高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术和激光光凝治疗

目的 探讨高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者玻璃体手术联合激光光凝治疗的成功率及并发症。 方法 高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者35例38只眼，11例12只眼单行经睫状体平部的玻璃体手术及惰性气体眼内填充，未作激光光凝治疗；24例26只眼在玻璃体手术术中及术后作黄斑裂孔缘激光光凝。术后均作6个月以上的随访(平均随访时间21．7个月)。 结果 非光凝组5只眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离复发，占41．7%，术后0．1以上视力6只眼，占50.0%；光凝组2只眼黄斑裂孔复发，占7.7%，1只眼因周边新裂孔形成而复发视网膜脱离，术后有13只眼视力在0.1以上，占50.0%。统计学检验两组黄斑裂孔复发率概率P=0.024,视网膜脱离复发率概率P=0.0487。两组患者术后视力无显著差异。 结论 玻璃体手术联合黄斑区激光光凝治疗可提高高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的手术成功率。 (中华眼底病杂志,1998,14:199-201)     

高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的玻璃体手术和激光光凝治疗

目的探讨高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者玻璃体手术联合激光光凝治疗的成功率及并发症。方法高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者３５例３８只眼，１１例１２只眼单行经睫状体平部的玻璃体手术及惰性气体眼内填充，未作激光光凝治疗；２４例２６只眼在玻璃体手术术中及术后作黄斑裂孔缘激光光凝。术后均作６个月以上的随访（平均随访时间２１．７个月）。结果非光凝组５只眼黄斑裂孔性视网膜脱离复发，占４１．７％，术后０．１以上视力６只眼，占５０．０％；光凝组２只眼黄斑裂孔复发，占７．７％，１只眼因周边新裂孔形成而复发视网膜脱离，术后有１３只眼视力在０．１以上，占５０．０％。统计学检验两组黄斑裂孔复发率概率Ｐ＝０．０２４，视网膜脱离复发率概率Ｐ＝０．０４８７。两组患者术后视力无显著差异。结论玻璃体手术联合黄斑区激光光凝治疗可提高高度近视黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的手术成功率。     

玻璃体切割术治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离疗效观察

目的探讨玻璃体切割术治疗黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离的疗效。方法对41例(42只眼)高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离,行玻璃体切割术联合眼内光凝黄斑裂孔、12?F8填充术,术后面向下体位两周。结果42只眼黄斑裂孔闭合,视网膜复位,随诊1~4年,2只眼术后因合并周边裂孔再次发生局限性视网膜脱离,给予巩膜外垫压、冷凝术封闭周边裂孔后视网膜平复。其中34只眼术后视力不同程度的提高,8只眼视力保持不变。结论玻璃体切割联合眼内光凝黄斑裂孔、12?F8填充术是治疗高度近视眼黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离安全有效的方法。     

玻璃体视网膜显微手术中医源性视网膜裂孔

目的：探讨玻璃体视网膜显徽手术中发生医源性视网膜裂孔的原因和处理措施． 方法：回顾性分析本院1994年7月至1996年3月玻璃体视网膜显微手术中发生的医源性视网膜裂孔24眼(40个裂孔)的原因，位置和术中术后的处理情况。 结果：24只眼中增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(proliferative vitreoretinopathy，PVR)16只眼，外伤性PVR 5只眼，牵拉性视网膜脱离3只眼。对新裂孔的处理采用巩膜冷凝、硅胶填压、眼内电凝、眼内填充和术后激光光凝．下方和手术嵴后医源性视网膜裂孔分别占70%和92%．平均随访5个月，视网膜完全复位和黄斑复位17只眼，视力改善19只眼，均在0.02以上．结论：医源性视网膜裂孔是一种严重的并发症，应在术中、术后采取措施促使其封闭． （中华眼底病杂志，1997，13：19-21）     

