TCD动态监测软脑膜侧支循环状态评估急性缺血卒中患者预后的可行性分析

目的通过经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)动态监测大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA) M1段慢性闭塞所致急性缺血性卒中患者病程中软脑膜侧支循环建立及动态变化情况,评价其对预后的影响。方法收集单侧MCA M1段慢性闭塞所致的急性缺血性卒中患者,分别于入院时、7 d、14 d、21 d、60 d、90 d行TCD检查,以不同软脑膜侧支存在状态分为FD(flow diversion,FD)阳性组及FD阴性组,同期行NIHSS评分,记录90 d mRS评分,比较不同FD存在状态患者预后。结果共纳入符合条件患者57例,FD阳性43例(75%),FD阴性14例(25%),病程中软脑膜侧支循环存在状态相对稳定。FD阳性组NIHSS评分低于FD阴性组(P 0. 05),90 d mRS评分优于FD阴性组(P 0. 05)。结论 CA慢性闭塞的急性缺血性卒中患者,病程中软脑膜侧支循环存在状态相对稳定,且具有良好的代偿作用,可显著改善患者近期及远期预后,降低卒中进展风险。TCD评价软脑膜侧支循环可作为此类患者预后评估的工具。     

DSA对单侧颈内动脉系统大动脉狭窄或闭塞后侧支循环建立的应用价值

目的 探讨DSA对单侧颈内动脉系统大动脉狭窄或闭塞后侧支循环建立的应用价值,探讨三级侧支循环在单侧颈内动脉开口部位狭窄或闭塞及大脑中动脉M1段狭窄或闭塞中的特点.方法 分别对56例颈内动脉开口处狭窄或闭塞及94例大脑中动脉M1段狭窄或闭塞的患者进行脑血管造影检查,根据其狭窄程度分析其侧支循环建立的情况.结果 颈内动脉开口部位闭塞组大脑动脉环开放率约38.5%,颅内外沟通开放率30.8%,软脑膜吻合支开放率约30.8%;重度狭窄组大脑动脉环开放率35.1%,软脑膜吻合支开放率16.2%,颅内外沟通开放率约5.4%;中轻度狭窄组无侧支循环建立.大脑中动脉M1段闭塞组大脑动脉环开放率5%,软脑膜吻合支开放率95%;重度狭窄组仅软脑膜吻合支开放,开放率约61%;轻中度狭窄组无侧支形成.结论 在颈内动脉开口部位重度狭窄或闭塞的病例中,一级侧支循环的开放代偿最为重要,二级侧支循环起着重要的辅助作用.在大脑中动脉M1段重度狭窄或闭塞的病例中,二级和三级侧支循环的开放起主要的代偿作用.     

基于多模CT的区域软脑膜侧支评估与急性缺血性卒中梗死体积及出血转化的相关性研究

目的 探讨基于多模CT的区域软脑膜侧支评估(rLMC)与急性缺血性卒中梗死体积及出血转化的相关性及其应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2019年10月至2020年10月该院首次发病≤6h的急性大血管闭塞性缺血性脑卒中患者,颅脑CT排除出血性病变,采用rLMC分级,分为2个区域:大脑前动脉(ACA)-大脑中动脉(MCA)区和大脑后动脉(PCA)-MCA区.软脑膜动脉分级应用6分量表,CTA侧支评分为两个区域的总分(0～10分).入院3d内在头颅MR常规序列基础上加做DWI序列,明确梗死体积、是否合并出血转化.入院后10～14 d或患者病情加重时复查常规CT,了解是否有出血性转化.结果 不同rLMC分级评分组卒中家族史、冠心病史、入院时NIHSS评分、空腹血糖比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).rLMC分级评分与脑梗死体积呈显著负相关(γ=-0.735,P＜0.001).不同rLMC分级评分组在梗死体积、症状性颅内出血(sICH)发生率和颅内高密度灶(PCHDs)发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析提示卒中家族史、血糖、入院时NIHSS评分是软脑膜侧支循环的影响因素.结论 rLMC与急性缺血性卒中梗死体积、出血转化呈显著负相关,可有效反映急性缺血性卒中的病情进展及严重程度.     

