丘脑静脉性梗死的临床和影像学分析

目的探讨丘脑静脉性梗死的临床和影像学表现,以提高对该病的认识。方法 8例经临床证实为静脉窦血栓引起的丘脑静脉性梗死,收集其临床及影像学资料并进行回顾性分析。结果 8例患者均进行MRI平扫、DWI和SWI检查,均经DSA确诊。5例双侧丘脑、基底节区长T_1长T_2信号;1例双侧丘脑长T_1长T_2信号,伴胼胝体膝部短T_1信号;1例双侧丘脑、基底节区长T_1长T_2信号,伴右侧丘脑短T_1信号;1例双侧丘脑稍长T_1稍长T_2信号,并累及右侧基底节区和中脑,DWI呈高信号,ADC呈稍低信号。1例胼胝体膝部、1例右侧丘脑SWI图像上为低信号出血,2例梗死区内灶状出血。MRV与DSA检查结果相一致,5例为双侧横窦、上矢状窦、直窦、窦汇血栓形成;1例为双侧横窦、上矢状窦、直窦、大脑大静脉血栓形成;1例为右侧横窦、乙状窦血栓形成;1例为右侧横窦、直窦血栓形成。结论临床上遇到双侧丘脑病变,要考虑静脉性梗死的可能。MRI平扫联合MRV是静脉窦血栓引起的丘脑静脉性梗死诊断及随访的首选检查方法。SWI可清晰显示微出血,是MRI平扫和MRV极好的补充。     

颅内静脉窦血栓形成（9例临床报道）

目的:探讨脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)的临床特点与影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析本院9例CVT的临床及影像学资料。结果:①临床表现:头痛(77%)、癫样抽搐(66%)、局灶性神经功能缺失(66%)、视乳头水肿(44%)、不同程度意识障碍(22%)。②影像学资料及治疗转归:1例头颅CT示弥漫性脑水肿,蛛网膜下隙出血合并多发出血性脑梗死,因颅内压持续增高,予外科手术行去骨板减压术,见大脑表面浅静脉怒张呈绳索状并多数点片状出血灶。8例行头颅MRI和MRV,显示直接征像8例、间接征像6例。其中2例同时行DSA,均显示多个静脉和静脉窦充盈缺损。静脉血栓部位:上矢状窦合并浅静脉血栓1例,上矢状窦合并侧窦及多处静脉受累7例,直窦血栓1例。7例行肝素抗凝等对症治疗、1例行血管内局部溶栓、1例行矢状窦手术取栓并抗凝治疗。症状缓解至痊愈7例,病死2例。结论:首诊时诊断不明确,可先作头颅CT,排除颅内非CVT性病变,临床已拟诊CVT时,应首选MRI+MRV,进行综合判断是目前诊断和随访CVT的最好方法,婴幼儿CVT常表现为癫发作起病,提示CVT是婴幼儿重要的未被识别的性发作原因之一。     

MRI和MRV在脑静脉和静脉窦血栓诊断中的价值

目的探讨MRI和MRV对脑静脉和静脉窦血栓(CVST)形成的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析16例CVST患者的临床和影像学资料。结果受累的脑静脉和静脉窦有上矢状窦9例,横窦5例,直窦3例,乙状窦2例,大脑大静脉合并大脑内静脉2例。常规MRI可见受累静脉窦流空信号消失,静脉窦内信号高低不一,11例脑实质内出现静脉性脑梗死表现,其中4例合并出血。增强扫描15例静脉窦内出现充盈缺损及静脉窦壁强化表现,9例脑实质内出现脑回样强化。MRV表现为受累静脉窦部分或广泛高血流信号缺失、狭窄。结论MRI和MRV是诊断和随访CVST形成的最佳检查方法。     

磁共振静脉血管造影对颅内静脉窦血栓形成的诊断价值及正常人静脉窦变异情况研究

目的评价MRV与MRI诊断颅内静脉窦血栓形成的一致性,观察正常人MRV表现及其静脉窦变异情况。方法共29例颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者行MRI和MRV检查,计算二者诊断一致性;同时观察11例正常对照者颅内静脉窦在血流和连接方式等方面的变异情况。结果 MRV与MRI诊断颅内静脉窦血栓形成的一致率：3.0T为92.59%（25/27）、1.5T为88.24%（15/17）。正常对照者静脉窦变异主要集中在横窦,11例中双侧横窦显影粗细大致相同5例、右侧横窦较粗5例、左侧横窦较粗1例。结论MRV与MRI诊断颅内静脉窦血栓形成具有较高的一致性,但对于先天性变异无法区分,需结合MRI综合分析。正常人静脉窦变异主要集中在横窦,传统认为右侧横窦可较左侧横窦粗,但根据目前数据也可出现右侧横窦比左侧横窦细的情况。     