裂孔源性视网膜脱离的最小量巩膜外加压手术

目的探讨裂孔源性（原发性）视网膜脱离巩膜外加压手术的最小量手术方式及其效果。方法裂孔源性视网膜脱离26例（26眼），在手术显微镜下行球结膜环形剪开、四直肌预置牵引线，在间接检眼镜下行视网膜裂孔精确定位及中度冷凝，手术显微镜下行巩膜外放液及巩膜缝线固定外加压块，所有外加压均采用修剪后的小硅胶海绵块，只固定巩膜褥式缝线1对。多发性裂孔于每个裂孔处分别于巩膜表面以1对褥式缝线固定硅胶海绵。所有手术眼均未行环扎术。手术后随访3～9月。结果所有患者手术过程顺利，无术中并发症，手术损伤小；手术后眼底检查外加压精确地顶压裂孔，视网膜完全复位25眼，1眼高度近视于手术后2周视网膜脱离复发经玻璃体手术后视网膜复位；手术后视力提高者21眼，不变4眼，下降1眼。结论最小量的外加压手术的优点是精确、可靠、创伤小，能避免传统巩膜扣带手术的一些并发症，手术成功率高。     

改良结膜切口行巩膜外垫压手术的临床观察

目的:探讨改良结膜切口行巩膜外垫压手术治疗视网膜脱离的可行性及效果。方法:2007-08/2008-04对30例30眼经术前仔细检查确定适合行单纯巩膜外垫压手术的孔源性视网膜脱离患者,术中先根据术前检查的裂孔位置,经结膜缝线预置裂孔所在象限的相邻两直肌牵引线,再行结膜外裂孔定位,根据裂孔位置行结膜切口,根据裂孔的形态、大小及方向,平行或垂直于角膜缘剪开该处球结膜及筋膜,充分暴露裂孔相对应的巩膜,再次巩膜外裂孔定位、标记,巩膜缝线硅海绵外加压块,检查眼底确保正确的孔嵴关系,连续缝合球结膜。术中对裂孔未作凝固处理,术后裂孔周围行激光光凝。手术后随访2～8mo。结果:所有患者手术过程顺利,结膜切口缝合后均呈直线状,长约1.0～1.8cm,切口最前端距离角膜缘0.8～1.4cm。手术后随访2～8mo,所有患者均未见发生垫压带暴露的情况。视网膜完全复位27眼,1眼手术后视网膜脱离未复位经二次外加压块调位术后视网膜复位,2眼术后复发,1眼经玻璃体手术后视网膜复位,1眼行巩膜外环扎外垫压而均获视网膜复位;手术后视力提高23眼,不变5眼,下降2眼。结论:改良结膜切口行巩膜外垫压手术治疗视网膜脱离不仅符合最小量手术原则,而且初步体现了尽量避免损伤角膜缘干细胞的切口设计思想,手术创伤小,术后视网膜复位率与以往常规结膜切口手术相同,是一种在临床上值得应用的手术方法。     

巨大裂孔视网膜脱离手术的探讨

目的探讨玻璃体视网膜手术治疗巨大裂孔视网膜脱离的手术方法和效果。方法巨大裂孔视网膜脱离11例（11眼）。其中10眼行闭合式三通道玻璃体切除联合巩膜扣带术和眼内视网膜光凝,另1眼未做巩膜扣带。6眼手术中采用全氟化碳液（重水）-硅油置换,硅油眼内填充;5眼为气体-液体交换,硅油填充。结果 11眼手术后视网膜均完全复位。随访观察中视网膜复位良好,2眼已取出硅油。但其中1眼取出油后又发生了视网膜脱离,并出现新裂孔,又做了硅油填充术。2眼发生继发性青光眼,2眼发生了并发性白内障,其中1眼已做了白内障手术。未发生全氟化碳液（重水）眼内残留或角膜变性等并发症。结论玻璃体切除术联合巩膜扣带、硅油眼内填充、视网膜激光光凝能有效治疗有巨大裂孔的视网膜脱离。     