时间窗超过3h急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗观察

目的 评价时间窗超过3 h的急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择法国南锡大学中心医院神经影像科自2008年1月至2009年1月收治的16例急性缺血性卒中患者(时间窗均达到或超过3 h,颈内动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过6 h,椎基底动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过24h.昏迷不超过6 h),行动脉内药物联合机械溶栓治疗,分析不同因素对疗效的影响.结果 7例患者闭塞血管达到完全再通,7例达到部分再通,另有2例闭塞血管未再通,再通率为87.5%.患者动脉溶栓后与溶栓前NIHSS评分比较明显降低.时间窗大于5 h的前循环系统闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与时间窗较短患者相比较,出院时mRS评分明显较高.5例颈内动脉闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与9例大脑中动脉闭塞患者、2例基底动脉闭塞患者相比预后较差.4例患者溶栓后24h出现症状性颅内出血,3例为颈内动脉闭塞,1例死亡.1例溶栓后发生血管再闭,但因侧支循环血流丰富,最终临床预后仍较好.结论 对于时间窗超过3 h大脑中动脉和基底动脉闭塞急性缺血性卒中患者,动脉溶栓可使闭塞血管达到较高的再通率,短期内使临床神经功能恢复,改善临床结局.临床应用动脉溶栓时应注意个体化选择性治疗,评价其疗效需结合时间窗、血管闭塞部位、侧支循环、并发症等因素,避免出血等并发症.     

时间窗超过3h急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗观察

目的 评价时间窗超过3 h的急性缺血性卒中患者动脉溶栓治疗的疗效及影响因素.方法 选择法国南锡大学中心医院神经影像科自2008年1月至2009年1月收治的16例急性缺血性卒中患者(时间窗均达到或超过3 h,颈内动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过6 h,椎基底动脉系统卒中时间窗不超过24h.昏迷不超过6 h),行动脉内药物联合机械溶栓治疗,分析不同因素对疗效的影响.结果 7例患者闭塞血管达到完全再通,7例达到部分再通,另有2例闭塞血管未再通,再通率为87.5%.患者动脉溶栓后与溶栓前NIHSS评分比较明显降低.时间窗大于5 h的前循环系统闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与时间窗较短患者相比较,出院时mRS评分明显较高.5例颈内动脉闭塞患者溶栓前后NIHSS评分无改善,与9例大脑中动脉闭塞患者、2例基底动脉闭塞患者相比预后较差.4例患者溶栓后24h出现症状性颅内出血,3例为颈内动脉闭塞,1例死亡.1例溶栓后发生血管再闭,但因侧支循环血流丰富,最终临床预后仍较好.结论 对于时间窗超过3 h大脑中动脉和基底动脉闭塞急性缺血性卒中患者,动脉溶栓可使闭塞血管达到较高的再通率,短期内使临床神经功能恢复,改善临床结局.临床应用动脉溶栓时应注意个体化选择性治疗,评价其疗效需结合时间窗、血管闭塞部位、侧支循环、并发症等因素,避免出血等并发症.     

侧支循环状态与再灌注治疗预后的关系及CTA侧支循环评分的预测价值

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中患者基线侧支循环状态与再灌注治疗预后的关系,并比较阿尔伯特早期卒中计划评分(ASPECTS)、多期CTA评分(mCTAs)和软脑膜侧支评分(rLMCs)的预测价值.方法收集87例接受再灌注治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料.采用ASPECTS、mCTAs和rLMCs评分评定基线侧支循环情况.根据...     

