不伴基底动脉狭窄的脑桥旁正中梗死部位与发病机制的关系

目的探讨不伴基底动脉狭窄的脑桥旁正中梗死(PPI-BAS)部位与发病机制的关系。方法回顾性分析脑桥旁正中梗死(PPI)患者150例,将PPI-BAS按梗死部位分为累及脑桥腹侧表面组(vPPI-BAS)及未累及脑桥腹侧表面组(dPPI-BAS),以伴基底动脉狭窄的脑桥旁正中梗死(PPI+BAS)为对照,比较其年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高脂血症、高同型半胱氨酸血症、冠心病、糖尿病、颅内颈内动脉系狭窄(ICAS)、颅外动脉粥样硬化(EAAS)、基底动脉高信号、梗死灶层面数≥2层、早期神经功能恶化(END)、高血压、腔隙性脑梗死(LI)和脑白质疏松(LA)是否有差异。结果 150例患者中dPPI-BAS组41例(27.3%),vPPI-BAS组65例(43.3%),PPI+BAS组44例(29.3%),三组之间年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高脂血症、高同型半胱氨酸血症差异无统计学意义(P0.05),三组之间冠心病、糖尿病、高血压、LA分级、LI分级、ICAS、EAAS、基底动脉高信号、梗死灶层面数≥2层及END的差异有统计学差异(P0.05)。vPPI-BAS组与PPI+BAS组各因素之间差异均无统计学差异(P0.05)。与PPI+BAS组比较,dPPI-BAS组冠心病、糖尿病、ICAS、EAAS、基底动脉高信号、梗死灶层面数≥2和END的发生率低,而高血压、LA、LI的发生率高(P0.05)。vPPI-BAS组与dPPI-BAS组比较,vPPI-BAS组ICAS、EAAS、梗死灶层面数≥2层和END发生率高,dPPI-BAS组高血压、LA和LI发生率高(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:LA分级是dPPI-BAS的独立危险因素。结论 vPPI-BAS多由动脉粥样硬化机制引起,dPPI-BAS多由小血管病机制引起。     

脑桥梗死不同病因机制的临床研究

目的 比较不同类型脑桥梗死的病因机制和临床特征。 方法 选择脑桥梗死患者75例，分为基底动脉狭窄组9例和基底动脉无狭窄组66例，其中基底动脉 无狭窄组又分为穿支病变组33例和小动脉病变组33例。比较各组的临床特征与影像学变化。 结果 在各组的临床特征中，基底动脉狭窄组的糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、合并其 他颅内血管中重度狭窄、神经功能缺损进展发生率、入院美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale，NIHSS）评分、出院NIHSS评分、出院改良Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scal e，mRS）评分≥3比例较其他组增高（P＜0.05）。穿支动脉病变组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血 红蛋白、入院收缩压、梗死灶大小、入院NIHSS、出院NIHSS评分、神经功能缺损进展、出院mRS评分比 例高于小动脉病变组（P＜0.05）。 结论 脑桥梗死存在不同的病因和发病机制。脑桥旁正中动脉梗死及合并基底动脉狭窄的脑桥梗 死病变以动脉粥样硬化为主，病灶大，症状重，易发生进展，预后不良。     

高分辨核磁共振对脑桥梗死不同病灶形态类型的病因机制研究

目的探讨急性孤立性脑桥梗死患者的梗死病灶形态与病因机制关系。方法回顾性纳入2016年3月～2019年2月广东省中医院收治的25例急性孤立性脑桥梗死患者,根据核磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)梗死病灶形态类型分为脑桥旁中梗死(PPI)和脑桥深部小梗死(SDPI)。两组患者均在急性起病10 d内接受基底动脉的3. 0T高分辨核磁共振成像(HR-MRI)检查,依据HRMRI基底动脉管壁与穿支动脉的特点区分不同的梗死病因机制,分为分支动脉粥样硬化病(BAD)和腔隙性梗死(LI)。比较两种分型方法是否存在差异性。结果 DWI梗死灶形态分型显示,PPI组有15例(60. 0%),SDPI组有10例(40. 0%); HR-MRI的病因机制分型显示,BAD组有23例(92. 0%),其中15例均表现为脑桥旁正中梗死,8例表现为脑桥深部小梗死,LI组有2例(8. 0%);两种影像学分型比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论 PPI与分支动脉粥样硬化所致的发病机制一致,SDPI需进一步接受高分辨核磁共振检查以明确梗死发病机制。     

