在骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折中改良经皮椎体成形术的应用效果探讨

目的：探讨在骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折中改良经皮椎体成形术的应用效果。方法选取骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者97例,26例采取传统经皮椎体成形术为PVP组;39例采取经皮椎体后凸成形术为PKP组;32例采取改良经皮椎体成形术为改良PVP组,记录三组患者的VAS评分、后凸cobb角改善情况及渗漏率。结果三组患者手术后1周时间、手术后6个月时的VAS评分均较手术前有显著的改善（P＜0.05）,组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;PKP组和改良PVP组的cobb角改善情况显著优于PVP组（P＜0.05）;改良PVP组的渗漏率显著低于PVP组和PKP组（P＜0.05）;PVP组和PKP组渗漏率对比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论改良PVP能缓减疼痛,同时可降低渗漏率,值得临床推广。     

两种椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较经皮椎体成形术(PVP)和经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的疗效。方法 将116例OVCF患者根据术式不同分为PVP组(采用PVP治疗，66例)和PKP组(采用PKP治疗，50例)。记录两组手术情况、疼痛VAS评分、局部Cobb角以及骨水泥渗漏情况，比较手术前后伤椎前缘及中部高度压缩率。结果 患者均获得随访，时间10～39个月。手术时间PVP组短于PKP组(P<0.05),骨水泥注入量PKP组多于PVP组(P<0.05)。伤椎前缘及中部高度压缩率、疼痛VAS评分、局部Cobb角：两组术后3 d、末次随访均较术前明显改善(P<0.05),术后3 d、末次随访时两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PVP组28例(42.4%)骨水泥渗漏，PKP组28例(56.0%)骨水泥渗漏，骨水泥渗漏率两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PVP和PKP治疗OVCF均能获得良好的疗效。与PVP比较，PKP在恢复椎体高度、改善局部Cobb角、减少骨水泥渗漏上无明显优势。     

PKP与高粘度骨水泥PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效比较

目的比较经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)与高粘度骨水泥经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床效果。方法纳入自2012-02—2016-04诊治的100例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,行PKP治疗者50例(PKP组),行高粘度骨水泥PVP治疗者50例(PVP组)。比较2组术后VAS评分、ODI指数、伤椎前缘高度压缩比值、伤椎前缘高度恢复比值,以及骨水泥渗漏率。结果 2组术后VAS评分、ODI指数、伤椎前缘高度压缩比值较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。但2组术后各时间点VAS评分、ODI指数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。PKP组术后3 d、12个月伤椎前缘高度压缩比值低于PVP组,伤椎前缘高度恢复比值高于PVP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PVP组骨水泥渗漏发生率低于PKP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PKP、高粘度骨水泥PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可明显减轻患者疼痛,改善患者功能障碍程度,PKP术后椎体高度恢复效果更优,而高粘度PVP骨水泥渗漏率较低。     

两种术式治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折的疗效比较

目的探讨椎体成形术(PVP)和椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效。方法将112例OVCF患者根据入院先后顺序分成PVP单侧穿刺组(32例)、PVP双侧穿刺组(28例)、PKP单侧穿刺组(27例)、PKP双侧穿刺组(25例)。比较4组间手术时间、骨水泥渗漏率、椎体前缘高度比、住院天数、手术前后疼痛VAS评分。结果 112例患者均获得随访,时间6～13个月。手术时间:PVP单侧穿刺组与双侧穿刺组比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05),PKP单侧穿刺组与双侧穿刺组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01),且PVP两组与PKP两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。骨水泥渗漏率、椎体前缘高度比:PVP两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05),PKP两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0. 05),但PVP两组与PKP两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 01)。住院天数、手术前后VAS评分4组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 OVCF采用PVP与PKP治疗疗效均满意。PVP手术时间短、费用低,但骨水泥渗漏率偏高,不能恢复压缩椎体高度; PKP骨水泥渗漏率低,利于恢复压缩椎体高度,但手术时间长、费用高。     

经皮椎体成形术与经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)与经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折的效果。方法按照不同手术方式将184例老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折患者分为PVP组(98例)和PKP组(86例)。比较2组骨水泥渗漏率及术后伤椎椎体压缩率、后凸Cobb's角、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和腰椎功能障碍评分(ODI)。结果 2组患者均获12～24个月随访。术后1周和6个月2组患者的VAS评分均优于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但组内及组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者术后6个月的伤椎椎体压缩率和后凸Cobb's角均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但PKP组患者的改善程度优于PVP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PKP组骨水泥渗漏率及术后邻近椎体骨折发生率均低于PVP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 PKP与PVP治疗老年胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折,均有良好止痛效果。PKP较PVP恢复椎体高度及矫正脊柱后凸畸形效果更为明显,且并发症发生率低。     