巩膜扣带术治疗视网膜脱离的几点改进

目的 对传统的巩膜扣带术进行几点技术改进。方法 作以穹窿为基底结膜瓣，用巩膜烧灼及裂孔与直肌附着点距离作巩膜裂孔标记。用间接眼底镜观察眼底，巩膜放溶后用棉签顶压巩膜维持眼压。术中冷凝轻，术后用氩激光补充光凝。结果 手术912眼，视网膜复位883眼。结论 经几点技术改进，手术快捷简便，成功率高，并发症少。     

视网膜脱离巩膜环扎术后早期角膜后表面改变

目的探讨巩膜环扎术后早期角膜后表面的改变。方法前瞻性研究21例（21眼）非复杂性孔源性视网膜脱离巩膜环扎术。所有患眼均采用巩膜宽环扎联合氪激光光凝封闭视网膜裂孔。手术前后应用Orbscan Ⅱ-3．00E角膜地形图系统进行检杏，测量角膜后表面屈光力。结果术后1周3mm区、5mm区角膜后表面屈光力变化均不明显（P〉0．05）。术后1周3mm区、5mm区角膜后表面散光度比术前均有显著性增大（P〈0．05）。结论巩膜环扎术后早期角膜后表面散光度增加，但角膜后表面形念改变微小。     

在显微镜下联合间接眼底镜行视网膜脱离非凝固手术

目的:探讨显微镜联合间接眼底镜行外路视网膜脱离非凝固手术的可行性及效果。方法:2007-01/08对50例50眼孔源性视网膜脱离患者,在显微镜下行球结膜环形剪开、四直肌预置牵引线、巩膜外放液或不放液、放置或不放置环扎条带、巩膜缝线固定硅胶(或硅海绵)外加压块、缝合球结膜,在间接眼底镜下行视网膜裂孔定位及术毕眼底检查,术中对裂孔未作凝固处理。术后裂孔周围行激光光凝。手术后随访3~9mo。结果:所有患者手术过程顺利,平均手术时间缩短。手术中并发症:1例术中视网膜下出血;手术后随访3~9mo,视网膜完全复位47眼,1眼出血性视网膜脱离经保守治疗后视网膜复位,1眼手术后视网膜脱离复发经玻璃体手术后视网膜复位,1眼手术后视网膜脱离未复位经二次环扎带调位术后视网膜复位;手术后视力提高43眼,不变5眼,下降2眼。结论:显微镜下联合间接眼底镜操作巩膜扣带术及对裂孔未作凝固处理,使手术创伤小、时间缩短、术中及术后并发症少、手术效果好,患者满意度高。     

Successful macular translocation with temporary scleral infolding using absorbable sture

PURPOSE: To describe successful macular translocation with temporary scleral infolding in a series of patients with small subfoveal choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration or ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. METHODS: Ten eyes of 10 consecutive patients were studied in a prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. Macular translocation with scleral infolding (MTSI) was performed. Absorbable polyglactin suture was used to create temporary scleral infolding. Distance and stability of retinal translocation, corneal topography, visual acuity, and rates of complications were measured. RESULTS: The median distance of translocation in the early postoperative period was 1,700 microm (range, 680-3,200) and did not regress after resolution of the scleral infolding. Induced postoperative oblique corneal astigmatism resolved, coinciding with the disappearance of peripheral retinal elevation due to scleral infolding. Three patients gained more than two lines of vision, two patients were within two lines of preoperative vision, and five patients lost more than two lines of vision. Complications were similar to previously published reports. CONCLUSION: Temporary scleral infolding is an effective technique in MTSI. The distance of translocation is comparable to that achieved with nonabsorbable suture or scleral resection, and does not regress after resolution of the scleral infolding. Induced postoperative corneal astigmatism appears to resolve.     

Induced corneal astigmatism after macular translocation surgery with scleral infolding.

