波斯迪卫生栓的体内外杀精作用和抗生育作用的实验研究

本文目的是观察波斯迪原料药和卫生栓体内外杀精作用与抗生育作用。体外杀精作用结果表明原料药20sec内最低杀精浓度在人、家兔和大鼠分别为1.25mg/ml,2.5mg/ml和1.25mg/ml。卫生栓则分别为5mg/ml,10mg/ml和5mg/ml。体内杀精作用结果表明0.5g和1g原料药和卫生栓在家兔交配后10min和8min内阴道均未发现有活动精子。家兔抗生育试验结果表明0.25g、0.5g和1g原料药避孕率均为100％(P<0.001)。卫生栓0.25g避孕率为60％(P>0.05),但0.5g和1g均为100％(P<0.001)。本文结果指出由中草药组成的波斯迪卫生栓体内外均有杀精作用和抗生育作用。     

杀微生物避孕凝胶剂的抗生育和抗菌作用研究

目的:观察杀微生物避孕凝胶剂的体外杀精、家兔抗生育和抗菌作用。方法:杀精试验采用改良的Sander-Crammer方法;家兔抗生育试验将家兔随机分为高、中、低3个剂量组,分别阴道给予凝胶剂48mg/kg,24mg/kg和12mg/kg,给药后10min与雄兔进行交配,21d后解剖并计算避孕率;抗菌实验用体外试管法观察凝胶剂的抗金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白色念珠菌的作用。结果:在20s内最低体外杀精浓度为0.5mg/ml;3个剂量组家兔避孕率分别为100%、80%和20%;对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和白色念珠菌的最低杀菌浓度分别为0.05625%、0.225%和0.45%。结论:研制的凝胶剂有明显的抗生育作用和抗上述3种致病菌作用。     

鹿藿正丁醇提取物体外杀精作用及机制探讨

目的研究鹿藿正丁醇提取物(n-Butanol extract of Rhynchosia volubilis Lour,BERVL)的体外杀精子作用及机制。同时观察该提取物体外对嗜酸乳酸杆菌的影响,初步评估BERVL作为杀精子剂的可行性和安全性。方法体外杀精子实验以生理盐水为阴性对照,壬苯醇醚(nonoxynolum-9,N-9)为阳性对照,显微镜下观察浓度为250mg/ml,125mg/ml,100mg/ml,90mg/ml,62.5mg/ml的BERVL对人精子活力的影响;体外抑菌实验用试管稀释法和琼脂稀释法;体外杀精子机制探讨:用伊红Y水试验和Hoechst 33342/PI荧光双染,显微镜下检测精子膜功能和精子凋亡。结果 BERVL在90mg/ml浓度组:体外杀精实验,原地活动精子百分率为(4.730±3.231)%;体外抑菌试验,对嗜酸乳酸杆菌抑制率为32.96%³5.70%;伊红Y水溶液染色,精子头部未着色百分率为(7.846±4.706)%。Hoechst 33342/PI荧光双染,凋亡精子百分率为(4.977±2.267)%,死精子百分率为(90.111±4.509)%。结论90mg/ml为BERVL较安全理想的体外杀精浓度。BERVL有显著的体外杀精子作用,可能与破坏精子膜和加速精子凋亡及死亡有关。     

红芸豆植物凝集素凝胶剂杀精与凝集精子效果的实验研究

目的:探讨红芸豆植物凝集素(RKBL)凝胶剂的杀精和凝集精子的效果。方法:(1)采用Sander-Cramer方法,即在浓度为5,2.5,1,0.5,0.25,0.1,0.05,0.025,0.01,0.005,0.0025,0.001mg/ml的RKBL溶液中,分别加入等体积精液,观察20s内致死精子的最低RKBL浓度及精子凝集的有效浓度;(2)在"V"型管底部加入等体积RKBL浓度分别为5,2.5,1,0.5,0.25,0.1,0.05,0.025,0.01,0.005,0.0025,0.001mg/ml的凝胶剂,在V型管两侧加入等体积人输卵管培养液(HTF),然后在其中一侧HTF中加入等量精液,观察阻止精子穿过或致死精子的效果。结果:当RKBL的浓度≥1mg/ml时,精子瞬间失活致死,即20s内致死的最低剂量为1mg/ml;0.01mg/ml的各浓度RKBL可不同程度地凝集精子。在"V"形管中,上述不同浓度的RKBL凝胶剂均能阻止精子穿透;当RKBL浓度≥1mg/ml时,精子在凝胶附近完全失去活动能力。结论:RKBL溶液体外杀精的最低浓度为1mg/ml;部分低浓度RBKL能使精子产生不同程度的凝集;各实验浓度的RKBL凝胶剂均能阻止精子穿透。RKBL凝胶剂可有效用于避孕。     

EGB栓对家兔的杀精效果和抗生育作用研究

本文目的旨在评价精子顶体蛋白酶抑制剂EGB栓的体内杀精子效果和抗生育作用。体内杀精实验结果表明,给予EGB栓25mg和50mg在家兔交配后5～20分钟,阴道内均未发现有活动精子。家兔抗生育实验结果表明,EGB栓12.5的避孕率为80%(P<0.001),25mg和50mg给药组的避孕率均为100％,与壬苯醇醚对照组的实验结果相同,与自然对照组和基质对照组相比有非常显著差异(P<0.001)。本文结果提示EGB栓具有体内杀精效果和抗生育作用。     

