肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现及影像学特征

目的探讨肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现及影像学特征。方法通过4例肥厚性硬脑膜炎的病例报告及相关文献资料的临床表现及影像学特征来进行总结和讨论。结果肥厚性硬脑膜炎主要表现为头痛、脑神经麻痹,MRI表现为硬脑膜增厚呈线条状或斑块状,增强扫描后肥厚的硬脑膜强化。结论肥厚性硬脑膜炎可表现为多种临床过程,MRI表现较具特征性,结合临床表现有利于肥厚性硬脑膜炎的早期诊断。     

经病理确诊的特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎1例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现、影像学特征、诊断及治疗。方法 报道本院1例经病理确诊的特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果 本例患者表现为慢性反复头痛,头颅磁共振增强扫描示左侧小脑幕异常增生并强化,病理活检提示大量慢性炎症细胞浸润,经过激素冲击治疗头痛缓解,后续小剂量激素联合免疫抑制剂甲氨蝶呤口服,临床预后良好。结论 特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎病因复杂,多以慢性头痛、多组脑神经麻痹及小脑性共济失调为主要临床表现; 头颅MRI可见特征性硬脑膜肥厚及强化表现; 临床需与多种颅内疾病相鉴别,病理活检可确诊; 激素治疗基础上联合免疫抑制剂可防止病情复发。     

肥厚性硬膜炎的临床和影像学特点

目的 探讨肥厚性硬膜炎(HP)的临床及影像学特征.方法 回顾性分析10例HP患者的临床资料.结果 10例患者以亚急性或慢性起病,8例患者继发于感染等自身免疫性疾病.以头痛(8例)或复视(2例)为首发症状.主要临床表现为头痛9例;脑神经麻痹7例;癫痫、共济失调、双下肢无力伴针刺觉减退各1例.MRI示硬膜异常肥厚,呈长或等T1、短T2信号;MRI增强示增厚的硬脑膜明显强化,呈条带状或结节状,不深入脑沟脑回.9例予以皮质类固醇激素治疗,头痛症状均缓解,遗留周围性面瘫4例,视物及听力障碍各1例.结论 HP多为继发性,以头痛及脑神经麻痹为主要症状,MRI平扫及强化可见条带状或斑块状硬膜肥厚,可累及硬脑膜和/或硬脊膜,糖皮质激素治疗有效.     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎19例临床分析

目的探讨肥厚性硬脑膜炎(HCP)的临床特点。方法对19例HCP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 HCP病因复杂,临床上最常见为头痛,伴或不伴颅神经损害或小脑共济失调。CSF可异常,但无明显特异性; MRI表现为肥厚的硬脑膜T1WI呈等、略低信号,T2WI呈明显低信号,增强后扫描强化明显,部分区域呈结节状强化。糖皮质激素及免疫抑制治疗有效。结论 HCP病因较复杂,临床表现以慢性头痛伴或不伴颅神经缺损为主要症状,MRI检查有特征性表现,糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂是治疗主要药物。     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎1例报道及文献复习

目的探讨肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床表现、影像学特征及治疗。方法报道本院1例患者的临床资料并复习相关文献。结果本例患者表现为多组颅神经麻痹,头部MRI示局部硬脑膜异常增生并强化,激素治疗后好转,激素减量后病情再次复发,加用硫唑嘌呤后病情得以控制。结论肥厚性硬脑膜炎以慢性头痛、多组颅神经麻痹及小脑性共济失调为主要临床表现;头颅MRI可见特征性的硬脑膜肥厚并强化改变;激素治疗的基础上加免疫抑制剂可防止病情复发。     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床、病理和影像学特点 (附1例报告)

目的 研究肥厚性硬脑膜炎(hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis,HCP)的临床表现、病理和MRI特征.方法 对1例HCP患者的临床、病理和MRI检查资料进行回顾性分析并总结其特点.结果 HCP多慢性起病,临床以头痛和多颅神经麻痹为主要表现.MRI可见受累硬脑膜T1相呈等或略低信号,T2相呈高信号,增强扫描后增厚的硬脑膜明显均匀强化,硬脑膜病理检查可见纤维组织内炎症细胞浸润.激素治疗有效,MRI复查硬脑膜变薄,累及范围缩小,强化减轻.结论 HCP以头痛、多脑神经受累为主要临床表现.MRI扫描可见特征性的硬脑膜强化改变.病理学检查是确诊依据.     