妊娠相关性脑静脉及静脉窦血栓形成和可逆性后部白质脑病的磁共振鉴别

目的探讨MRI和MRV在妊娠相关性脑静脉及静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)和可逆性后部白质脑病综合征(RPLS)鉴别诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析3例妊娠相关性CVST和6例重度子痫前期、子痫发生RPLS患者的影像学资料。所有患者均行MRI和DSA检查,其中7例患者行MRV检查。结果 3例CVST患者中,1例孤立性大脑上静脉前组血栓形成,MRI表现为相应部位T1WI低、等信号,T2WI、FLAIR等、稍高信号,DWI为等、高信号,ADC图为低、稍高信号;2例横窦血栓形成,表现为双侧枕叶皮质、皮质下白质片状T1WI低信号,T2WI、FLAIR高信号,DWI、ADC高信号,可不对称性地累及顶叶、小脑半球,MRV与DSA检查结果相符。6例RPLS患者MRI显示双侧顶、枕叶皮质、皮质下白质多发性、斑片状、对称性病变,部分严重患者大脑半球呈弥漫性、大片状受累,表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI、FLAIR高信号,DWI、ADC高信号;1例患者MRV检查示左侧横窦未显影,DSA检查示左侧横窦通畅。结论横窦血栓形成和RPLS患者MRI均显示血管源性脑水肿,两者脑水肿主要发生于双侧枕、顶叶,但前者范围较局限,后者范围更广泛,可累及基底节、额叶、颞叶。RPLS患者MRV检查可有假阳性,DSA是鉴别两者的重要检查方法。     

单发和多发脑静脉血栓形成的临床特征分析

目的 探讨单发和多发脑静脉血栓形成(CVT)患者的临床特征和短期预后. 方法 总结分析136例CVT患者的血栓部位及受累静脉窦/静脉数目,依受累颅内静脉窦/静脉数目将患者分为单发CVT组和多发CVT组,采用单变量分析比较2组患者的临床特点及预后. 结果 单发CVT组44例,多发CVT组92例(其中累及2个部位45例,3个部位35例,4个部位9例,5个部位3例).最常受累的静脉窦/静脉为横窦/乙状窦(86.8%),其后依次为上矢状窦(58.1%)、直窦(18.4%)、大脑深静脉系统(7.4%)和皮层静脉系统(2.9%).单变量分析显示单发CVT组患者平均发病年龄大于多发CVT组,但短期预后好于多发CVT组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);多发CVT组患者出现颅内实质病变及合并颅外静脉血栓的几率高于单发CVT组,同时治疗前颅内压≥300mm H2O的患者比例高于单发CVT组,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 CVT中以多发CVT所占比例较高,最容易受累的部位为横窦/乙状窦和上矢状窦.与单发CVT相比,多发CVT患者颅内压较高,多合并颅外静脉血栓,出现静脉性脑梗死和脑出血的几率较高,临床病情重,预后相对较差.     

MRI不同成像方法对颅内静脉窦血栓的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI不同成像方法对颅内静脉窦血栓(IVST)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析综合评价近期证实且资料齐全的IVST患者10例,并对CE-MRI和MRV成像方法在血栓部位、范围、窦腔闭塞、侧支静脉以及颅内静脉的整体形态显示方面进行比较。结果血栓位于上矢状窦、横窦各4例,窦汇、横窦及乙状窦同时受累各1例。在血栓范围、窦腔闭塞方面,CE-MRI均优于MRV,侧支静脉、颅内静脉的整体显示MRV优于CE-MRI(P均<0.05),两种检查方法均准确显示血栓部位。结论对颅内静脉窦血栓的诊断,多种成像方法互为补充,相互印证,联合应用才能准确诊断。     

