焦虑症患者的静息态脑功能影像分析

目的 用静息态功能磁共振成像（rs-fMRI）探讨焦虑症患者脑功能的特点。方法 本研究对象为我院2020年1月～2022年1月40例焦虑症患者,设为观察组,另选择40名健康体检人员作为志愿者,设为对照组。采用3.0T MRI进行静息态fMRI成像,采用Matlab 2011b平台进行rsfMRI数据处理,比较两组ReHo值差异显著的脑区。评估焦虑症患者焦虑自评量表（SAS）,分析异常脑区ReHo值与SAS评分的相关性。结果 观察组左侧额上回、左侧额中回、右侧额下回、右侧楔前叶ReHo值显著高于对照组,右侧丘脑、右侧梭状回、右侧枕中回、左侧额中回显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;左侧额上回、右侧额下回、右侧楔前叶ReHo值与SAS评分呈正相关,右侧丘脑、右侧梭状回、右侧枕中回ReHo值与SAS评分呈负相关（P<0.05）。结论 焦虑症患者rs-fMRI存在多个脑区活动异常,右侧丘脑、左侧额上回等可能与焦虑症的发生及发展有所关联。     

首发强迫障碍患者静息状态下大脑自发活动及功能连接的研究

目的:探讨首次发作的强迫障碍患者静息状态下大脑自发活动及功能连接(FC)特点。方法:对20例首发强迫障碍患者(患者组)和20名性别、年龄相匹配的正常对照者(对照组)进行静息态功能磁共振扫描(f MRI),计算0. 01～0. 08 Hz频段内脑区低频振幅比率(f ALFF值);以左侧缘上回为兴趣区做全脑FC;采用f ALFF及FC分析方法并进行基于全脑体素的统计分析。结果:与对照组相比较,患者组左侧眶部额中回、右侧枕中回、左侧楔叶f ALFF显著降低(P均0. 005,cluster 20),左侧小脑角下、左侧缘上回f ALFF显著增高(P均0. 005,cluster 20);左侧缘上回与右侧缘上回、右侧顶上回和右侧中央后回FC明显增强(P均0. 005)。结论:首发强迫障碍患者在静息状态下存在多个脑区自发神经活动及FC异常,可能与首发强迫障碍的核心症状有关。     

早发精神分裂症静息态脑功能低频振幅研究

目的通过静息态功能磁共振研究早发未用药精神分裂症患者局部脑功能低频振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,ALFF)的变化,探讨其静息态下功能异常的脑区。方法收集20例早发未用药精神分裂症患者与20名性别、年龄、受教育年限相匹配的正常对照,分别对其进行全脑静息态功能磁共振扫描,计算ALFF值。结果与对照组相比,患者组左侧额上回、左侧楔前叶、左侧扣带回、左侧枕叶、左侧海马旁回、左侧距状沟ALFF值增高(P0.05,Alpha Sim校正),右侧颞上回和右侧小脑后叶ALFF值降低(P0.05,Alpha Sim校正)。结论早发精神分裂症患者在静息态下有多处脑区ALFF值改变,提示其在静息态下存在脑功能异常。     

帕金森病患者静息态脑功能局部一致性研究

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者静息态脑功能局部一致性(ReHo)的变化。方法采集22例原发性PD患者(PD组)和22名健康对照者(正常对照组)的静息态功能磁共振(fMRI)数据,并进行比较。分析PD患者"开"期和"关"期局部一致性(ReHo)值差异有统计学意义的脑区的Re Ho值与PD患者左手对指改善率的相关性。结果与正常对照组比较,PD组"关"期ReHo值的减少主要集中在左侧壳核、双侧小脑半球,而增加的脑区集中在右侧丘脑、左侧额中回、左侧运动前区、右侧顶下小叶、右侧中央后回、双侧辅助运动区、楔前叶。PD组患者"开"期双侧小脑、颞下回、右侧壳核、右侧楔前叶、右侧丘脑、双侧辅助运动区ReHo值较"关"期显著增加;而右侧小脑后叶、右侧颞中回、右侧颞上回、左侧额中回、左侧额上回、右侧后扣带回较"关"期显著。PD患者左手对指改善率为1.59%~126.67%,平均(54.15±38.02)%。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,PD患者右侧丘脑ReHo值与左手对指改善率呈正相关(r=0.637,P0.01)。结论 PD患者静息态脑功能存在广泛异常,左旋多巴对于PD患者的大脑功能环路具有修饰作用。丘脑作为运动环路的一个重要节点,在PD患者中其神经元代谢、功能等也发生了改变。     