经皮椎体成形术和经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的:观察经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)和经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutanous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效。方法:2007年10月～2009年4月收治骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者106例,其中61例82个椎体接受PVP治疗,男21例29个椎体,女40例53个椎体,年龄65～96岁,平均78.3岁;45例55个椎体接受PKP治疗,男17例21个椎体,女28例34个椎体,年龄68～90岁,平均77.1岁。术前及术后1d进行疼痛视觉类比评分(VAS),测量伤椎高度,随访伤椎高度丢失情况,记录骨水泥渗漏及随访期间邻近椎体骨折情况。结果:PVP组术前和术后1d VAS分别为6.7±1.4分和2.1±0.7分,PKP组分别为6.9±1.2分和2.2±0.9分,每组术后VAS与术前比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),同时间点组间比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。PVP组55例、PKP组41例获得随访,随访时间为12～36个月,平均18个月。PVP组和PKP组术后伤椎高度分别较术前增加2.4±1.8mm和9.2±2.2mm,术后12个月随访伤椎高度分别丢失0.8±0.5mm和1.9±0.8mm,两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。PVP组术中骨水泥渗漏28例33个椎体,PKP组15例17个椎体,PKP组骨水泥渗漏率明显低于PVP组(P<0.05)。随访期间PVP组发生相邻椎体骨折9例,PKP组6例,两组相邻椎体骨折发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:PVP和PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的止痛效果均较好;PKP的复位效果优于PVP,较少发生骨水泥渗漏,但术后椎体高度再次丢失较明显;两者术后相邻椎体骨折发生率无明显差异。     

PVP与PKP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效比较

目的比较经皮椎体成形术(Percutaneous vertebro plasty,PVP)与经皮椎体后凸成形术(Percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-01—2020-11诊治的82例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,41例采用PKP治疗(PKP组),41例采用PVP治疗(PVP组),比较2组手术时间、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥渗漏情况,比较2组术后3个月疼痛VAS评分、ODI指数、伤椎前缘高度、伤椎Cobb角。结果 2组均顺利完成手术并获得至少3个月的随访。PKP组骨水泥注入量较PVP组多,骨水泥渗漏数较PVP组少,手术时间较PVP组长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后3个月2组疼痛VAS评分、ODI指数比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);PKP组伤椎前缘高度较PVP组大,伤椎Cobb角较PVP组小,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折采用PVP与PKP治疗均能显著减轻疼痛并促进术后快速康复,PKP在恢复伤椎高度、矫正椎体后凸畸形的效果优于PVP,且能减少骨水泥渗漏率。     

体位复位结合经皮椎体成形术与经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折疗效比较

目的比较体位复位结合经皮椎体成形术(PVP)与经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效。方法将70例OVCF患者随机分为两组,每组35例,A组行体位复位结合PVP治疗,B组行PKP治疗。比较两组患者术后腰痛VAS评分、伤椎前缘高度、后凸Cobb角变化情况。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~12个月。两组术后3 d及3、6个月VAS评分、Cobb角度数均明显低于术前,椎体前缘高度均显著高于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间术后各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论体位复位法结合PVP与PKP治疗OVCF的临床疗效相当,体位复位结合PVP具有治疗费用低的优点。     

经皮椎体成形术与后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效比较

目的比较经皮椎体成形术(PVP)和经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效。方法将69例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者随机分为PVP组(34例)和PKP组(35例),记录手术时间、放射暴露次数、治疗费用、骨水泥渗漏情况,比较患者术前和术后疼痛VAS评分、ODI、后凸Cobb角、椎体高度。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~18个月。PKP组手术时间、放射暴露次数、治疗费用均多于PVP组(P0.05,P0.01)。术后PVP和PKP组的VAS评分、ODI均较术前明显改善(P0.05,P0.01);术后Cobb角、椎体高度PKP组优于PVP组(P0.05)。PKP组的骨水泥渗漏率低于PVP组(P0.001)。结论PVP及PKP均为治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的有效方法。PKP恢复椎体高度及矫正后凸畸形效果较好,骨水泥渗漏风险小。     

单、双侧穿刺经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的比较单侧和双侧穿刺经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)的临床疗效。方法将156例胸腰椎OVCF患者(190椎体)根据病情分为单、双侧两组,单侧组78例(104椎体)采用单侧穿刺PKP,双侧组78例(86椎体)采用双侧穿刺PKP。比较两组患者的手术时间、骨水泥用量、骨水泥渗漏率以及术前、术后1 d和术后3个月的VAS评分、椎体前缘高度、Cobb角。结果患者均获得随访,时间10~16个月。无脊髓、神经、血管损伤,无感染及血管栓塞等并发症发生。单侧组的手术时间、骨水泥灌注量均低于双侧组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。两组骨水泥渗漏率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。VAS评分、椎体前缘高度、Cobb角:两组患者术后1 d、术后3个月与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),两组间各时间段比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单侧与双侧穿刺PKP治疗OVCF具有相似的疗效,但单侧穿刺PKP手术时间短、骨水泥用量少。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.