脑出血患者血清骨桥蛋白水平的变化及其对预后的影响

目的探究脑出血患者血清骨桥蛋白水平的变化及其对预后的影响。方法收集61例脑出血患者(脑出血组)及54名健康对照者(对照组)的临床资料,采用ELISA法测定血清骨桥蛋白水平。脑出血组患者于入院后24 h内进行脑出血评分,根据CT计算脑出血体积,于发病3个月后行mRS评分。对结果进行分析比较。结果脑出血组患者血清骨桥蛋白水平[(7.69±5.10)ng/ml]明显高于对照组[(5.58±3.12)ng/ml](P=0.008)。脑出血组中预后良好亚组(mRS评分4分)36例(59.02%),预后不良亚组(mRS评分≥4分)25例(40.98%)。预后不良亚组WBC、脑出血体积、脑出血破入脑室比例、脑出血评分及血清骨桥蛋白浓度均明显高于预后良好亚组(均P0.05)。ROC曲线分析示,血清骨桥蛋白水平的截断点为7.57 ng/ml时,曲线下面积为0.634,灵敏度为0.720,特异度为0.611。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,血清骨桥蛋白水平7.57 ng/ml(OR=4.045,95%CI:1.143~14.320,P=0.030)、脑出血破入脑室(OR=5.236,95%CI:1.009~27.172,P=0.049)是脑出血预后不良的独立危险因素。结论急性脑出血患者血清骨桥蛋白水平升高,是其预后不良的独立危险因素,可以作为评价脑出血预后的一个重要的生物学指标。     

血清血管生成素1水平与急性脑梗死发病、病情严重程度及90 d预后的关系

目的探讨血清血管生成素1(Ang-1)水平与急性脑梗死发病、病情严重程度及90 d预后的关系。方法对132例急性脑梗死患者(病例组)及108名健康体检者(对照组)进行血清Ang-1水平检测,同时采集相关的临床资料。病例组入院时进行NIHSS评分,将NIHSS评分5分者定义为病情轻度组,5~15分为病情中度组,≥16分为病情重度组。病例组90 d后随访行mRS评分,将mRS评分≤2分者定义为预后良好组,2分者定义为预后不良组。结果病例组吸烟史、高血压病、糖尿病、心房纤颤的比例明显高于对照组,血清Ang-1水平明显低于对照组(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病及血清Ang-1水平均与急性脑梗死的发病密切相关(均P0.01)。病情轻度组患者血清Ang-1水平[(1.12±0.35)ng/ml]与病情中度组[(0.96±0.39)ng/ml]、病情重度组[(0.76±0.49)ng/ml]比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。进一步分析显示,急性脑梗死患者病情严重程度与血清Ang-1水平呈负相关(r=-0.267,P=0.002)。预后不良组患者的入院时NIHSS评分、高血压病、糖尿病、心房纤颤的比例均明显高于预后良好组,而血清Ang-1水平明显低于预后良好组显著降低(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,入院时NIHSS评分及血清Ang-1水平均与急性脑梗死患者90 d预后密切相关(均P0.01)。结论急性脑梗死患者的血清Ang-1水平较低,且血清Ang-1水平与急性脑梗死的发病、病情严重程度及90 d预后均密切相关。     

血浆和肽素水平对急性脑梗死患者预后的评估价值

目的 探讨血浆和肽素水平对急性脑梗死患者预后的评估价值.方法 对60例急性脑梗死患者(急性脑梗死组)和60例健康体检者(正常对照组)进行血浆和肽素水平检测;并对急性脑梗死患者进行血压、血糖、血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平检测,应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)进行评分,应用MRI测量脑梗死体积,3个月后采用改良的Rankin量表(mRS)评分评价预后;分析血浆和肽素水平对急性脑梗死患者预后的影响.结果 急性脑梗死组血浆和肽素水平[( 3.73±0.49) ng/ml]明显高于正常对照组[ (2.85±0.24) ng/ml](P＜0.01);脑梗死预后不良亚组(42例)[(3.84±0.44) ng/ml]明显高于预后良好亚组(18例)[ (3.47±0.53) ng/ml] (P＜0.05);两亚组间年龄、血糖、血清hs-CPR水平、NIHSS评分、脑梗死体积的差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.05 ～0.01);单因素Logistic回归分析显示,血浆和肽素水平、年龄、NIHSS评分是影响急性脑梗死患者预后的因素(P ＜0.05 ～0.01).ROC分析显示,影响急性脑梗死患者预后的因素中,血浆和肽素水平与年龄、hs-CRP水平、脑梗死体积、NIHSS评分间差异无统计学意义.结论血浆和肽素水平升高是预测急性脑梗死患者预后不良的因素之一.     