23例颅内静脉窦血栓形成的临床表现及影像学诊断

目的 研究颅内静脉窦血栓形成（CVT）的临床特征及影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析23例CVT患的临床资料及影像学特点，包括发病原因，临床表现，血栓部位，及颅脑CT和磁共振成像（MRI／MRA），数字减影血管造影（DSA）的异常表现。结果 妊娠及产褥期是CVT的最主要的危险因素。大多数病人表现有头痛，呕吐，视乳头水肿颅内高压征，近半数以上病人伴有意识障碍，偏瘫，癫痫发作，颅神经损害，脑膜刺激征等。少数病例CT可呈条索征或空三角征。上矢状窦MRI特征表现为T1，T2加权像窦内高信号，DSA可见受累的一处或多处静脉窦显影不良，静脉循环时间延长。结论 CVT临床表现多样，颅脑CT无特异性，MRI／MRA，DSA可帮助早期确诊并确定病变部位，多静脉窦或静脉血栓应引起注意。     

低颅压综合征合并颅内静脉血栓2例并文献回顾分析

目的总结分析低颅压综合征(SIH)合并颅内静脉血栓形成(CVT)的临床表现,诊断和治疗方法。方法报道2例低颅压综合征合并颅内静脉血栓形成,并回顾文献报道15例同类病例,分析其临床特征、影像学表现、治疗和病理生理机制。结果17例患者均以亚急性起病,其中14例患者表现为体位性头痛。常见的伴随症状有恶心、呕吐、复视、耳鸣等。所有患者的影像学检查都存在SIH和CVT的表现,头部核磁共振(MRI)加静脉成像(MRV)是诊断颅内静脉血栓形成的主要手段。结论低颅压综合征是颅内静脉血栓形成的危险因素之一,了解两者内在的病理生理联系和临床特征有利于对该病的早期诊断和及时治疗。     

脑静脉血栓形成诊断和治疗的临床分析

[关键词]脑静脉血栓形成溶栓治疗脑静脉血栓形成(cerebralvenousthrombosis,CVT)是发生在颅内静脉系统包括静脉窦、大脑深、浅静脉一种少见的血栓栓塞性疾病,临床表现多样,易误诊。现对我们救治的22例CVT患者报道如下,并对实施过静脉窦接触溶栓的资料进行分析和文献回顾。1资料1.1一般资料:从南京卒中注册数据库1809例病例中,查询符合CVT诊断的共22例,为2002年9月至2005年3月的住院患者,其中男13例,女9例,年龄16～60岁,平均37.2岁,经MR、磁共振静脉血管成像(magneticresonancevenography,MRV)或数字减影血管造影(digitalsubtractionan…     

Magnetic resonance imaging,susceptibility weighted imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping findings of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is extremely rare. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of PKAN patients. Conventional MRI and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) sequences and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) maps of six patients from three PKAN families and eight healthy male volunteers were retrospectively analyzed. Iron content was represented by QSM values. The typical eye-of-the-tiger sign (n = 4) and hyperintensity (n = 2) of the bilateral globus pallidus (GP) were observed on T2WI sequences. The SWI signal was low (n = 5), and the QSM values were obviously higher (n = 2), which manifested as a reversed eye-of-the-tiger sign (n = 4) and hyperintensity (n = 2) on the QSM map. The QSM values were higher in the bilateral central GP, bilateral peripheral GP, and bilateral substantia nigra (SN) and lower in the left red nucleus (RN) compared with the healthy controls. No significant differences were observed in the right RN, bilateral thalamus and bilateral occipital regions. Low signals on SWI sequences and high QSM values with a reversed eye-of-the-tiger sign on QSM maps are important for the diagnosis of PKAN, especially in patients who do not show the eye-of-the-tiger sign in early stages. The eye-of-the-tiger sign observed on T2WI is helpful in diagnosing PKAN when the disease has already progressed to an advanced stage.     

磁敏感加权成像在脑出血中的应用价值

目的 探讨MRI磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在脑出血中的应用价值.方法 对12例经CT确诊的脑出血患者于发病2 d内及2周后分别进行MRI常规序列及SWI扫描,并进行血肿分期及对各序列的病灶显示率、微出血灶的分布和出血量评估.结果 在12例脑出血患者中,共发现33处出血灶.SWI、T,WI、T<,2>WI、Flair序列对...     