缺血性卒中病变血管和侧支循环代偿的研究

目的 观察缺血性卒中患者的责任病变血管及其侧支循环代偿方式,探讨脑动脉闭塞或严重狭窄时侧支循环的代偿作用与牛津郡社区卒中项目(OCSP)临床症状分型之间的关系.方法对211例缺血性卒中患者采用OCSP分型(完全型前循环梗死36例,部分前循环梗死94例,后循环梗死31例,腔隙性梗死50例),进行数字减影全脑血管造影检查,判定梗死的责任血管、侧支循环是否建立及代偿方式.结果 检出有病变血管的患者198例,共累及病变血管206支,责任血管为颈内动脉98条、大脑中动脉54条、椎动脉27条、颈总动脉6条、基底动脉5条、锁骨下动脉4条、大脑前动脉及大脑后动脉各2条;经Willis环代偿98例,软脑膜支吻合115例,颅外代偿46例.结论脑动脉病变最多位于颈内动脉、大脑中动脉,其次位于椎动脉,前循环病变较后循环病变具有更高的梗死发生率;侧支循环代偿以Willis环最充分,软脑膜支吻合最常见;脑梗死的临床分型受病变血管与侧支循环代偿的综合影响.     

侧支循环评价对大脑中动脉重度狭窄的急性缺血性脑卒中功能结局的预测作用

目的探讨大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者侧支循环代偿评价对临床功能结局的预测作用。方法收集伴大脑中动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的AIS患者79例,采用DSA评估患者颅内侧支循环代偿情况,根据侧支循环代偿途径分为Willis动脉环开放组和未开放组,根据侧支循环代偿程度分成侧支循环代偿良好组、代偿中等组和代偿差组;对患者入院及出院时进行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS),90d随访时用改良Rankin(mRS)量表衡量AIS患者神经功能恢复状况。结果 Willis环开放患者37例,未开放患者42例,两组患者入院和出院时NIHSS评分及90d mRS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);侧支循环代偿较好组患者入院和出院时NIHSS评分及90d mRS评分显著低于侧支循环代偿差组(P0.05)。结论大脑中动脉重度狭窄或者闭塞的AIS患者,侧支循环代偿程度与神经功能缺损程度相关,能够预测90d临床功能结局。     

症状性急性颈内动脉不同部位闭塞侧支循环的临床研究

目的研究颈内动脉不同部位闭塞后侧支循环的特征及临床和影像表现。方法用DSA研究颈内动脉急性闭塞后侧支的形成。选择DSA确诊的颈内动脉闭塞者48例,颈内动脉颈段闭塞28例,颈内动脉脑段闭塞20例。对比两组病例侧支方式及临床和影像表现。用NIHSSS评价发病7d时神经功能状况。头部CT/MRI显示的梗死面积用(A·B·C)/2计算。结果颈内动脉颈段闭塞组前交通动脉出现率和后交通动脉出现率及眼动脉出现率,开放侧支途径≥2条,高于颈内动脉脑段闭塞组(P<0.05)。软脑膜吻合支出现率在两组间无统计学差异。颈内动脉颈段闭塞组7d时NIHSSS≤8分的患者比颈内动脉脑段闭塞组多(P<0.05),梗死面积小(P<0.05)。结论颈内动脉不同部位闭塞的侧支方式不同,脑内侧支的多少和范围决定了梗死的大小和全面的诊断。     