右侧颞叶癫痫患者后扣带功能和结构连接与警觉功能的相关性研究

目的利用静息态功能磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)及弥散张量成像(diffusiontensor imaging,DTI)技术探讨右侧颞叶癫痫(right temporal lobe epilepsy,rTLE)患者后扣带回功能与结构连接的改变及其与警觉功能关系。方法本实验纳入17例rTLE患者和21例健康对照,对所有被试进行静息态fMRI及DTI扫描、注意网络测试(attention network test,ANT)评估警觉功能。结合静息态f MRI和DTI分析rTLE患者后扣带回功能连接和纤维的微结构改变,并对功能和结构与警觉行相关分析。结果与健康对照相比,rTLE患者固有警觉(intrinsic alertness,IA)与位相性警觉(phasic alertness,PA)的平均反应时间均显著延长(t=-2.771,-2.671;P=0.009,0.011),rTLE患者右后扣带回FA值显著降低(t=-2.136,P=0.040),rTLE患者左后扣带回与右颞极-颞中回、左颞下回、左额上-额中回、右后扣带回的功能连接(functional connectivity,FC)下降(P0.05,Alpha Sim校正,体素值46),右后扣带回与右颞极-颞中回、右海马、右海马旁回、左后扣带回的FC下降(P0.05,Alpha Sim校正,体素值43)。rTLE患者左后扣带回与左额上-额中回间下降的FC与警觉效应行为学成绩呈负相关(r=-0.724,P=0.001),右后扣带回与左后扣带回间下降的FC与固有警觉(r=-0.484,P=0.049)及位相性警觉呈负相关(r=-0.515,P=0.035)。结论 rTLE患者后扣带回警觉功能网络完整性受到破坏,rTLE患者右后扣带回纤维束显著受损,rTLE患者后扣带回间及左后扣带回与左额上-额中回间的功能连接下降可导致警觉功能下降。     

~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍患者脑葡萄糖代谢特点的研究

目的探讨~(18)F-FDG PET显像观察特发性快眼动睡眠期行为障碍(iRBD)患者脑葡萄糖代谢改变和iRBD脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程间的相关性。方法纳入多导睡眠监测(PSG)确诊的iRBD患者20例(iRBD组)和年龄、性别匹配的健康对照者19例(对照组)。两组均行~(18)F-FDG PET脑显像。基于自动解剖标记模板将大脑划分为90个左右对称的脑区,计算各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值。对iRBD组和对照组各脑区葡萄糖代谢半定量值进行独立样本t检验;并对iRBD组脑葡萄糖代谢改变与病程行Pearson相关分析。结果 (1)与对照组比较,iRBD组的双侧背外侧额上回、双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、双侧海马、双侧海马旁回、双侧杏仁核、左侧眶部额下回、左侧岛叶、左侧内侧与旁扣带脑回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧苍白球的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均增高(P0.05);双侧距状裂周围皮质、双侧楔叶、双侧舌回、双侧枕上回、双侧枕中回、双侧枕下回、双侧角回、双侧颞上回、双侧颞中回、右侧颞横回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值均降低(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果,iRBD组双侧杏仁核、双侧颞上回、右侧楔叶、右侧枕上回、右侧颞横回、左侧海马、左侧颞中回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈正相关(P0.05);而双侧眶部额上回、双侧眶部额中回、左侧中央旁小叶、左侧眶部额下回、左侧内侧和旁扣带回、右侧背外侧额上回、右侧海马旁回的葡萄糖代谢半定量值与病程呈负相关(P0.05)。结论 iRBD患者脑内存在疾病相关的葡萄糖代谢水平改变,有助于客观评估iRBD病情的变化。     