磁敏感加权成像及其PV值测定对不同时期脑静脉窦血栓的诊断价值

目的比较不同序列磁共振成像对不同时期脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的敏感性,探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)序列及其相位值(PV)测定对CVST的诊断意义。方法采用3.0 T磁共振系统,对30例患者进行轴位T1WI、T2WI、T2*WI、SWI及MRV序列检查,其中20例患者进行DSA检查。观察不同序列静脉窦血栓的信号特点,定量测量静脉窦血栓的PV值变化,并比较不同序列对不同时期CVST检出的敏感性。结果正常静脉窦PV值为+0.136±0.022,SWI呈高信号。急性期(≤5d)静脉窦血栓PV值为-0.642±0.024,SWI呈低信号;亚急性期(6～15d)静脉窦血栓PV值为+0.146±0.021,SWI呈高信号或以高信号为主的混杂信号;慢性期(≥16d)静脉窦血栓PV值为-0.842±0.015,SWI呈低信号。静脉窦血栓PV值与正常静脉窦PV值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。急性期、亚急性期及慢性期静脉窦血栓PV值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SWI序列对急性期和慢性期(97.20%,92.30%)静脉窦血栓的检出率高于T1WI(63.80%,38.40%)和T2WI(0.00%,30.70%)序列,对亚急性静脉窦血栓(48.00%)的检出率低于T1WI(100%)和T2WI(72.00%)序列。SWI和T2*WI对静脉窦血栓的检出率差异有统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论 SWI序列对急、慢性期CVST的检出有较高的敏感性,PV值测定能够为CVST的诊断提供客观的量化标准。     

Automated segmentation of deep brain nuclei using convolutional neural networks and susceptibility weighted imaging

The advent of susceptibility‐sensitive MRI techniques, such as susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), has enabled accurate in vivo visualization and quantification of iron deposition within the human brain. Although previous approaches have been introduced to segment iron‐rich brain regions, such as the substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, red nucleus, and dentate nucleus, these methods are largely unavailable and manual annotation remains the most used approach to label these regions. Furthermore, given their recent success in outperforming other segmentation approaches, convolutional neural networks (CNN) promise better performances. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate state‐of‐the‐art CNN architectures for the labeling of deep brain nuclei from SW images. We implemented five CNN architectures and considered ensembles of these models. Furthermore, a multi‐atlas segmentation model was included to provide a comparison not based on CNN. We evaluated two prediction strategies: individual prediction, where a model is trained independently for each region, and combined prediction, which simultaneously predicts multiple closely located regions. In the training dataset, all models performed with high accuracy with Dice coefficients ranging from 0.80 to 0.95. The regional SWI intensities and volumes from the models'' labels were strongly correlated with those obtained from manual labels. Performances were reduced on the external dataset, but were higher or comparable to the intrarater reliability and most models achieved significantly better results compared to multi‐atlas segmentation. CNNs can accurately capture the individual variability of deep brain nuclei and represent a highly useful tool for their segmentation from SW images.     

磁敏感加权成像在脑静脉性血管畸形诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在脑静脉性血管畸形中的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析21例脑静脉性血管畸形患者的影像学资料,所有患者均行常规MRI平扫与SWI序列扫描,评价SWI序列对脑静脉性血管畸形检出的优越性。结果 SWI发现脑静脉性血管畸形21例,T1WI发现病灶17例,T2WI发现病灶18例,常规MRI扫描序列呈点状或条形流空信号,且只可显示大部分扩张的引流静脉及部分扩张的髓静脉,SWI可以清晰的显示所有扩张的髓静脉及粗大的引流静脉,呈典型"水母头"状。结论 SWI较常规MRI扫描序列对脑静脉性血管畸形的显示更为敏感。     

Hemichorea-hemiballism syndrome: A look through susceptibility weighted imaging

Hemichorea-hemiballism syndrome (HCHB) is a relatively rare cause of unilateral chorea in diabetic patients and is due to non ketotoic hyperglycaemia. Characteristic magnetic resonance (MR) findings include T1 hyperintensity in the contralateral putamen without any significant signal alteration on other conventional MR sequences. We report susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) findings in a case of HCHB syndrome.     

