颈动脉支架成形术治疗颅外段颈动脉夹层的疗效观察

目的 评价颈动脉支架成形术治疗颅外段颈动脉夹层的有效性及安全性。方法 选择颅外段颈动脉夹层患者9例,均行颈动脉支架成形术,观察术后血管狭窄及夹层动脉瘤改善情况,围术期并发症的发生情况,对患者随访3个月到1年。结果 手术技术成功率为100%,术后平均残余狭窄率均≤30%,患者颈动脉平均狭窄程度从(75.0±17.6)%降低至(15.8±9.2)%,夹层动脉瘤均消失,支架置入手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者术后缺血相关症状均有明显改善,围术期所有患者均未出现症状性脑卒中,无手术相关死亡事件发生,随访无缺血性脑血管事件发生,1例患者可见支架内再狭窄。结论 颈动脉支架成形术治疗颅外段颈动脉夹层安全、有效。     

支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄

目的探讨应用支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄的效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析2002年10月至2009年10月应用支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄的28例患者的临床资料。结果 28例患者全部成功接受支架血管成形术,狭窄程度由术前90%～99%,降至术后0%～20%。术后无缺血性并发症发生;3例患者术后6h内发生再灌注出血死亡。死亡率10.7%。术后随访1～71个月,均无缺血性症状发生。结论应用支架血管成形术治疗颅外颈动脉极重度狭窄可以有效预防缺血性事件的发生,但是出现再灌注出血的几率较高,应该探求更有效的办法预防再灌注出血。     

冠心病冠脉旁路移植术前颈动脉狭窄介入治疗的安全性及有效性研究

目的探讨冠脉旁路移植术前对狭窄的颈动脉行介入治疗的安全性及有效性。方法共收集了自2013年12月至2016年5月河北医科大学第二医院收治的37例颈动脉狭窄合并严重冠脉病变患者的临床资料,其中男性33例,女性4例,年龄36~72岁,平均年龄(56.4±8.1)岁,所有患者均行冠状动脉造影及脑血管造影确诊为冠脉三支病变合并颈动脉重度狭窄(单侧34例,双侧3例)。所有患者均行颈动脉支架置入术,并在支架置入后7~13d,平均(9.4±2.2)d内行冠脉旁路移植术,对患者的围手术期并发症情况及6个月随访情况进行分析。结果所有患者均成功行颈动脉支架置入术及冠脉旁路移植术,颈动脉支架置入术后出现心率、血压下降10例,对症治疗后好转,围手术期无心绞痛、心肌梗死、脑卒中发生,随访6个月无不良事件发生。结论在冠脉旁路移植术前7~13d行颈动脉支架置入术解决颈动脉重度狭窄安全有效,能提高此类患者手术的安全性及术后生活质量。     

血管内支架成形术治疗脑动脉狭窄

目的总结18例血管内支架成形术治疗脑动脉狭窄及结合动脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的临床体会.方法单纯颈动脉狭窄9例,椎动脉狭窄6例,颈、椎动脉均有狭窄3例;在急诊动脉溶栓的同时行支架成形术治疗急性脑梗死5例.颈动脉狭窄者应用自膨式支架,椎动脉狭窄者应用球扩式支架.结果支架定位准确,15例病人狭窄完全消失,3例狭窄程度减少70%以上.16例病人术后症状消失;1例急诊溶栓放入支架术后脑出血,对症治疗后存在神经功能缺损;1例术后症状缓解不明显,3个月后因脑出血死亡.对9例病人进行6个月以上随访,无再狭窄发生.结论血管内支架成形术治疗脑血管动脉狭窄安全、有效.     

颈动脉支架植入术及药物治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨颈动脉支架植入术在症状性颈动脉狭窄治疗中的安全性、疗效及并发症,并与传统内科药物治疗进行比较. 方法 自2005年5月至2010年5月徐州医学院第二附属医院神经内科共对52例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉支架植入术治疗(支架组),同期63例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者行内科药物治疗(药物组).分别在发病后3个月、6个月、12个月、1年后比较两组患者狭窄血管相关性卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)发生率、美国国立卫生院卒中量表神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS). 结果 支架组1例由于路径较差支架无法到位而手术终止;9例术中、术后出现颈动脉窦反射,2例术中出现血管痉挛,4例术中出现高灌注综合征,及时有效处理后均未造成严重后果.随访中,支架组1例手术失败者3个月时卒中复发,余患者12个月内无卒中及TIA事件发作,1年后1例复发;药物组发病后3个月、6个月、12个月、1年后分别有11例、9例、7例及12例卒中或TIA事件发作.支架组发病后3个月、6个月、12个月及1年后NIHSS评分均明显低于药物组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 颈动脉支架植入术治疗症状性颈动脉狭窄安全、可行,与内科药物治疗相比较能更好地预防卒中复发,值得临床推广应用.     

颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄合并椎动脉开口重度狭窄30例血管内支架治疗

目的 回顾性分析血管内支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄合并椎动脉开口重度狭窄的安全性及疗效.方法 对2009年4月至2010年5月我院30例症状性颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄合并椎动脉开口重度狭窄患者;术中先行椎动脉开口支架术,同期在颈动脉保护伞下采用自膨支架进行颈内动脉颅外段支架术,观察其技术成功率、围手术期并发症发生率及近期疗效.结果 30例患者共成功植入自膨支架30枚,椎动脉开口同期共成功植入31枚球囊扩张支架,术后即刻造影残余狭窄均＜20%,技术成功率达100%(30/30),围手术期未发生动脉夹层、支架内急性血栓形成、脑出血等并发症.30例患者在术后第2 d复查颈、椎动脉超声及颅多普勒超声,均未发现再狭窄.14例表现为短暂脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)的患者术后症状缓解12例(85.7%,12/14).30例患者在术后随访1～6个月,平均随访3个月,随访期间未发现支架内再狭窄,亦无TIA及症状性缺血性脑卒中发生.结论 同期行血管内支架成形术治疗症状性颈动脉颅外段重度狭窄合并椎动脉开口重度狭窄是一种有效、安全的方法,但远期疗效仍需要进一步研究.     

颈内动脉狭窄血管内支架植入术12例分析

目的颈动脉狭窄患者血管内支架植入(PTAS)治疗的疗效和近期安全性。方法 12例症状性颈内动脉狭窄患者,均经DSA证实,狭窄率≥70%,在远端脑保护装置保护下,植入血管内支架,计算残余狭窄率。结果 12例症状颈内动脉狭窄患者,支架植入后脑供血不足症状均不同程度改善,血管狭窄程度由原来的(86.3±11.1)%下降至(6.05±3.65)%,本组6例术中出现心率下降,2例患者出现血压下降,2例出现术后血压升高,3例出现穿刺部位皮下血肿伴瘀斑,适当处理,最后症状均完全缓解;无栓塞事件发生。6例病人随访6个月后复查颈动脉彩超、DSA,其中1例提示颈动脉狭窄在50%左右。结论颈动脉狭窄支架植入治疗症状性严重颈动脉狭窄患者,成功率较高,近期效果稳定,并发症风险可控,可明显减少近期卒中事件。     

血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的36例临床观察

目的观察血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的安全性和短期疗效。方法回顾性分析行血管内支架成形术的36例症状性颈动脉狭窄患者的临床资料，重点对手术方法、并发症、疗效进行总结。结果所有患者均有不同程度的反复短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）或脑梗死，均经DSA证实有颈动脉狭窄；所有患者都顺利完成支架置入，治疗前责任病变血管平均狭窄率为（78．8±10．7）％，治疗后病变血管平均狭窄率为（11．6±7．8）％，两者比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；有9例患者出现术后低血压、心动过缓，有3例出现高灌注综合征，无1例发生脑梗死；术后随访6～12月，无颈动脉支架置入后的再狭窄的发生，未见TIA及症状性脑梗死发生。结论血管内支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄有效、安全的方法。     

腔内超声对颈动脉支架成形术的评估

目的评估血管腔内超声(IVUS)在颈动脉狭窄血管内支架成形术中的应用价值。方法应用IVUS对18例颈动脉狭窄患者进行颈动脉内壁病变判断,指导支架置入并观察血管内支架置入前后血管形态学改变。并以8个正常患者的颈动脉管壁IVUS图像作为对照组。结果IVUS清晰显示血管壁的形态结构,精确测量血管狭窄程度。本组18例均接受血管内支架成形手术,成功置入支架18枚;经6-52个月随访(平均28个月),除2例于术后30d内TIA发作外,无一例脑梗死和再狭窄发生。结论IVUS比DSA更精确判断颈动脉病变性质、狭窄程度以及血管内支架术后的管腔变化,指导选择合适的球囊扩张管腔。IVUS引导支架置入可能有效预防再狭窄的发生。     

