伴胼胝体压部可逆性病变的轻度脑炎/脑病的临床及影像学特点(附1例报告及文献复习)

目的探讨伴胼胝体压部可逆性病变的轻度脑炎/脑病(MERS)的临床特点及头颅影像学特征。方法对诊治的1例MERS患者的临床特点、神经系统异常体征、实验室检查、头颅影像学以及治疗和预后等临床资料进行总结,并结合相关文献复习进行分析。结果 1例MERS患者以呼吸道感染为首发症状,病程第4天出现全头部胀痛,呈持续性、伴恶心等症状。实验室检查:血钠波动在121~133 mmol·L-1。头颅MRI表现为胼胝体压部T2、FLAIR及DWI均可见呈明显高信号的片状病变。经给予抗病毒、控制脑水肿、维持水电解质平衡,并静脉注射免疫球蛋白治疗。1周后复查头颅MRI病变呈T2及FLAIR略高信号、DWI信号完全消失,临床症状基本恢复正常。结论 MERS是一种急性的临床-影像综合征,以病毒感染为最常见病因,临床病程呈良性过程,临床表现缺乏特异性,常出现低钠血症,经早期诊断及治疗后预后良好。     

成人可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征临床特点及预后的比较性分析

目的对成人可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征(RESLES)的成因,病程,MRI表现及预后特点进行分析,以系统性总结评估成人RESLES临床特点及预后。方法回顾性分析成人RESLES患者的临床及影像资料。参照改良牛津残障量表(MOHS)对患者的临床结局进行评分,并据此将患者分为预后良好组(MOHS≤2)及预后不良组(MOHS≥3),比较性分析两组临床影像特点。结果共纳入8例患者,RESLES的疾病谱包括轻度脑炎/脑病,Marchiafava-Bignami病,抗癫痫突然撤药相关脑病及代谢性脑病等。MRI特征性表现为胼胝体压部高信号,伴或不伴胼胝体外,其他胼胝体部位受累,复查MRI提示胼胝体压部高信号完全消失或明显减弱。发病过程中伴有严重意识障碍及胼胝体外病灶等因素在两组的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论成人RESLES是一临床少见的临床影像综合症,其涉及疾病谱广泛。虽然RESLES患者的临床症状均趋于缓解,但病程中有昏迷症状及伴有胼胝体外病灶的患者预后不良。     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的影像表现

目的：探讨可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的临床及影像特点。方法对我院收治的9例可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床及影像资料进行回顾性分析。结果9例患者中婴幼儿3例,儿童1例,成人5例;2例婴幼儿及1例儿童有发热等感染病史伴神经症状,1例婴幼儿以缺血缺氧性脑病入院,成人以头痛、发热、昏迷、意识障碍等为主入院,其中伴有癫痫病史2例。头颅MRI显示胼胝体压部类圆形（婴幼儿累及全胼胝体压部）稍长T1稍长T2信号,FLAIR序列呈高或稍高信号,DWI呈高信号;其中3例增强扫描未见强化;头颅CT显示欠佳。经对症治疗后,症状缓解,MRI复查示胼胝体压部异常信号消失。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的临床无特异性,而M RI表现有一定特征性,可为临床的诊疗及预后提供指导。     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征一例

目的探讨可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的临床特点、磁共振(MRI)影像学特征、治疗方法及预后。方法分析1例可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征临床资料并结合相关资料对此例胼胝体压部局灶性孤立病变进行分析。结果患者胼胝体压部椭圆形长T1、长T2信号,Flair及DWI高信号影,经抗病毒及对症处理后发病第14天病灶消失。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征临床特征以MRI发现胼胝体压部孤立病灶为特点,病因、发病机制尚不明确,有一定自愈性。     

胼胝体变性六例影像学特点和临床表现

目的 探讨胼胝体变性(Marchiafava-Bignami disease,MBD)的影像学特点和临床表现.方法 对我院诊治的6例MBD患者进行回顾性分析,包括影像学检查(如头颅CT、MRI)、实验室检查、临床症状和随访情况.结果 6例患者MRI检查均表现为胼胝体肿胀及T1WI等或低信号,T2WI高信号,液体衰减反转恢复序列高信号,弥散加权成像示弥散受限.其中例1、例4和例6以急性意识障碍起病,CT和MRI检查除累及整个胼胝体外双侧半卵圆区也受累,预后较差.例2和例3以反应迟钝、记忆力下降起病,CT和MRI检查病变主要累及胼胝体膝部和压部,经积极治疗,患者基本恢复正常.例5以双下肢麻木无力、反应迟钝起病,MRI检查病变累及胼胝体压部及体部,经治疗后也恢复正常.结论 MBD临床表现复杂,但具有特征性影像学表现,其起病形式和影像学特征可作为反映其预后的重要因素之一.     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征四例分析