OBJECTIVE: To document the corneal astigmatism that occurs with macular translocation after scleral infolding surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective case series of a nonrandomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Eight consecutive age-related macular degeneration patients (eight eyes) with choroidal neovascularization who underwent macular translocation with scleral infolding at the Duke University Eye Center from December 1998 through October 1999. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of eight consecutive patients who underwent macular translocation surgery involving scleral infolding in the superotemporal quadrant. Two patients subsequently underwent release of scleral infolding. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: After surgery, these eyes were evaluated for corneal astigmatism with manifest refraction, keratometry, and computerized corneal topography. RESULTS: All eight eyes of eight patients revealed marked degrees of corneal astigmatism. Measurement of astigmatism via manifest refraction, keratometry, and corneal topography confirmed postoperative astigmatism corresponding to the axis of the scleral infolding. The amount of corneal astigmatism ranged from 1.75 to 7.37 diopters (D; mean, 4.60 D), with steepening along the axis of scleral infolding in the superotemporal quadrant of each eye (mean, 42.50 degrees from vertical; range, 24 degrees -66 degrees from vertical). Release of scleral infolding in two patients resulted in significant reduction of corneal astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS: Scleral shortening procedures used in macular translocation surgery may induce large amounts of corneal astigmatism. These patients should be assessed with keratometry and corneal topography to determine the accurate amount and axis. Thereafter, contact lens fitting or scleral infolding release may be considered as therapeutic options for large amounts of astigmatism persisting after surgery.     

Topographic analysis of astigmatism induced by scleral shortening in pig eyes

BACKGROUND: Corneal astigmatism is a severe postoperative problem in foveal translocation surgery. We evaluated the corneal astigmatism induced by scleral shortening in pig eyes in vitro. METHODS: We created three sizes of scleral shortening in pig eyes and examined the preoperative and postoperative corneal astigmatism. The three sizes of scleral shortening were; 6 mm x 12 mm, 9 mm x 12 mm, and 6 mm x 16 mm (radial x circumferential). The shortenings were created 11 mm from the limbus with 10 eyes in each group. Videokeratographic measurements were performed using the CAS System 2000, preoperatively and postoperatively, and the astigmatism caused by the scleral shortening was evaluated. RESULTS: The surgically-induced astigmatism was 2.1 +/- 1.2 diopters (D) in the 6 mm x 12 mm group, 5.2+/-1.5 D in the 9 mm x 12 mm group, and 3.7+/-1.0 D in the 6 mm x 16 mm group. Corneal astigmatism caused by scleral shortening depended on both the radial and circumferential shortening. Pre- and postoperative topographic corneal maps showed an irregular astigmatism pattern (lazy bowtie pattern). Because the central zone of the cornea showed a relatively regular astigmatism, the corneal astigmatism induced by scleral shortening did not affect the predicted corneal acuity. CONCLUSIONS: In foveal translocation surgery with scleral shortening, an excessive scleral resection in the radial direction can cause clinically intolerable regular and irregular astigmatism. Minimal scleral shortening that will satisfy the required translocated distance is recommended to reduce the risk/benefit ratio.     

Limited macular translocation with scleral retraction suture

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Macular translocation with scleral imbrication is a new technique for treating subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes (CNV). This procedure shortens the sclera but may result in a minimal decrease in the internal circumference of the globe and limits the amount of foveal displacement. The authors propose a new scleral retraction suture aimed at decreasing the internal circumference of the globe in an effort to increase foveal displacement. METHODS: Using a cadaver model, they compared the amount of scleral shortening using a standard scleral imbrication technique and a modified three suture scleral retraction technique. Sections of the globes were digitised and specialised software was used to estimate the amount of scleral shortening. Three patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation underwent limited macular translocation using pars plana vitrectomy and macular detachment with the modified scleral suture technique. The main outcome measures were visual acuity, foveal displacement, and complications. RESULTS: In the cadaver model, the scleral retraction suture resulted in a flatter internal scleral fold compared to the standard suture technique and created approximately 890 microm of effective scleral shortening. In the patients who underwent macular translocation and laser photocoagulation of the CNV, visual acuity improved in two patients and worsened in one patient. The range of foveal displacement was 1400-2400 microm. CONCLUSION: The foveal displacements achieved in this limited study compared to median displacement previously published using standard suture techniques demonstrates that the scleral retraction suture technique may be a useful adjunct to limited macular translocation. The advantage of this type of suture in conjunction with translocation may depend on the effective scleral shortening offered by this retraction suture.     