高分辨磁共振成像在脑桥旁正中梗死患者中的诊断价值

目的 探讨高分辨磁共振成像(high resolution magnetic resonance imaging, HRMRI)在脑桥旁正中梗死(paramedian pontine infarction,PPI)患者中的诊断价值。方法 连续收集经磁共振证实的PPI患者32例,全部行磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography, MRA)和HRMRI检查,利用HRMRI分析动脉粥样硬化斑块在基底动脉(basilar artery, BA)的分布位置,比较MRA与HRMRI识别BA狭窄能力的差异。结果 MRA检查显示BA狭窄者11例(34.4%),HRMRI 显示BA狭窄者27例(84.4%)(P<0.01)。HRMRI显示BA狭窄的27例患者,其粥样硬化斑块位于梗死病灶同侧25例(92.6%)、对侧2例(7.4%)。结论 HRMRI在诊断BA狭窄方面可信度较高; 脑桥旁正中梗死患者BA粥样硬化斑块大多分布在梗死病灶同侧     

孤立性脑桥梗死急性期神经功能缺损进展的预测因素

目的探讨孤立性脑桥梗死急性期神经功能缺损进展的预测因素。方法收集发病48 h内经DWI证实的138例孤立性脑桥梗死患者的临床资料,据卒中发生后病情最严重时NIHSS评分变化(NIHSS评分较入院增加≥2分或运动障碍评分增加≥1分)分为急性期神经功能缺损进展组(进展组)和非进展组。比较两组的危险因素、实验室检查及影像学检查特征,采用Logistics回归分析急性期神经功能缺损进展的预测因素。结果单因素分析显示,进展组空腹血糖、入院时NIHSS评分、出院时的mRS评分明显高于非进展组(P0.05)。进展组累及脑桥腹侧表面梗死、梗死灶最大直径、重度脑室旁WMH及皮质下WMH明显高于非进展组(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示累及脑桥腹侧表面梗死(OR=0.160,95%CI:0.052~0.493,P=0.001)、重度脑室旁WMH(OR=2.824,95%CI:1.206~6.614,P=0.017)及重度皮质下WMH(OR=3.460,95%CI:1.427~8.393,P=0.006)是孤立性脑桥梗死急性期神经功能缺损进展的独立危险因素。结论累及脑桥腹侧表面梗死及重度WMH是孤立性脑桥梗死急性期神经功能缺损进展的预测因素。     

高清磁共振研究基底动脉粥样硬化狭窄重构模式在脑桥旁正中梗死中的应用

目的 应用3.0T高分辨磁共振成像（high resolution magnetic resonance imaging,HRMRI）探讨脑桥旁 正中梗死（paramedian pontine infarction,PPI）患者基底动脉管壁特征及重构模式。 方法 连续入组孤立脑桥旁正中梗死患者30例,行头颅磁共振平扫及头颅磁共振血管成像 （magnetic resonance angiography,MRA）检查,并用3.0T HRMRI对基底动脉检查,测量管壁特征并计 算重构指数（remodeling index,RI）（最窄处血管面积/参考处血管面积）。RI≤0.95为阴性重构,RI 在 0.95～1.05之间为无重构,RI≥1.05为阳性重构,比较阴性重构和阳性重构的斑块面积、斑块负荷等 特点。 结果 30例患者在MRA上共发现9例有基底动脉狭窄,21例显示管腔正常,而在HRMRI可发现25例患 者有基底动脉粥样硬化性斑块,并可见斑块位于脑桥旁正中梗死责任血管的穿支动脉口。对HRMRI上 发现有动脉粥样斑块的25例患者计算RI,其中阴性重构8例,无重构6例,阳性重构11例,比较两组数 据,阳性重构组的斑块面积（8.17±4.7）mm2及斑块负荷（29.07±15.03）%均大于阴性重构组的斑块 面积（1.08±1.89）mm2及斑块负荷（3.96±6.76）%,差异具有显著性。 结论 HRMRI有助于缺血性卒中的病因学分型并评估病变的RI。脑桥旁正中梗死患者基底动脉阴性 重构与阳性重构同样常见,阳性重构常合并较大的动脉粥样硬化斑块,且斑块面积及斑块负荷均大 于阴性重构。     