目的总结可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的临床表现和影像学特点,探讨其病因和发病机制。方法回顾分析4例可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床表现、影像学特点和病因。结果4例患者中2例(例1和例2)有颅脑创伤史,1例(例3)于饮酒后出现发作性双眼视物模糊,1例(例4)于感冒后出现头痛、晕厥,伴间断性视物模糊和慢性肾功能衰竭;MRI表现为胼胝体压部孤立性圆形或类圆形、边界清晰的病变,呈T_1WI等或稍低信号,T_2WI、扩散加权成像和FLAIR成像高信号,表观扩散系数低信号,无明显水肿和占位效应,1例(例2)除胼胝体压部病变外,磁敏感加权成像可见额叶出血。均经对因和对症支持治疗后症状完全缓解,病程8~15 d。复查MRI,3例胼胝体异常信号消失,1例(例2)病变信号范围和强度较前明显好转,均未遗留神经功能障碍。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征是一种临床影像学综合征,病因多样,癫及其相关疾病是最常见病因,颅脑创伤也可以引起可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征,临床表现无特异性,经对因治疗后预后良好。     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的临床和神经影像特征

目的探讨可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征(RESLES)的临床及影像学特点。方法对我院2016年8月至2017年8月收治的4例RESLES患者的病因、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析,并复习相关文献。结果 2例患者发病与抗癫痫药突然停用有关,1例与低血糖有关,1例病因不明。2例主要表现嗜睡,1例表现精神异常,1例表现癫痫发作。神经系统检查均无阳性体征。1例血糖2. 6 mmol/L。4例头颅MRI均表现胼胝体压部可逆性异常信号,其中1例同时累及左侧基底节区。4例均在病因治疗同时给予常规对症处理,分别在发病11～25 d后MRI病灶完全消失。结论 RESLES是一临床影像综合征,临床症候缺乏特异性,MRI有特征性改变,及时病因治疗预后良好。     

西藏地区可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征8例临床特点分析

目的探讨西藏地区可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床和影像学特点。方法回顾性分析8例可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床资料和影像学资料的特点。结果 8例患者的平均发病年龄为27.5岁,其中男6例,女2例;汉族4例,藏族4例;部分患者发病前存在上呼吸道感染、癫痫持续状态、入藏史以及阿托品治疗窦性心动过缓等诱因,以头晕、头痛、视物模糊或抽搐为主要临床表现。所有患者治疗前头颅MRI平扫均表现为胼胝体压部接近中央部位类圆形或条状边界清楚的等或稍长T_1、长T_2信号,弥散加权像(diffusion weighted image,DWI)高信号,表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值减低,病变周围无明显水肿及明显占位效应。予对症支持治疗后症状缓解,胼胝体压部异常信号消失或减低。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征一般临床症状轻微、临床表现多种多样,具有特异的影像学特征,预后良好,西藏独特的高原环境对该病的发病可能有一定的影响。     

胼胝体病变-肝豆状核变性的少见脑部影像学表现

目的研究肝豆状核变性患者胼胝体病变及其临床价值。方法收集3例肝豆状核变性患者的临床及影像资料,参照2001年第八届莱比锡肝豆状核变性国际会议制定的诊断评分系统评分。利用磁共振成像(MRI)技术检查胼胝体压部病变。结果 3例患者均存在胼胝体压部病变,但均无胼胝体病变所致的失连接综合征表现。头颅MRI技术提示3例患者胼胝体病变主要为长T2异常信号、FLAIR像稍高信号,其中1例DWI呈高信号。出现胼胝体病变的3例肝豆状核变性患者均病情较重、脑部损伤弥漫(尾状核、壳核、苍白球、丘脑、中脑及桥脑)。结论胼胝体病变为肝豆状核变性患者少见的影像学表现,若在有典型基底节病变的同时还伴有胼胝体病变则高度支持肝豆状核变性的诊断。胼胝体病变也提示患者病情较重、脑部损伤弥漫,预后相对较差。     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征1例并文献复习

目的探讨可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床表现及影像学特点、诊断与治疗要点。方法分析我院诊断为可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征1例患者的临床资料与影像学资料,并结合相关资料对此例胼胝体压部局灶性孤立病变进行分析。结果患者在前驱感染后出现间断视物不清、头晕,头MRI平扫及增强扫描示:胼胝体压部类圆形、边界清楚的稍长T_1、长T_2信号,弥散加权高信号,病变周围无明显水肿,无明显占位效应,增强扫描未见强化。患者治疗1个月后复查头MRI结果显示胼胝体压部病灶消失。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征是一种单病程脑炎,临床表现多种多样,其特异的影像学特点为胼胝体压部可逆的类圆形病灶,预后良好。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.