory hypoxaemia in submassive pulmonary embolism: a surrogate marker of severe right ventricular dysfunction and indication for thrombolysis

The role of thrombolysis in pulmonary thromboembolism is controversial. We describe a case of life-threatening acute pulmonary embolism where thrombolysis was successfully administered because of extreme refractory hypoxaemia. We suggest that profound refractory hypoxaemia in this clinical setting was due to the combination of severe right ventricular dysfunction and shunting from pulmonary infarction. The shunt was not likely to have resolved in the short term, but right ventricular function and hypoxaemia improved with clot lysis. Similar clinical presentations should prompt active consideration of thrombolysis.     

心电图在急性肺栓塞诊断中的应用价值研究

目的：分析心电图在急性肺栓塞诊断中的应用价值。方法抽取我院收治的临床确诊为急性肺栓塞患者54例,对其临床表现及心电图检查结果进行统计分析。结果本组54例患者发生心电图改变52例,包括窦性心动过速40例,室上性心动过速2例,房性早搏38例,TV1～TV3同时出现倒置17例,出现 SⅠQⅢTⅢ9例,右束支传导阻滞12例。结论急性肺栓塞患者会出现明显的心电图改变,掌握心电图变化特点对于急性肺栓塞的诊断具有重要意义,值得推广应用。     

Large right atrial thrombus with pulmonary embolism

We present the cases of two patients, aged 67 and 77 years, who were admitted for the evaluation of rapidly progressive dyspnea and syncope, respectively. Both patients developed large right atrial thrombi with pulmonary embolism. The first patient received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and survived with an uneventful result, whereas the second patient received operative thrombectomy followed by intravenous heparin and died 15 days later of pulmonary infarction with pulseless electrical activity. Data from these limited experiences suggest that thrombolytic therapy might be considered in patients with right heart thrombi with pulmonary embolism.     

急性肺栓塞的心电图早期诊断

目的探讨心电图改变在急性肺动脉栓塞患者早期诊断中的价值及心电图改变的机理。方法回顾分析17例急性肺动脉栓塞患者早期常规12导联心电图特点并比较心电图、超声心动图异常发现率。结果14例出现某种典型心电图改变。心电图与超声心动图异常发现率比较,无统计学意义（p＆gt;0.05）。结论心电图检查在早期发现急性肺动脉栓塞患者中与超声心动图有相同的价值。临床医生不应该忽视急性肺动脉栓塞患者心电图的改变,通过观察心电图变化早期诊断急性肺动脉栓塞,使患者得到早期的救治和更加良好的预后。     

Utility of thallium-201 scintigraphy in detecting right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary embolism

Acute right ventricular dysfunction has been established both as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in pulmonary embolism. This report illustrates the utility of thallium-201 scintigraphy as an adjunctive noninvasive test in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by demonstrating increases in regional right ventricular perfusion and its subsequent resolution with treatment presumably as a result of decreased pressure work.     

心脏超声估测肺动脉压对于评估肺栓塞预后的作用

目的 探讨多普勒超声估测肺动脉压力对于评估肺栓塞预后的作用.方法 对66例肺动脉栓塞住院患者进行回顾性分析.根据2008年欧洲心脏病协会颁布的急性肺栓塞诊治指南对肺栓塞患者进行危险分层,根据心脏多普勒超声检查,对于存在三尖瓣反流的患者估测肺动脉收缩压,＞40 mm Hg为肺动脉高压组,≤40 mm Hg为肺动脉压正常组.比较两组间临床指标和危险分层的差异.结果 肺动脉收缩压与肺栓塞患者的危险度分层关系密切(P＜0.05),肺动脉高压组的氨基端前脑钠肽值较肺动脉压正常组明显增高(P＜0.01),但其肌钙蛋白T值与肺动脉压正常组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 多普勒超声估测肺动脉压力对于肺栓塞预后有一定的评估意义.     

超声心动图在与急性心肌梗死混淆的急性肺栓塞患者诊断中的价值

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心电图在急性肺栓塞诊断治疗中的价值

目的 探讨心电图在急性肺栓塞诊断治疗中的价值.方法 对30例急性肺检塞患者心电图表现进行分析.结果 30例患者心电图均有改变,表现各异.结论 心电图对肺栓塞的诊断具有比较重要的价值.多次心电图检查观察动态变化并结合临床进行全面分析,综合判断,对PTE诊断和预后的判断有更大意义.     

CT肺栓塞指数在肺栓塞患者中的临床应用研究

目的:探讨肺栓塞指数(CTI)在肺栓塞(PE)患者中的临床应用价值。方法:入选通过双源CT肺动脉造影确诊的187例PE患者,132例为急性PE,55例为慢性PE;急性PE中,低危组46例,中危组86例,高危组0例。通过CT影像计算CTI,结合PE危险分层绘制两者的受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)并得到最佳诊断阈值,按对应的CTI将急、慢性PE患者分别划分为2组,对比分析2组的临床病例资料。结果:1急性PE中,低危组平均CTI为(37.5±27.4)%,中危组平均CTI为(50.8±23.9)%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);慢性PE平均CTI为(23.1±21.9)%。2CTI与危险分层的ROC曲线下面积为0.653(P=0.004),最佳诊断阈值对应的CTI为60%。3急、慢性PE患者CTI在性别、年龄分布上的差异均无统计学意义。4急性PE中,与CTI60%组相比,CTI≥60%组出现呼吸困难及晕厥症状比例更多,心率更快,PaO_2、SaO_2、PaCO_2降低,P(A-a)O_2增高,WBC、NEUT、Hs CRP增高,cTnI、BNP、D-二聚体增高,RA、RV、RV/LV增高(均P0.05)。2组在收缩压、舒张压方面差异无统计学意义。5慢性PE中,与CTI60%组相比,CTI≥60%组出现呼吸困难症状比例更多,PaO_2、SaO_2、PaCO_2降低,P(A-a)O_2增高,HsCRP、D-二聚体增高,RA、RV、RV/LV增高。急性、慢性PE中,CTI≥60%组的肺栓塞严重指数(PESI)评分均高于CTI60%组(P0.05)。结论:CTI与PE危险分层具有显著的相关性,两者ROC曲线的最佳诊断阈值所对应的CTI为60%。以60%为界,CTI可良好区分急、慢性PE患者的病情严重程度及预后,说明CTI在急、慢性PE患者中均具有一定的临床应用价值。