Macular translocation with chorioscleral outfolding: an experimental study

PURPOSE: Macular translocation by chorioscleral infolding has been proposed as a surgical intervention for exudative age-related macular degeneration, but the surgery is unpredictable and can be associated with severe complications. We tested a new surgical technique, macular translocation with chorioscleral outfolding secured by neurosurgical clips. METHODS: This was a prospective interventional study in two parts; the first in human cadaver eyes and the second in pigs. Chorioscleral infolding was performed on six human donor eyes, and chorioscleral outfolding was performed on an additional six. The inner surface of the eye wall was measured, and then the fold was unfolded and the distance was measured again. In the second half of the study, macular translocation surgery was performed on 33 pig eyes with one of three sclera shortening methods: 1) a circumferential chorioscleral infolding using 5-0 nylon sutures, 2) a circumferential chorioscleral outfolding using scleral clips, or 3) a radial chorioscleral outfolding using scleral clips. Foveal translocation was measured. RESULTS: The inner wall of the human cadaver eye was shortened in the chorioscleral infolding group by a mean of 1.6 mm, and in the chorioscleral outfolding group by 3.0 mm. In the pig eyes, the fovea was translocated a mean 2377 microm by circumferential suturing, 2582 microm by circumferential clipping, and 3386 microm by radial clipping. Irregular deformation of the globe was more apparent in the circumferential suture group. Undesirable retinal folds often formed after circumferential infolding but not after radial clipping. CONCLUSION: Radial chorioscleral outfolding with clips is more predictable and effective than infolding. It produces more translocation and prevents folds across the fovea, one of the most undesirable complications in macular translocation surgery.     

Influence of suture regularity on corneal astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty

Purpose: To investigate whether suture regularity affects corneal astigmatism after keratoplasty. Methods: Twenty‐one patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty for various corneal diseases were included in the study. The grafts were sutured in place using a single‐running Nylon 10‐0 suture, taking 24 bites. Immediately after surgery, standard calibrated images of the grafted eye were captured and stored. Using a dedicated image analysis programme, stitches and needle points were identified, and a number of suture regularity variables were calculated. Corneal topographic images were obtained before suture removal (12 months after surgery) and 3 months after suture removal (18 months after surgery). Topographic measures of astigmatism [surface regularity (SRI), surface asymmetry index (SAI) and simulated keratometric astigmatism] were calculated and correlated with the computed suture regularity variables. Results: The average stitch length was 3.04 ± 0.28 mm and the distance between the outer needle points was 2.53 ± 0.09 mm. The SRI was 1.26 ± 0.36 and the SAI was 1.59 ± 0.67 after 12 months; these decreased to 1.03 ± 0.48 and 0.92 ± 0.46 after 18 months, respectively. Corneal astigmatism was 6.38 ± 2.99 and 5.87 ± 3.13 dioptres after 12 and 18 months, respectively. Suture regularity did not affect SAI, SRI or corneal astigmatism significantly 12 months after surgery. Eighteen months after surgery (3 months after suture removal), the standard deviation on the original stitch length was found to significantly increase corneal astigmatism. In addition, the size of the counter‐clockwise angle between stitch and graft radian was correlated significantly with a lower SRI. Conclusion: The origin of corneal astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty is multifaceted. Regular stitch length and stitch advancement on the surface appears to improve the optical quality of the graft after suture removal. Factors such as stitch depth, suture tension and variations in wound construction might also be important predictors of corneal astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty.     