特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎临床及病理特点(附3例报道)

目的探讨特发性肥厚性硬脑膜炎(IHCP)的临床、影像学、病理表现及治疗。方法回顾性分析3例经影像诊断(其中2例经病理活检证实)的IHCP患者的临床资料,总结其临床表现、实验室检查、影像学表现和治疗特点。结果 3例患者均有慢性偏头痛样头痛及脑神经麻痹表现,2例病程有复发和缓解。2例红细胞沉降率加快、C反应蛋白增高,其中1例类风湿因子升高,另1例抗核抗体阳性。脑脊液蛋白3例均升高。头MRI强化均可见硬脑膜增厚,部位与脑神经麻痹相关。糖皮质激素单用或联合环磷酰胺治疗有效。结论 MRI强化对IHCP诊断有特异性,脑膜活检可确诊该病。糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂对IHCP复发治疗有效。     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床、影像学及病理学特征

目的 探讨肥厚性硬脑膜炎(HCP)患者的临床、影像学及病理学特征.方法 对本院1例HCP患者的临床资料及文献报道的77例HCP患者的资料进行回顾性分析.结果 78例HCP患者临床表现均可见慢性头痛,多组脑神经损害;其次为精神异常(10.3%),共济失调(9.0%),癫疒间发作(6.4%),偶见偏瘫及闭经泌乳;74例(94.9%)患者以头痛为首发症状,早期易被误诊为蛛网膜下腔出血、低颅压性头痛及静脉窦血栓形成等.MRI可见大脑镰和(或)小脑幕等处硬脑膜局部或弥漫性肥厚,增强扫描可见强化;病理学表现为硬脑膜纤维组织明显增生,伴炎性细胞浸润;皮质类固醇治疗有效.结论 HCP以头痛及多组脑神经受损为主,临床表现多样,影像学可见大脑镰和小脑幕等处硬脑膜肥厚,MRI检查对诊断有重要意义.     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎的临床及影像学特征

目的研究肥厚性硬脑膜炎(hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis,HCP)的临床表现和MRI特征。方法对9例HCP患者的临床、MRI检查资料进行回顾性分析并总结其特点。结果 HCP多慢性起病,临床以头痛和脑神经麻痹为主要表现。MRI结果示受累硬脑膜可见于小脑幕、鞍旁海绵窦区、大脑凸面等;增厚的硬脑膜多呈条带状或斑块状;T1WI呈与皮质相等或略低信号,T2WI呈低信号,3例患者靠近脑实质面的硬膜呈明显高信号;增强扫描后增厚的硬脑膜明显强化。1例伴邻近脑实质长T1长T2异常信号灶。复查时,病情改善者硬脑膜变薄,累及范围缩小,强化减轻,伴发的脑内异常信号影缩小或消失。结论 HCP以头痛、多脑神经受累为主要临床表现,MRI扫描可见特征性的硬脑膜强化改变。     

肥厚性硬脑膜炎12例临床表现和影像特征

目的　研究肥厚性硬脑膜炎(hypertrophiccranialpachymeningitis, HCP)的临床表现和磁共振成像(MRI)特征。方法　对12例肥厚性硬脑膜炎患者的临床和MRI资料进行回顾性分析。结果　多呈慢性起病,临床上以头痛(11例)和脑神经麻痹(9例)为主要表现,其中外展神经受损者7例,三叉神经4例,视神经、动眼神经、滑车神经、面神经各2例。MRI示受累硬脑膜最多见于鞍旁海绵窦区(7例),小脑幕(6例)次之,中颅窝底、大脑凸面各4例,累及大脑镰3例。同一病例可累及多个部位(弥漫型),本组弥漫型7例,局限型5例。增厚的硬脑膜厚度为0. 5 ~2. 0cm,形状多呈条带状或斑块状; T1WI呈与脑灰质相等或略低信号,T2WI呈低信号, 4例靠近脑实质面的硬膜呈明显高信号;增强后增厚的硬脑膜明显强化。5例伴邻近脑实质长T1 长T2 异常信号灶。复查时,病情改善者硬脑膜变薄,累及范围缩小,强化减轻,伴发的脑内异常信号影缩小或消失。结论　肥厚性硬脑膜炎的MRI表现较具特征性,结合临床资料可以做出较明确诊断。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.