彩色多普勒超声对布-加综合征的诊断价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对布-加综合征(Budd-Chiari Syndrome,BCS)的诊断价值。材料与方法:选取28例临床中经过手术或下腔静脉造影的BCS患者,回顾分析其入院时彩色超声诊断的直接及间接征象,根据患者下腔静脉及肝静脉阻塞情况进行分型分析。结果:患者经治疗后病理诊断分型为:肝静脉病变(Ⅰ型)8例,下腔静脉病变(Ⅱ型)16例,肝静脉和下腔静脉混合病变(Ⅲ型)4例。超声诊断结果为:彩色多普勒超声检测出25例,误诊1例,漏诊2例,诊断准确率89.3%。结论:彩色多普勒超声对布-加综合征能做出较准确的诊断,具有重要的临床意义及价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在布加综合征诊断中的价值

目的对彩色多普勒超声在不同类型布加氏综合症(BCS)诊断的应用价值进行探讨。方法回顾性分析经下腔静脉造影或手术证实的BCS患者,对其彩色多普勒声像图特征进行分析和比较,并将结果与X线造影及临床手术资料对照分析。结果 21例BCS患者,彩色多普勒超声诊断为BCS的患者为19例,其中肝静脉阻塞8例,下腔静脉型4例,混合型7例,超声准确率为90.5%(19/21),漏诊或误诊2例。结论彩色多普勒可作为诊断布加氏综合征首选的影像学方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对布加综合征血管病变的诊断价值

布加综合征（BCS）是由各种原因引起的肝静脉或肝段下腔静脉梗阻或闭塞，使血流回流受阻，血液淤滞，最终导致肝硬化门脉高压和其他下腔静脉阻塞引起的症候群。本文应用二维超声及彩色多普勒超声检查24例BCS，对其声像图特点进行分析，重点评价彩色多普勒超声对BCS血管病变的诊断价值。     

Budd-Chiari综合征的常规超声及超声造影特征

目的 探讨Budd-Chiari综合征的超声造影特征及临床价值.方法 回顾性分析32例BCS患者的二维超声、彩色多普勒超声和超声造影检查资料,重点观察下腔静脉、肝静脉血流显影的特点,全部患者经血管造影、介入或手术治疗证实.结果 BCS超声造影特征性表现为:下腔静脉和(或)肝静脉狭窄处局部血流形态变窄,阻塞处局部无增强;肝后段下腔静脉显影延迟或不显影,当狭窄或阻塞经治疗改善或解除后,肝后段下腔静脉显影时间明显缩短;三支肝静脉主支之间狭窄支与正常支显影时间无明显区别;能良好显示血管内血流边缘,有利于显示狭窄段管腔内形及腔内血流束的走行;能较好显示血管支架内血流信息;不存在角度依赖性,可提高低流量、低流速血流信号的检出率;不能提供血流方向的信息.结论 超声造影能良好显示下腔静脉、肝静脉狭窄或阻塞的部位、范围和程度,尤其适用于下腔静脉或肝静脉阻塞与重度狭窄的鉴别,这对手术方式的选择、治疗效果的判断和术后随访具有重要价值.     

Budd—Chiari综合征的超声分型诊断

本文报告了经手术及下腔静脉造影证实的９８例Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈａｒｉ综合征。根据病因及声像图特征其分为六型，即肝静脉阻塞、下腔静脉隔膜状阻塞、下腔静脉狭窄、下腔静脉闭塞、下腔静脉血栓形成、外源性下腔静脉狭窄型。分析了各型的超声诊断特点，作者认为此病的超声分型诊断有助于提高本病的诊断准确率，可作为筛选和诊断本病的常规方法。     

Budd－Chiari综合征的超声分型诊断

本文报告了经手术及下腔静脉造影证实的９８例Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征。根据病因及声像图特征将其分为六型，即肝静脉阻塞、下腔静脉隔膜状阻塞、下腔静脉狭窄、下腔静脉闭塞、下腔静脉血栓形成、外源性下腔静脉狭窄型。分析了各型的超声诊断特点。作者认为此病的超声分型诊断有助于提高本病的诊断准确率，可作为筛选和诊断本病的常规方法。     