SWI不对称静脉低信号及侧支循环对高海拔地区AIS患者预后评估的作用

目的探讨SWI不对称静脉低信号的显著程度、侧支循环分级及临床危险因素在高海拔地区急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者预后评估中的应用价值。方法收集2018年7月至2020年7月于青海省人民医院住院治疗的急性期大脑中动脉供血区AIS患者90例,均为首次发病且来自高海拔地区(海拔高度2500~4500m),收集患者的一般临床资料、实验室指标及影像学检查。3月后进行随访评定改良Rankin评分量表(mRS),将其分成预后良好组(mRS评分为0~2分)及预后不良组(mRS评分≥3分)两组,分析比较磁敏感加权成像(SWI)不对称静脉低信号、CTA软脑膜侧支评分(rLMC)、一般资料、既往病史、相关实验室检查结果。结果高海拔地区急性大脑中动脉供血区AIS患者发病3个月后的不良预后与年龄、糖尿病、显著的SWI不对称静脉低信号、不良的侧支循环、较大的梗死体积及较高的NIHSS评分相关。结论SWI不对称静脉低信号、侧支循环能够提高高海拔地区AIS患者预后评估的准确性,值得在临床治疗中推广使用。     

Ophthalmic artery fed by posterior communicating artery after trapping of the internal carotid artery

The authors report a 50-year-old man with a ruptured large carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm on the right side and an unruptured anterior communicating artery (A Com) aneurysm. The A Comm aneurysm was clipped and the carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm was managed by combining internal carotid artery (ICA) trapping with an interposed radial artery graft from the external carotid artery (ECA) to the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative recovery. Postoperative carotid angiography demonstrated no aneurysms and excellent flow through the bypass graft. Postoperative vertebral angiography showed the right ophthalmic artery to be fed by the posterior communicating artery. It is speculated that collateral circulation from the angular artery of the ECA to the ophthalmic artery did not develop because of high flow graft from the ECA to MCA and ICA trapping.     

Superior cerebellar artery infarction and vertebral artery dissection

Isolated superior cerebellar artery infarction is rare, and the mechanism is often not readily apparent. We describe a patient with an isolated superior cerebellar artery infarction resulting from an ipsilateral vertebral artery dissection. Angiography demonstrated intraluminal clot in the superior cerebellar artery, suggesting artery-to-artery embolus as a mechanism of this uncommon stroke syndrome.     

支架成形术治疗椎动脉颅内段和基底动脉狭窄17例临床观察

目的评估症状性椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉狭窄患者经皮血管内支架成形术(PTAS)治疗的安全性和有效性。方法17例症状性椎动脉颅内段及基底动脉狭窄患者,狭窄程度在50%以上且规范的内科药物治疗无效,给予PTAS治疗,术后常规给予抗凝、抗血小板聚集、降脂药物。结果17例患者20处狭窄行PTAS,所有的病例手术均取得成功,没有严重并发症,术后即刻造影残存狭窄平均在10%以下,病人平均随访6.8个月(3～10个月),有1例患者出现再狭窄(狭窄程度>50%),所有患者均无缺血症状发作。结论PTAS治疗椎动脉颅内段及基底动脉狭窄是安全和有效的。     

Embolic internal auditory artery infarction from vertebral artery dissection

A 51-year-old man developed sudden vertigo, right hearing loss and dysphagia. Examination revealed right Horner syndrome, spontaneous torsional-horizontal nystagmus, right central type facial palsy, dysarthria, reduced soft palate elevation without gag reflex, left hypesthesia, right dysmetria and imbalance. Audiometry and bithermal caloric tests documented right sensorineural hearing loss and canal paresis. Brain MRI and cerebral angiography documented right lateral medullary infarction from vertebral artery dissection, without involvement of other parts of the brainstem supplied by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). This case suggests artery-to-artery embolism as a possible mechanism of isolated vertigo or hearing loss from labyrinthine infarction.     

Management of coexistent carotid artery and coronary artery disease

At the present time staged carotid reconstruction several days before elective coronary artery bypass surgery seems to be the safest and most logical approach for patients with neurological symptoms, stable cardiac symptoms, and acceptable coronary anatomy. Combined procedures may well be necessary for those who have active neurological symptoms or bilateral carotid lesions in conjunction with diffuse or unstable coronary artery disease, but the incidence of neurological complications at the time of simultaneous operations could exceed the stroke risk for either carotid endarterectomy or coronary bypass alone. The asymptomatic patient with unilateral carotid stenosis who presents for coronary artery bypass might be best managed by myocardial revascularization followed by medical or surgical management of the carotid disease. In order to obtain optimal long-term results, both coronary disease and associated carotid disease require appropriate evaluation and medical and surgical management.     