血管内支架治疗鼻咽癌放疗后颈动脉狭窄6例分析

目的 探讨血管内治疗鼻咽癌放疗后颈动脉狭窄的有效性及安全性.方法 选取2010-01-2011-12治疗的6例鼻咽癌患者,已行放射治疗,经脑血管造影检查颈动脉重度狭窄（狭窄率＞50%）,行颈动脉球囊扩张及支架置入治疗,并随访至少12个月.结果 随访发现支架内再狭窄1例,再狭窄率16.7%.结论 血管内治疗是鼻咽癌放疗后颈动脉狭窄的有效治疗手段,其创伤小,围手术期并发症少,随着技术的进步及器材的改进,其疗效及安全性正逐渐提高.     

CEA治疗伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的颈动脉重度狭窄的疗效

目的评价颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的疗效。方法回顾性分析11例患者的临床资料,包括围手术期并发症及近远期疗效;并比较术前及术后3个月颈部及大脑中动脉血管血流峰值。结果即刻成功率为100%,术后患者脑缺血症状均得到改善,围手术期无病例死亡或缺血性脑卒中等严重并发症发生,仅有1例出现皮下血肿、1例出现短暂声音嘶哑,经积极治疗后均好转。随访率100%,随访时间6~61(32.5±17.2)个月。患者均无术侧颈动脉再狭窄,其中1例再发对侧缺血性脑卒中。术后患者颈动脉血流峰值及大脑中动脉收缩期血流峰值与术前比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论对于一侧颈内动脉重度狭窄伴对侧颈动脉闭塞的高危患者,颈动脉内膜剥脱术具有满意的围手术期结果和较好的远期脑卒中预防疗效。     

Carotid artery stenting: Current state of evidence and future directions

Both carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) are common treatments for carotid artery stenosis. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared CEA to CAS in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis. These studies have suggested that CAS is more strongly associated with periprocedural stroke; however, CEA is more strongly associated with myocardial infarction. Published long‐term outcomes report that CAS and CEA are similar. A reduction in complications associated with CAS has also been demonstrated over time. The symptomatic status of the patient and history of previous CEA or cervical radiotherapy are significant factors when deciding between CEA or CAS. Numerous carotid artery stents are available, varying in material, shape and design but with minimal evidence comparing stent types. The role of cerebral protection devices is unclear. Dual antiplatelet therapy is typically prescribed to prevent in‐stent thrombosis, and however, evidence comparing periprocedural and postprocedural antiplatelet therapy is scarce, resulting in inconsistent guidelines. Several RCTs are underway that will aim to clarify some of these uncertainties. In this review, we summarize the development of varying techniques of CAS and studies comparing CAS to CEA as treatment options for carotid artery stenosis.     

上颌动脉与颈内动脉搭桥解剖学研究

目的 探讨上颌动脉(MA)与颈内动脉(ICA)搭桥的可行性.方法 5具成人尸头行双侧解剖,解剖颞浅动脉(STA)、MA、颈外动脉(ECA)、ICA并测量其血管外径;额颞瓣开颅,显露ICA床突上段并测量其外径;在蝶骨上磨一骨孔,测量MA与ICA之间距离以及ECA和ICA起始段到ICA床突上段之间距离,比较所测得数据和移植物行走路径.结果 MA血管外径(2.66±0.20)mm大于STA分叉部的血管外径(1.92±0.15)mm.MA与ICA之间的距离(4.69±0.34)cm小于ECA、ICA起始段与ICA床突上段之间的距离(17.76±0.47)cm和(18.11±0.51)cm.结论 MA与ICA之间搭桥在解剖上是可行的,具有移植血管短、路径直的优点.     

External Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting Followed by Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis

A 31-year-old man presented with right hemiparesis, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a small infarct at left basal ganglia. Digital subtraction angiography showed left cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion and severe stenosis of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) with collateral cerebral circulation fed by ECAs. Based on the results of a functional evaluation of cerebral blood flow, we performed preventive ECA angioplasty and stenting for advanced ECA stenosis to ensure sufficient blood flow to the superficial temporal artery. Eight weeks later, superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis was performed. His postoperative course was uneventful and no additional transient ischemic attacks have occurred. To our knowledge, this is the first report of preventive angioplasty and stenting for advanced narrowing of an ECA before STA-MCA anastomosis for ipsilateral ICA occlusion.     