动脉粥样硬化性大脑中动脉区域TIA功能磁共振成像分析

目的利用弥散加权成像(DWI)、磁共振血管成像(MRA)对大脑中动脉(MCA)区域TIA进行解剖性定位,评价磁共振对临床实践的指导意义。方法对32例TIA患者,在发作1.5h~7d内行头部MRI、DWI、MRA检查,对DWI图像上的高信号与T2WI像、MRA、临床症状、体征进行对照研究。结果2例DWI正常,但MRA颅内大脑中动脉闭塞,病变血管与临床症状相一致。12例DWI正常,MRA仅轻度狭窄或正常。3例DWI有高信号,T2WI无相应病灶为超早期脑梗死,其中MRA1例动脉硬化样改变,2例大脑中动脉闭塞,病灶与体征相符。15例DWI有高信号、T2WI有相应病灶,2例为早期脑梗死、13例为腔隙性脑梗死,其中MRA8例颅内大血管轻到中度狭窄,2例严重狭窄。MRI显示20例(62.5%)存在多发陈旧腔隙性梗死灶。对于TIA患者发作时MRA相应病变进行χ2四格表精确检验,DWI异常组与正常组比较P<0.05,MRA大血管病变是TIA预后形成梗死的独立危险因素。结论对TIA患者行MRI、DWI、MRA检查,能及时发现超早期脑梗死,还能对新发腔隙性脑梗死准确定位,科学指导临床早期干预治疗。MRA可提供1.2级大血管的供血状态,指导后续的2级预防。     

脑桥旁正中梗死研究进展

累及脑桥腹侧表面的旁正中梗死主要是由基底穿支动脉起始部闭塞引起的,属于基底动脉穿支病.由于脑桥旁正中梗死在临床中较为常见,且在急性期常有进展加重或波动的临床特点,本文就其病因,发病机制、临床表现及治疗的研究进展做一综述.     

桥脑梗死高分辨率磁共振基底动脉管壁成像研究

目的应用高分辨率磁共振(HR-MRI)管壁成像技术研究基底动脉粥样硬化在不同类型桥脑梗死中的作用。方法收集长海医院收治的急性孤立性桥脑梗死行3. 0T HR-MRI基底动脉管壁成像检查患者,桥脑梗死分为桥脑旁中央梗死(PPI)和深部小梗死(SDPI)。所有患者均行3D-TOF MRA和HR-MRI管壁T_1WI、T_2WI和T_1WI增强序列扫描,对比研究PPI和SDPI患者基底动脉是否存在斑块及斑块特征。结果 55例急性桥脑梗死患者纳入本研究,其中PPI组37例,SDPI组18例。3D TOF MRA显示PPI组和SDPI组基底动脉狭窄50%以上分别为21例(58. 8%)和7例(38. 9%),两组无统计学差异(P=0. 214)。PPI组16例基底动脉狭窄小于50%,其中14例(87. 5%) HR-MRI检测出基底动脉斑块形成,为分支动脉粥样硬化病(BAD),明显高于SDPI组(27. 3%),两组差异具有统计学意义(P=0. 001),BAD斑块强化分别占PPI组和SDPI组中35. 1%和5. 6%,两组比较具有统计学意义(P=0. 018)。结论 HR-MRI基底动脉管壁成像研究显示动脉粥样硬化是PPI和SDPI的常见原因,BAD不稳定斑块常见于PPI,而SDPI中少见。     

急性孤立性脑桥梗死与椎基底动脉系统血管角度斑块位置分布的相关性

目的 应用三维时间飞跃法磁共振成像（3D TOF MRA）及高分辨磁共振成像（HRMRI）通过分析不同类型急性孤立性脑桥梗死（AIPI）与血管角度、基底动脉（BA）上斑块位置分布的相关性,为不同类型AIPI发病机制的探讨提供理论依据,更好地指导临床治疗。方法 收集2020-10—2022-12在青海大学附属医院神经内科收治的经扩散加权成像（DWI）检查证实为AIPI的患者作为研究对象。依据病灶在DWI上的位置及形态特征,将AIPI患者分为旁正中型脑桥梗死（PPI）组、深部脑桥腔隙性梗死（DPLI）组、脑桥外侧梗死（LPI）组。使用半自动测量软件RadiAnt DICOM Viewer 2.3(64-bit)在重建血管3D TOF MRA图像上进行手动测量BA中间角度（mid-BA）以及椎动脉（vertebral artery,VA）与BA之间的角度（VABA）;在HRMRI的3D-SPACE T1WI序列轴位图像上,评估斑块位置分布（腹侧壁、背侧壁、左侧壁、右侧壁）,收集各组的临床基本资料及影像学数据,并进行统计分析。结果 （1）PPI、DPLI、LPI 3组在VABA、mid-BA的...     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。