Posterior cerebral artery infarction from middle cerebral artery infarction

BACKGROUND: While it is known that posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarction may simulate middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction, the frequency and localization of this occurrence are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of PCA infarction mimicking MCA infarction and the territory of the PCA most commonly involved in this simulation. DESIGN: We studied 202 patients with isolated infarction in the PCA admitted to our stroke center to determine the frequency of PCA infarction simulating MCA infarction, the involved PCA territory, and the patterns of clinical presentation. RESULTS: We found 36 patients (17.8%) with PCA ischemic stroke who had clinical features suggesting MCA stroke. The PCA territory most commonly involved was the superficial PCA territory (66.7%), followed by the proximal PCA territory (16.7%) and both the proximal and the superficial PCA territories (16.7%). The principal stroke mechanism was cardioembolic (54.1%) in the superficial PCA territory, lacunar (46.2%) in the proximal PCA territory, and undetermined (40.2%) in both the proximal and the superficial territories. Among the 36 patients, the most common clinical associations were aphasia (13 patients), visuospatial neglect (13 patients), and severe hemiparesis (7 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Posterior cerebral artery infarction simulating MCA infarction is more common than previously thought. Early recognition of the different stroke subtypes in these 2 arteries may allow specific management.     

External carotid artery stenting in symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion

We report the case of a patient with an anterior ischemic stroke due to tandem occlusion of the left M2 segment and ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA), with concomitant severe stenosis of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA) and contralateral ICA, and moderate stenosis of the left vertebral artery (VA); as thrombectomy was not possible, stenting of the right ICA was performed. Two days after significant recovery, the patient showed neurological deterioration when in upright position, and brain magnetic resonance imaging confirmed decreased cerebral blood flow on the left hemisphere. Stenting of the left ECA and balloon angioplasty of the ipsilateral VA were performed in order to increase collateral flow, with an almost complete resolution of symptoms. This case highlights the importance of assessing the collateralization pattern when an ICA occlusion is present, and the potential need to revascularize an ipsilateral stenotic ECA.     

颌内动脉-大脑中动脉移植吻合解剖学研究

目的研究颌内动脉第二段与大脑中动脉第二段(M2)近端之间移植搭桥术的方法.方法 10个灌注好的尸头,共20侧.行额颞瓣开颅,游离颞浅动脉主干及其两个分枝,测量其外径;于颧弓下、下颌切迹上、颞下窝内,游离颌内动脉第二段,把其远端离断并测量其长度和外周直径作为吻合口的近端;然后打开侧裂池,分离出M2分枝的近端并予以测量其外周直径,作为吻合口的远端;用4.0 mm的磨钻在颅中窝底圆孔外3.0～4.0 cm处磨出一骨孔,再测量颌内动脉断端经骨孔到M2近端的距离;最后以颈部胸锁乳突肌前为切口,游离出颈总动脉、颈外动脉和颈内动脉,分别测量分叉部颈外动脉和颈内动脉的外周直径和经耳前皮下到M2近端的距离.结果颌内动脉第二段断端的直径(2.5±0.3)mm,大于颞浅动脉分叉部的直径(1.6±0.3)mm;颞下窝内颌内动脉第二段的长度(断端到下颌支)为:( 17.8±0.3) mm;颈外动脉起始段到M2起始段距离(162.4±1.8)mm,颈内动脉起始段到M2起始段距离(171.1±1.7)mm,颌内动脉断端到M2起始段的距离(62.6±1.4)mm,较上述两者行程短,而且直.结论颌内动脉第二段与大脑中动脉M2近段之间移植搭桥术是一种可选择的颅外-颅内血管移植搭桥术方法.