Congenital External Carotid‐Internal Carotid Artery Anastomosis Diagnosed by MR Angiography

We present what we believe is the first report of external carotid‐internal carotid artery anastomosis, which forms a large arterial ring at the proximal cervical internal carotid artery (ICA). If the small channel of the proximal cervical ICA is occluded, the remaining large channel of the external carotid artery may be diagnosed as a nonbifurcating cervical carotid artery .     

High rate of restenosis after carotid artery stenting in patients with high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis

OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the gold-standard procedure for the majority of patients with high-grade symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and also for specified high-grade asymptomatic stenoses; however, a proportion of patients are treated with carotid endovascular therapy. We aimed to document medium-term clinical and neurosonographical outcome after carotid artery stenting (CAS). METHODS: 53 patients (mean age: 65 +/- 8 years) with high-grade (> or = 70 % by means of duplex sonography) carotid artery stenosis were enrolled into the study. Nineteen patients had asymptomatic, 34 patients had symptomatic stenoses. All patients had a pre-interventional CT, Doppler and duplex sonography, and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) prior to the procedural DSA. All patients were offered CEA as the gold-standard procedure and as an alternative to CAS. Both clinical and Duplex sonographical follow-up was obtained at day 1 and 7, month 1, month 3, month 6, month 12, and every subsequent 6 months after the procedure. Mean follow-up time was 22 +/- 1.6 months (+/- SEM). RESULTS: 2/53 patients suffered from stroke. A further 2 patients suffered from carotid artery occlusion shortly after CAS. The cumulative rate of restenosis during follow-up was 24.5 % (13/53). Four of these (7.5 %) were of high-grade and led to further interventional or surgical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: A high rate of restenosis was found during follow-up after CAS. Our analysis of non-selected patients emphasizes that CEA remains the gold-standard procedure for the treatment of symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. The frequently performed endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis outside the setting of a randomized controlled trial is not supported by our data.     

Congenital absence of the right common carotid artery,internal carotid artery and external carotid artery associated with anterior communicating artery aneurysm: a rare case

Congenital absence of the common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) is very rare. We present such a rare case in a 53-year-old woman, associated with a saccular aneurysm of anterior communicating artery (ACA) presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). An embryological hypothesis for the anomalies of the aortic arch is proposed. The correlation between the abnormal haemodynamic stress of the circle of Willis caused by the absence of the right ICA and the development of intracranial aneurysm is discussed.     

两种线栓法制作小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型的比较

目的通过颈总动脉和颈外动脉两种栓塞途径插入线栓在小鼠身上建立短暂性大脑中动脉栓塞（MCAO）模型，比较分析两种模型实验动物的术后存活率、行为学、梗死体积、脑水肿程度以及神经细胞凋亡情况，从而筛选出更为可行有效的脑梗死模型建立方法。 方法42只C57BL/6雄性小鼠，体质量20~22 g，按照随机数字表法分为假手术组（6只）、MCAO模型颈外动脉插线组（18只，颈外组）、MCAO模型颈总动脉插线组（18只，颈总组）。颈外组从颈外动脉剪口插入线栓栓塞大脑中动脉起始部制备小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型，颈总组从颈总动脉剪口插入线栓栓塞大脑中动脉起始部制备小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型，假手术组结扎与模型组同侧颈总动脉相同，但不插入线栓。颈外组和颈总组缺血1 h、假手术组颈总动脉结扎1 h，其后拔出线栓解除结扎，同时再灌注24 h，其后采用Longa神经功能评分，灌流取脑TTC染色，计算梗死体积并测出脑组织含水量，观察神经细胞凋亡情况，从而进行比较分析。 结果颈外组和颈总组小鼠均出现脑卒中表现、神经功能评分升高、出现脑水肿、有明显梗死体积以及神经细胞凋亡，假手术组未出现与之相对的明显表征。颈总组与颈外组相比，梗死体积和脑水肿程度接近，神经细胞凋亡数量基本一致，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；颈总组相对颈外组，神经功能评分较高，死亡率较高，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论两种栓塞途径所造成的脑梗死比较结果一致，但考虑到部分实验需要长期给药观察，颈外动脉栓塞途径实验动物存活率更高，所以推荐采用颈外动脉插线方法制作大脑中动脉栓塞模型。