Budd-Chiari综合征下腔静脉超声检查方法及病变分型再探讨

目的 探讨超声检查布-加综合征(Budd-Chiari syndrome,BCS)下腔静脉病变的方法并进行分型诊断.方法 常规经腹和应用心脏探头经胸右心房下腔静脉入口切面详细观察300例BCS患者下腔静脉的二维及血流声像图特征,并对其中277例存在病变者进行分型.所有病例均经数字血管减影(DSA)证实.其中52例行CT血管成像(CTA)检查.结果 下腔静脉病变分为隔膜性病变、节段性病变以及外压性病变三大类.①隔膜性病变(病变厚度≤15 mm):分为隔膜狭窄和隔膜闭塞.隔膜狭窄型根据隔膜厚度又进一步分为薄隔膜狭窄型(厚度≤5 mm)和厚隔膜狭窄型(5 mm＜厚度≤15 mm);隔膜闭塞型则分为薄隔膜闭塞型(厚度≤5 mm)和厚隔膜闭塞型(5 mm＜厚度≤15 mm).②节段性病变(病变长度＞15 mm):分为节段狭窄和节段闭塞.节段狭窄型又分为长节段狭窄型(＞30 mm)和短节段狭窄型(15mm＜狭窄长度≤30 mm);节段闭塞型进一步分为长节段闭塞型(闭塞长度＞20 mm)和短节段闭塞型(15mm＜闭塞长度≤20 mm).③外压性病变:主要为肿大肝尾状叶压迫所致的下腔静脉狭窄.各型均具相应超声表现.结论 经腹和应用心脏探头经胸右心房下腔静脉入口切面超声检查能对BCS患者下腔静脉病变准确分型,有助于指导临床治疗.     

Budd-Chiair综合征介入治疗前彩色多普勒超声系统检查的内容及意义探讨

目的 探讨Budd-Chiair综合征介入治疗前彩色多普勒超声系统检查的内容及意义.方法 运用彩色多普勒超声对46例布-加综合征(BCS)患者进行系统、全面检测及分析.结果 所有BCS患者彩色多普勒均正确区分其类型.下腔静脉型及混合型BCS患者中,有2例发现下腔静脉血栓.肝静脉型及混合型BCS患者中有92%(34/37)观测到肝短静脉,其中18例患者测量了肝短静脉汇入下腔静脉处频谱,肝功能 Child-Pugh分级A级与B级间肝短静脉汇入下腔静脉处最大血流速度差异显著(P＜0.01).肝内外间侧支循环除了肝短静脉外,本组中还有肝静脉与膈下静脉及腹壁静脉的侧支建立.本组患者中有41例肝实质回声增粗;28例门静脉增宽;34例脾脏增大.结论 彩色多普勒超声不但能对BCS正确诊断及分型,还能全面、系统观测相关内容.在树立下腔静脉与肝静脉为一整体概念,肝静脉与门静脉为一整体概念,肝静脉与肝短静脉为一整体概念,肝脏与脾脏为一整体概念前题下,详实、细致、全面的超声检查能为手术时机的选择、介入治疗方式的制定、治疗效果的评价及追踪随访提供可靠的数据,才能体现出超声检查的优势.     

二维及彩色多普勒超声诊断Budd—chiari综合征

目的探讨应用二维超声及彩色多普勒血流显像对Budd—chiari综合征的诊断依据。方法本组47例均采用二维及彩色多普勒检查并经手术及下腔静脉造影证实。结果47例中单纯肝静脉阻塞4例（8．5％），下腔静脉隔膜阻塞9例（19．1％），下腔静脉狭窄20例（42．6％），下腔静脉闭塞8例（17．0％），下腔静脉血栓4例（8．5％），肝右叶肿瘤压迫、下腔静脉内瘤栓形成者2例（4．3％）。下腔静脉狭窄者内径为0．5～1．2cm，管壁局限性增厚、僵硬，狭窄远端可有明显扩张2．3～2．5cm。下腔静脉内隔膜阻塞显示下腔静脉上段向腔内突出的隔膜状回声带，中央有孔者6例，中央无孔者3例，隔膜厚度3～7mm，彩色多普勒血流显像，在肝静脉及下腔静脉不完全性梗阻病例显示高速血流束，呈五彩镶嵌色，腔内显示血流充盈缺损。下腔静脉及肝静脉完全梗阻时，不显示血流信号。结论B—CS病因较复杂，临床表现缺乏特异性，临床诊断较困难，由于超声具有简便、显示率高、无创伤性的优点，可以成为本病的首选诊断方法。     

彩色多普勒超声对布加综合征诊断价值

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对布加综合征的诊断与应用价值.方法:回顾性分析37例布加综合征患者的彩色多普勒声像图资料.结果:37例经彩色多普勒超声检查诊断为布加综合征;10例肝静脉阻塞,27例下腔静脉阻塞.结论:彩色多普勒超声检查可作为布加综合征的首选诊断方法,能显示狭窄的部位、类型,指导临床治疗和观察手术效果.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。