首发抑郁障碍患者及抑郁易感者静息态脑功能磁共振的研究

目的:探讨首发抑郁障碍患者及抑郁易感者静息态下脑功能,探索抑郁症发病及抑郁易感的病理生理学机制。方法:采用静息态功能磁共振成像技术(rs-fMRI)对23例首发未服药抑郁障碍患者、26例抑郁易感者和15例健康志愿者行rs-fMRI扫描,应用局部一致性分析方法(ReHo)比较各组间的差异脑区。结果:相对正常组,患者组右额上回、双侧前扣带回ReHo值升高,右壳核、小脑后叶及颞上回ReHo值降低;易感组左壳核及右前扣带回ReHo值升高,左舌回、额上回及右颞上回ReHo值降低。相对患者组,易感组右壳核、小脑后叶、颞上回及扣带回ReHo值升高,左楔前叶及额上回ReHo值降低(P均0.05)。结论:抑郁障碍是一个涉及多脑区、多系统的疾病;这些异常脑区可能是抑郁易感的病理脑区。     

重性抑郁症基于低频振幅的静息态功能磁共振成像研究

目的观察重性抑郁症患者静息态fMRI(rs-fMRI)特点,并探讨其可能发病机制。方法采用基于低频振幅(ALFF)的rs-f MRI对24例重性抑郁症患者和性别、年龄、受教育程度匹配的26例正常对照者进行比较,Spearman秩相关分析探讨各脑区mALFF值与汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项(HAMD-17)评分的相关性。结果与正常对照者相比,重性抑郁症患者双侧背外侧前额叶皮质、右侧眶部额上回、右侧颞下回、左侧岛盖部额下回、左侧内侧额上回、左侧直回mALFF值升高(均P0.05,AlphaSim校正),双侧补充运动区、右侧后扣带回、右侧楔前叶、左侧舌回mALFF值降低(均P0.05,AlphaSim校正)。Spearman秩相关分析显示,重性抑郁症患者各脑区mALFF值与HAMD-17评分无关联性(均P0.05)。结论重性抑郁症患者静息态下神经功能损害主要集中于脑默认网络和边缘系统等多个脑区,提示其可能存在特征性神经功能改变基础。     

颞叶癫痫患者警觉功能的脑功能磁共振研究

目的利用注意网络测试(ANT)软件和功能核磁共振(fMRI)成像技术探讨颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者的警觉网络功能特点、激活模式及其脑功能状态。方法对12例TLE患者及匹配的8名健康志愿者进行研究。使用ANT软件进行警觉功能行为学测试,记录反应时间(RT);并采用ANT改良的警觉网络功能组块模式fMRI扫描,fMRI数据采用统计参数图(SPM2)软件分析。结果 TLE患者组与健康对照组ANT警觉网络功能的反应时间无差异。健康对照组警觉网络fMRI显示右枕叶、小脑明显激活;右边缘叶、右额叶及左侧颞叶、脑干部分激活。TLE患者组存在相同警觉网络相关脑区,但激活明显减弱且颞叶和脑干无激活。结论健康对照警觉网络功能与右侧枕叶、小脑、右额叶、脑干及颞叶等脑区相关。TLE患者存在警觉网络相关脑区功能明显低下,可能是TLE患者出现警觉功能损害的脑功能基础。     

强迫症眶额叶-小脑连接的相关分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨小脑局部脑区与大脑局部脑区间的功能连接在强迫症发病中的作用。方法纳入2014年6月至2016年1月河南省精神病医院门诊及住院收治的首发强迫症患者55例(强迫症组),以及50例性别、年龄、民族、受教育程度与之相匹配的正常健康对照者(对照组)。所有受试者均接受全脑静息态功能磁共振(rs-fMRI)检查、采集数据。利采用rs-fMRI处理辅助软件(DPARSF V2.3)和数据分析软件(REST)处理两组数据后,采用双样本t检验对两组局部一致性(ReHo)图进行分析,得出强迫症组的异常脑区,以异常脑区为感兴趣区(ROI)行全脑功能连接分析。结果(1)与对照组相比,强迫症组左侧小脑8区(t=3.473 2)、右侧丘脑(t=4.321 7)ReHo值增高,左内侧眶部额上回(t=-4.582 6)ReHo值减低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,Alphasim校正,簇集大小>40个体素);(2)功能连接分析显示左内侧眶部额上回、左侧小脑8区、右侧丘脑之间存在异常功能连接(P<0.05,Alphasim校正,簇集大小>20个体素)。结论强迫症存在左内侧眶部额上回-左侧小脑8区-右丘脑环路,左侧小脑8区可能通过此环路参与强迫症的发病。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.