洁泽2号体外杀精及大鼠阴道避孕实验

目的:观察中药复方药液洁泽1号(Jieze NO.1,JZ1)对外用杀精剂壬苯醇醚(N-9)的杀精增效作用及洁泽2号(Jieze NO.2,JZ2,JZ1与N-9混合制剂)凝胶大鼠阴道内用药的避孕(抗生育)效果。方法:采用改良的Sander-cramer方法观察JZ2中N-9的最低杀精浓度对正常人精子前向运动率、活动率和存活率的影响;大鼠阴道内给予JZ2药物凝胶后雌雄合笼,分别于交配后1 min、3 min、5 min、10 min观察阴道内精子活动情况,并观察各组避孕率。结果:N-9 20 s、3 min最低杀精浓度均为0.25 mg/ml,与洁泽1号混合(即JZ2)后,N-9最低杀精浓度分别为0.125 mg/ml、0.062 5 mg/ml。交配后1 min,各单纯N-9及JZ2凝胶组大鼠阴道内均未见活动精子。N-9(12%及以上浓度)、JZ2(含10%及以上浓度N-9)各组均有较高的避孕率,与自然对照组及空白凝胶组之间的差异均有极显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。JZ2(含14%、12%N-9)药物凝胶组抗生育率均可达100%,与14%N-9作用相当。JZ2(含10%N-9及8%N-9)抗生育率分别为90%、40%,与自然对照组之间有统计学差异。JZ2(含12%N-9和10%N-9)凝胶组对大鼠的避孕作用强于相同浓度的N-9组,且比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:由剂量-反应关系曲线可以看出JZ1对N-9的杀精作用具有协同作用,两药混合后(即JZ2)可以减少N-9的剂量;JZ2凝胶大鼠阴道内用药具有较好的抗生育作用,在相同避孕效果下可减少N-9的用量。     

从无患子分离出的皂角甙与人的精液在体外混合后,在扫描电镜观察下,精子的形态学变化

最近,对阴道避孕药结合有效的杀精子剂这一发展又重视起来。据报道:许多药如表面活性剂,抗心律失常药,抗抑郁药和一些螯合剂均具有效的杀精子活性。在这些药中,去污剂如Nonoxynol-9的浓度为0.12mg/ml时,可影响精子的活动力。去污剂的杀精子作用是通过损伤精浆膜实现的。本文报道从无患子分离出的皂角甙的杀精子活性。本研究所采用的人体新鲜精液具有计数满意,前向活动力强,形态正常的特点。2ml精液与2ml无患子液(用盐水稀释,浓度分别为0.05%、0.1%、1.25%和5%)混合孵育1.5和10分钟。从同一标本中取2 ml精液仅与盐水孵育作为对照。然后在标     

棉酚在猕猴阴道内的杀精子活性

最近报道,在试管内棉酚—聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(gossypol—polyvinylpyrrolidone缩写gossg—pol—pvp)混合沉淀物是一种有效的杀精子剂。使用这种混合沉淀物是因为棉酚不易溶解。gossyp-ol-pvp)浓度为40mg/ml在20秒钟内使精子完全停止运动。而5mg/ml时则需3分钟。目前市场上销售的杀精子剂在试管内起杀精子作用亦需相同浓度。本实验用非人灵长类动物进行体内杀精子活性的观察。     

紫薯提取物抗氧化及延长寿命作用的研究

目的探究紫薯提取物(purple sweet potato extract,PSPE)的抗氧化活性及延长寿命作用。方法以雄性果蝇为实验动物模型,采用生存试验与急性试验测定饲喂不同浓度(0,0.5,1.0,2.0 mg/ml)PSPE对果蝇寿命的影响,并测定果蝇体内抗氧化酶活力及抗氧化相关基因表达水平。结果 PSPE可以有效延长果蝇寿命,其中2.0mg/ml组果蝇的平均寿命较空白对照组延长了20.4%(P0.05),且随着浓度的增大,呈剂量依赖关系。酶活测定结果显示,1.0、2.0mg/ml组果蝇体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著升高(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著下降(P0.01)。Real time-PCR结果显示,1.0、2.0 mg/ml组果蝇体内SOD、CAT m RNA表达水平极显著上调(P0.01),Methuselah(MTH)m RNA表达水平显著下调(P0.05)。结论紫薯提取物可能通过上调抗氧化基因表达水平以提高抗氧化酶活力和抑制脂质过氧化反应,从而有效延长果蝇寿命。     

农达对小鼠生精作用的影响

目的探讨农达(roundup,活性成分为草甘膦)对小鼠生精作用的影响。方法将24只成年SPF级雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分为阴性对照(蒸馏水)组和20、200、2 000 mg/kg农达染毒组,每组6只。采用经口灌胃方式进行染毒,染毒容量为20 ml/kg,每天1次,连续染毒30 d。测定小鼠精子数量、精子活动率和血清中睾酮(T)浓度及睾丸生精细胞的凋亡情况。结果与阴性对照组相比,200、2 000 mg/kg农达染毒组小鼠精子数量减少、精子活动度降低;各剂量农达染毒组小鼠血清睾酮浓度均降低,而睾丸生精细胞的凋亡率均升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在本实验染毒时间和剂量范围内,农达对雄性Balb/c小鼠的生精功能有一定的毒性作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.