后路椎弓根螺钉治疗齿状突骨折伴可复性寰枢椎脱位

目的 总结后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定、复位、融合治疗齿状突骨折伴可复性寰枢椎骨折脱位的疗效.方法 对27例齿状突骨折伴可复性寰枢椎骨折脱位的患者经术前颅骨牵引,采用后路椎弓根螺钉,行寰枢椎复位、固定及植骨融合.结果 患者寰枢椎椎间稳定性得到恢复,无并发症发生;随访12-48个月(平均24个月),27例患者均获骨性融合.结论 经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术可为齿状突骨折伴可复性寰枢椎骨折脱位的患者提供牢固的三维固定,是一种更为有效的治疗方法.     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗陈旧性齿状突骨折并寰枢椎失稳

目的 探讨后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉技术治疗陈旧性齿状突骨折并寰枢椎失稳的疗效.方法 2005年1月-2010年1月,对48例陈旧性齿状突骨折并寰枢椎失稳患者行后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉复位固定,其中男30例,女18例;年龄19～56岁,平均45.1岁.本组术前均行颅骨牵引.结果 本组48例患者共置入寰椎和枢椎椎弓根螺钉各96枚,寰枢椎复位满意,术中无脊髓损伤.术中出血250～900 ml,平均370 ml,手术时间110～280 min,平均155 min.术中3例出现椎动脉损伤,3例出现寰椎后弓下壁破裂.术后均获随访9～64个月,平均46.6个月.所有患者均在术后6个月获得骨性融合,未发现螺钉松动、移位、螺钉断裂和寰枢椎再移位、失稳现象.日本骨科学会(JOA)评分由术前的(7.1±2.8)分改善至术后的(13.3±2.1)分(P＜0.05).结论 寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术具有良好的复位效果,为寰枢椎不稳患者治疗提供了一种较好的内固定术式.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical effect of the trans-atlantoaxial pedicle screw-rod internal fixation and fusion in treatment of old odontoid fracture combined with atlantoaxial instability.Methods The study involved 48 patients with old odontoid fractures combined with atlantoaxial instability treated with trans-atlantoaxial pedicle screw-rod internal fixation and fusion from January 2005 to January 2010.There were 30 males and 18 females,at average age of 45.1 years old(19-56 years).All the patients underwent the skull traction preoperatively.Results A total of 192 pedicle screws(96 screws for the atlas and another 96 for the axis)were implanted in all the 48 patients who obtained satisfactory atlantoaxial reduction,with no spinal cord injuries.The operation lasted for average 155 min,with blood loss for average 370 ml.There were three patients with vertebral artery injury and three with inferior posterior arch fracture of the atlas during operation.All the patients were followed up for average of 46.6 months(range,9-64 months),which showed bone fusion at 6 months after operation,with no loosening,displacement,instability or breakage of the screws.The JOA score was improved from preoperative 7.1 ±2.8 to postoperative 13.3 ± 2.1(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Atlantoaxial pedicle screw fixation is a reliable and effective method for the treatment of the atlantoaxial instability.     

经寰枢椎椎弓根侧块螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳

目的 探讨应用寰枢椎椎弓根侧块螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳的疗效. 方法 2006年6月-2007年12月,采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳11例,回顾性分析临床效果. 结果 术后X线显爪所有螺钉位置良好,寰枢椎复位满意.术后随访3～21个月,平均12个月,本组患者均未发生脊髓损伤或椎动脉损伤,未出现内置物断裂. 结论 使用寰枢椎椎弓根侧块螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎失稳操作简便,固定牢固,疗效可靠.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

目的 探讨寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折并寰枢关节半脱位临床疗效.方法 2002年12月-2006年12月,采用后路寰楸椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗伸直型齿状突骨折并寰枢关节半脱位患者7例,其中男5例,女2例;年龄21～59岁,平均39.2岁.齿状突骨折均为Anderson Ⅱ型新鲜骨折,术前神经功能日本骨科协会(JOA)评分8.6～14.9分,平均10.7分.术前均行X线、CT等影像学检查及颅骨牵引术.均于全身麻醉下采用枢法模Vertex寰枢椎椎弓根钉系统,直视下行C1、C2复位固定术.结果 本组患者未发生椎动脉、脊髓及神经根损伤,寰枢椎骨折脱位均完全复位,术口均Ⅰ期愈合;术后3～6 d(平均4 d)颈托保护下离床活动.随访12～36个月(平均22个月),临床症状得到明显改善.术后6个月X线片示螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉,所有骨折均呈骨性愈合.神经功能JOA评分13.5～16.9分,平均15.8分.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定技术具有术中复位、固定可靠、骨愈合率高等特点,为齿状突骨折合并伸直型寰枢关节半脱位患者提供了一种较好的治疗方法.     

椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位的临床观察

目的评估椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位的疗效。方法2003年5月- 2006年7月,采用寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位37例,回顾性分析临床疗效和并发症防治。结果37例患者采用Vertex系统固定30例,Axis系统固定7例。寰枢椎完全复位32例,大部分复位5例。寰椎侧块和枢椎椎弓根显露过程中出现静脉丛出血30例次。寰椎和枢椎各置钉74枚,寰椎后弓打孔置钉时5例5处寰椎后弓断裂和下壁破裂,改为经寰椎侧块置钉。枢椎置钉时椎动脉损伤2例(早期病例)。无切口感染、脑脊液漏和瘫痪加重患者。随访3个月～3年,平均1.4年。齿状突骨折愈合30例,畸形愈合7例;寰枢区后表面植骨融合37例,枕寰区后表面有骨痂形成2例。未见内固定松动断裂。结论经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术治疗寰枢椎骨折脱位,操作简便,固定牢靠,只要正确掌握适应证,术中仔细操作,大多数并发症可避免。     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉固定治疗伸直型齿状突骨折合并寰枢关节半脱位

Objective To explore the clinical outcome of atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument in treatment of extension-type odontoid fracture combined with aflantoaxial subluxation. Methods From December 2002 to December 2006, seven patients with extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation were reduced and fixed with atlantoaxial pedicle screw instrument of Vertex system under general anesthesia. There were five males and two females, at mean age of 39.2 years (range 21-59 years). All odontoid fractures were fresh type Aderson Ⅱ. JOA scores of spinal core function was 8.6-14.9 (average 10.7) preoperatively. The X-ray examination, CT scanning and skull traction were performed in all patients preoperatively. Results There found no severe complications such as injuries of vertebral artery, nerve root and spinal cord postoperatively. All patients obtained complete reduction and healing of the fracture and dislocation. The mean off-bed time was four days (3-6 days) after opera-tion. A follow-up for 12-36 months (average 22 months) in all patients showed that the clinical symptom was improved significantly six months postoperatively and that all screws were in proper position verified by X-ray and CT scanning. All patients obtained solid bony union on radiographs, with no loosing or breakage of instrument. The postoperative JOA scores was 13.5-16.9 (average 15.8). Conclusions Allantoaxial pedicle screw fixation has advantages of intraoperative reduction, reliable fixation and high fusion rate and can be used as an effective method for extension-type odontoid fracture combined with at-lantoaxial subluxation.     

复杂性枢椎骨折合并相邻节段不稳的外科治疗

目的 探讨复杂枢椎骨折合并相邻节段不稳的临床、影像学特点,提供合理的手术治疗策略.方法 回顾分析手术治疗且资料完整的21例枢椎骨折患者,男14例,女7例;平均年龄34岁.根据枢椎骨折的类型及其相邻寰枢关节、C2/3椎间的稳定情况,分别采用以下手术方式:(1)前路C2/3椎间盘切除及植骨、颈前路钢板固定;(2)齿状突螺钉固定;(3)后路C1～2椎弓根、颈椎侧块螺钉固定或联合前后路手术,稳定上颈椎.结果 21例全部获得6～36个月随访(平均12个月),术后佩戴颈围3个月,3个月均获得骨性融合,颈椎伸屈侧位片显示颈椎稳定,无内固定松动、脱出及断裂,无椎动脉损伤、神经损伤、脑脊液漏及切口感染等手术并发症.5例脊髓损伤神经功能恢复良好.结论 对于枢椎骨折,在确定骨折的类型及准确判断相邻寰枢关节、C2/3稳定性受破坏程度的基础上,通过手术治疗,可取得良好的疗效.     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位