核磁共振脑灌注成像及DWI联合应用在诊断早期脑梗死缺血半暗带中的临床价值

目的 探讨核磁共振脑部灌注加权成像(PWI)及脑部弥散加权成像(DWI)联合应用在诊断早期脑梗死缺血半暗带中的临床价值。方法 本研究中的受试对象均来自2016年1月-2017年4月来本院就诊的脑梗死患者,选出符合纳入标准的100例作为研究对象,并根据脑梗死发生时间分成超急性期、急性期、亚急性期和慢性期,分别观察PWI和DWI表现,以表观弥散系数(ADC)为DWI的检测评价指标,以局部脑血容量(rCBV)、局部脑血流量(rCBF)、平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP)为PWI的检测评价指标,并比较不同时期脑梗死的PWI和DWI表现。结果 随着脑梗死患者发病时间的延长,T₂WI显示信号随之增高,DWI信号随之降低,ADC信号随之增高。随着梗死时间延长,梗死区ADC值随之增加,健侧对应区随着梗死时间的变化,ADC值无明显变化; 在每个不同分期中健侧对应区的ADC值均高于梗死区(P均<0.05); 超急性期rCBV和rCBF值均为降低信号,MTT和TTP均为升高信号; 急性期rCBV、rCBF、MTT和TTP值在三种信号上均有表现,但rCBV和rCBF值均以降低信号为主,MTT和TTP均以升高信号为主; 亚急性期中rCBV和rCBF为正常和降低信号,其中以正常信号为主,MTT和TTP均为降低和升高信号,并以升高信号为主; 慢性期rCBV和rCBF均表现为降低信号,MTT和TTP均为降低和升高信号,并以降低信号为主; 超急性期DWIPWI均有表现,并以DWIPWI均有表现,并以DWIPWI为主; 亚急性期DWI=PWI和DWI>PWI均有表现,并以DWI=PWI为主; 慢性期均为DWI=PWI。结论 PWI联合DWI对脑梗死早期的诊断价值较高,PWI对缺血半暗带有较好的诊断,其与DWI相结合可更准确地判定缺血半暗带。     

Susceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging of brain: A multifaceted powerful sequence that adds to understanding of acute stroke

Context:

To evaluate the additional information that susceptibility weighted sequences and datasets would provide in acute stroke.

Aims:

The aim of this study were to assess the value addition of susceptibility weighted magnetic resonance imaging (SWI) of brain in patients with acute arterial infarct.

Materials and Methods:

All patients referred for a complete brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between March 2010 and March 2011 at our institution had SWI as part of routine MRI (T1, T2, and diffusion imaging). Retrospective study of 62 consecutive patients with acute arterial infarct was evaluated for the presence of macroscopic hemorrhage, petechial micro-bleeds, dark middle cerebral artery (MCA) sign and prominent vessels in the vicinity of infarct.

Results:

SWI was found to detect hemorrhage not seen on other routine MRI sequences in 22 patients. Out of 62 patients, 17 (10 petechial) had hemorrhage less than 50% and 5 patients had greater than 50% area of hemorrhage. A “dark artery sign” due to thrombus within the artery was seen in 8 out of 62 patients. Prominent cortical and intraparenchymal veins were seen in 14 out of 62 patients.

Conclusions:

SWI has been previously shown to be sensitive in detecting hemorrhage; however is not routinely used in stroke evaluation. Our study shows that SWI, by virtue of identifying unsuspected hemorrhage, central occluded vessel, and venous congestion is additive in value to the routine MR exam and should be part of a routine MR brain in patients suspected of having an acute infarct.     

磁共振磁敏感加权成像在急性缺血性脑卒中溶栓治疗中的评估作用

目的：运用磁共振磁敏感加权成像(SWI)检查急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓时间窗内溶栓治疗前后静脉低信号及微出血情况,观察患者静脉溶栓治疗的预后及安全性,以指导个性化溶栓治疗.方法急性缺血性卒中患者行多模磁共振检查,根据 SWI 检测结果分为静脉对称组和静脉不对称组,患者接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt－PA)静脉溶栓治疗后复查多模磁共振.观察对比两组间疗效、安全性及预后情况.结果共纳入60例患者,其中静脉对称组17例,静脉不对称组43例.两组治疗前、治疗后1 h 及24 h 的美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分分别为(11．9±3．8),(7．3±4．5),(7．1±5．2)分和(12．4±4．2),(8．2±4．3),(7．9±4．8)分,治疗后两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01).90 d死亡率均为0.静脉对称组微出血灶数目、微出血级别及症状性脑出血发生率低于静脉不对称组,但差异无统计学意义(P ＞0．05).两组90 d 神经功能改善率为分别为70．2％和58．1％,静脉对称组预后优于静脉不对称组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0．05).结论 SWI 静脉低信号可以作为评价低灌注程度、溶栓预后效果及溶栓后出血的指标,指导个体化溶栓治疗.