Effect of experimental scleral shortening on axial length of the rabbit eye

PURPOSE: To evaluate the change of axial length (AL), intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal astigmatism after scleral shortening with scleral invagination in the rabbit eye. METHODS: The authors performed scleral shortening (3 mm) with scleral invagination in two groups of 6 eyes each: 180 degrees (group 1) and 360 degrees (group 2). RESULTS: Average AL shortening was more prominent in group 2 (0.5 +/- 0.17 mm) than in group 1 (0.37 +/- 0.29 mm), but the difference was not statistically significant. IOP increased immediately after the procedure and was maintained at a high level through 2 months postoperatively. Induced corneal astigmatism was more prominent in group 1 than in group 2. The difference was statistically significant in group 1 (p<0.05) but not in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: In the scleral shortening with scleral invagination procedure, a large amount of scleral invagination resulted in more shortening of axial length, but there was more corneal astigmatism in 180-degree invagination of the sclera than in 360-degree. Further research is required to determine the effect of the extent of scleral invagination on the change of these values.     

Scleral outfolding for macular translocation

PURPOSE: To report experimental study and clinical observation of scleral outfolding for macular translocation.METHODS: In six human cadaver eyes, circumferential mattress sutures to create sclera infoldings were compared with radial-interrupted mattress sutures to create scleral outfoldings. In a 75-year-old man with macular degeneration and choroidal neovascular membrane, radial-interrupted mattress sutures were used for macular translocation.RESULTS: In the human cadaver eyes, circumferential mattress sutures for scleral infolding created an average decrease in corresponding internal anteroposterior retinal contour of 0.36 mm. Radial-interrupted mattress sutures for scleral outfoldings created an average decrease in the corresponding internal anteroposterior retinal contour of 4. 61 mm. The statistical significance of the difference between infoldings of the sclera versus outfoldings of the sclera had a P value of.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Initial experimental and clinical study suggests that radial-interrupted mattress sutures may generate more shortening of the internal scleral surface and greater macular translocation than circumferential mattress sutures. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of radial-interrupted mattress sutures and macular translocation for treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration.     

小切口非超声乳化白内障摘除术中水压法与圈套器法娩核的疗效比较

目的:对比白内障小切口非超声乳化晶状体摘除手术中水压法娩核与圈套器法娩核两种方法的疗效及并发症。方法:白内障患者226例253眼随机分为水压法娩核与圈套器法娩核两组,观察两组不同方法治疗患者手术时间、术中术后并发症、术前与术后角膜内皮计数及黄斑区视网膜厚度变化的情况。结果:术中娩核平均时间:水压法娩核组5±0.79s,圈套器法娩核组4±1.23s;术中并发症:水压法娩核组少于圈套器法娩核组;术前与术后角膜内皮计数的差值两组相比有统计学差异;两组之间术后散光的差异无统计学意义;术前与术后黄斑区视网膜厚度差异两组相比无统计学差异。结论:同圈套器法娩核治疗白内障相比较,水压法娩核疗效好、简单易行、且能够减少并发症。     

黄斑转位手术前中心凹最小转位距离和角度的设计

目的 探讨黄斑转位手术前中心凹最小转位距离和角度的设计及其应用。 方法 对具有典型性中心凹下脉络膜新生血管膜（SCNV）的渗出型老年性黄斑变性患者42例42只眼和高度近视黄斑变性患者11例11只眼进行荧光素和吲哚青绿眼底血管造影，分析研究黄斑部SCNV的实际面积、中心凹的最小转位距离和角度。 结果 黄斑部SCNV的实际面积0.39~18.00 mm²，平均（3.08±3.22）mm²。设计最小向上转位距离67~2240 μm，平均（845.72±425.23）μm；最小向下转位距离53~2430 μm，平均（912.17±547.77）μm。设计最小向上转位角度1~ 32°，平均（13.23±6.68）° ；最小向下转位角度1~35°，平均（14.06±8.46）°。设计最小向上和向下转位距离差值在500 μm以上者16只眼，占30.19%；设计最小向上和向下转位角度差值在10°以 上者11只眼，占20.75%。 结论 黄斑转位手术前对中心凹最小转位距离和角度进行设计有助于手术方案的选择。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：75-77）