目的 探讨寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定手术治疗牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位的手术技巧及临床疗效.方法 选择2005年3月-2009年9月收治的寰枢椎脱位患者32例(TOI分型为T2型).其中齿状突骨折19例,新鲜性17例,陈旧性2例;横韧带断裂5例;先天性齿状突发育异常8例.术前日本骨科学会(JOA)评分5～13分,平均8.38分;骨髓有效空间(space available for the cord,SAC)平均9.15 mm.32例患者经颅骨牵引复位后,经颈后路行寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定术.结果 32例患者经颅骨牵引后复位,共置入螺钉128枚,手术时间平均1.5 h,出血量平均300 ml,未发生椎动脉及脊髓损伤.全部患者获随访,时间12～24个月,临床症状获得不同程度改善.术后SAC平均14.86 mm;术后1年JOA评分10～17分,平均14.56分,评分改善率为71.70%.X线、螺旋CT复查螺钉位置良好,无钉棒断裂、变形、松动或寰枢椎再次脱位现象.寰枢椎后方植骨于术后3～6个月获骨性融合,1例未植骨,术后1年取出内固定,寰枢关节旋转功能正常.结论 寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统内固定技术为寰枢椎提供坚强的三维固定,可直视下置钉,术中复位、融合率高,安全有效,是牵引复位不稳定型寰枢椎脱位的理想治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the technique and clinical outcome of the atlantoaxial pedicle screw system in the treatment of the unstable atlantoaxial dislocation post traction.Methods The study involved 32 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation(type T2 of TOI classification)admitted from March 2005 to September 2009.There were 17 patients with fresh odontoid fracture and two with old odontoid fracture,five with traumatic disruption of the transverse atlantal ligament and eight with congenital odontoid dysplasia.JOA scores of neurological function before operation was at a range of 5-13(average 8.38).The average of space available for the cord(SAC)was 9.15 mm.Before the atlantoaxial pedicle screw system was carried out,the skull traction was performed in all the patients preoperatively.Results A total of 128 pedicle screws were inserted safely,with mean operation time and perioperative blood loss for 1.5 hours and 300 ml,respectively.No injury to the vertebral artery or spinal cord was observed.All the patients were followed up for 12-24 months,which showed that JOA scores one year after operation was increased to 10-17(average 14.56),with the improvement rate of 71.70%,and that the SAC was average 14.86 mm.The X-ray and SCT scans verified the proper position of the screws,with no internal fixation failure or atlantoaxial redislocation.After 3-6 months,all the patients except for one patient achieved a solid bone fusion.One year after operation,the one patient with no bone graft fusion was removed of the internal fixation system and obtained satisfactory restoration of the rotational function.Conclusions Atlantoaxial pedicle screw system is an effective method for the treatment of the unstable atlantoaxial dislocation post traction,for it has the advantages of stable three-dimension fixation,direct screw placement,intraoperative reduction and high fusion rate.     

经寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗儿童寰枢椎难治性脱位

目的 探讨应用后路经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗儿童难治性脱位的临床疗效.方法 2002年6月-2007年1月,对7例寰枢椎难治性脱位的患儿采用后路经寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,同时辅以寰枢椎间植骨.结果 7例患儿寰枢椎脱位得到复位,无并发症发生,随访8～14个月(平均10个月),影像学显示患儿均获骨性融合.结论 经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术是一种有效的治疗儿童寰枢椎难治性脱位的方法.     

前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳

目的 评估前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床疗效. 方法 选择2004年3月-2009年6月收治的寰枢椎不稳患者32例,其中男21例,女11例;年龄22～64岁,平均49岁.寰枢椎不稳的原因:齿状突陈旧性骨折10例,游离齿状突畸形16例,横韧带损伤2例,类风湿关节炎4例.32例患者均在皮层体感诱发电位(cortical somatosensory evoked potential,CSEP)监测下行前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术.记录手术时间、失血量及并发症情况,采用日本骨科协会(JOA)评分评估术前和术后1年神经功能情况. 结果 32例患者平均手术时间98 min,平均出血量110 ml,术中无食管、神经、椎动脉损伤或脑脊液漏.术后所有患者均获随访,时间12 ～31个月,平均19个月.JOA术前评分为9.8分,术后1年为15.8分,改善率为83％.所有患者均植骨融合,内固定位置良好.2例患者术后出现舌下神经损伤症状,术后2个月恢复. 结论 前路经寰枢关节螺钉固定是治疗寰枢椎不稳的有效方法之一.     

经枢椎椎弓根内固定钉道轨迹的术前三维CT重建

目的 探讨术前CT三维重建经枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定钉道轨迹的方法及其临床意义。方法 用GE LightSpeed 16 Pro螺旋CT对15具枢椎完整成人干燥标本进行扫描，扫描完成后内插重建为层厚0．6mm、层距0．3mm，在ADW4．2软件上采用容积再现（volume rendering，VR）及多平面重建（multiple planar reformatting，MPR）技术重建和分析图像。在图像工作站中模拟不同方法（方法A：进钉点为下关节突根部的中垂线，出至上关节突与齿突交界处；方法B：进钉点为下关节突背侧的头内1／4处，平行于狭部轴线至上关节突下缘）和不同直径的经枢椎椎弓根钉固定，观察虚拟螺钉在骨性通道中的通行情况，并将钉道参数结果应用于干燥枢椎标本的实际椎弓根内固定。结果 螺钉的轨迹可以从多方位、多角度以及任意轴面上得到动态观察，2具3侧标本的横突孔内侧壁和上关节突下方骨壁菲薄，明显不适于行椎弓根内固定。方法A与B两种钉道轨迹参数比较，二者的钉道长度相近（P〉0．05），方法A的上倾角度和内倾角度大于方法B（P〈0．05，0．01），方法A的骨性通道中可容纳虚拟螺钉的直径明显小于方法B（P〈0．05）。结论 本研究可以模拟经枢椎椎弓根钉固定的不同进钉点、螺钉的不同直径和不同安全角度，并动态观察螺钉的轨迹是否完全在骨性结构内通行，在临床治疗和科研中有较大的应用价值。