急性脑梗死患者血清Apelin-13水平及其临床研究

目的观察急性脑梗死(Acute Cerebral Infarction,ACI)患者血清Apelin-13水平变化,并探讨Apelin-13与ACI的可能关系及其临床意义。方法选取2016年8月~2017年10月在本溪市中心医院神经内科病房住院的首次发作的急性脑梗死(Acute cerebral infarction,ACI)患者82例作为病例组,另选取体检正常者30例作为对照组。病例组于入院1 d、7 d、14 d,对照组于体检当日,采用ELISA法检测血清Apelin-13水平。并且在病例组中分析血清Apelin-13水平与NIHSS评分、梗死部位、面积大小的相关性。结果病例组入院1 d、7 d、14 d血清Apelin-13水平分别为(25.13±1.25)ng/ml、(29.16±1.35)ng/ml、(33.72±0.99)ng/ml,与对照组(38.00±1.12)ng/ml相比,其水平均低于对照组(P0.05)。病例组入院1 d、7 d、14 d血清Apelin-13水平与NIHSS评分均呈负相关;梗死面积越大的患者Apelin-13水平较低。结论 Apelin-13可能为急性脑梗死的保护性因子,血清Apelin-13水平可能作为判断急性脑梗死病情严重程度及预后的血清标志物。     

急性脑梗死患者血浆CXCL12水平的改变及其对预后的影响

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者血浆CXCL12水平的改变及其对预后的影响。方法采用ELISA法检测185例急性脑梗死患者(脑梗死组)及123例正常体检者(对照组)的血浆CXCL12水平。对脑梗死患者进行NIHSS评分及mRS评分,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析脑梗死组患者血浆CXCL12水平与NIHSS评分的相关性。根据mRS评分,将脑梗死组患者分为预后良好亚组(mRS评分0~2分)和预后不良亚组(mRS评分3~6分),比较两亚组患者的血浆CXCL12水平,并进行Logistic回归分析。结果脑梗死组患者血浆CXCL12水平[(3.75±1.40)μg/ml]明显高于对照组[(0.96±0.67)μg/ml](P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示,脑梗死组患者血浆CXCL12水平与入院时NIHSS评分呈负相关(r=-0.857,P0.01)。预后良好亚组患者血浆CXCL12水平[(4.56±1.24)μg/ml]明显高于预后不良组[(2.75±0.84)μg/ml](P0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,血浆CXCL12水平升高是预后不良的独立保护因素(OR=0.416,95%CI:0.225~0.768,P=0.005)。结论急性脑梗死患者的血浆CXCL12水平升高,是其预后不良的独立保护因素。血浆CXCL12水平可作为评价急性脑梗死预后的一个重要的生物学指标。     

血清血管生成素1水平与急性脑梗死严重程度的相关性

目的 探讨患者血清血管生成素1(Ang-1)水平与急性脑梗死的严重程度的相关性,为临床早期病情评估提供依据.方法 收集西安市第九医院诊断为急性脑梗死的患者为病例组,同时收集本院同期体检中心的健康体检者为对照组.收集所有研究对象的一般临床资料,并测定血清Ang-1水平.病例组分别根据美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及MRI最大梗死直径分组.比较病例组与对照组一般临床资料的差异.采用Logistic回归分析病例组的发病危险因素.通过ROC曲线评估血清Ang-1水平的诊断价值.采用Spearman相关分析脑梗死严重程度与Ang-1的相关性.结果 病例组患者的吸烟史、高血压病史、糖尿病史及心房纤颤病史的比例高于对照组,而血清Ang-1水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病史及血清Ang-1水平是急性脑梗死的危险因素(P<0.05).ROC曲线分析显示血清Ang-1水平在诊断急性脑梗死患者时的曲线下面积为0.791(95%CI=0.751~0.830).NIHSS评分为轻度、中度及重度组患者的血清Ang-1水平分别为(1.65±0.22)ng/ml,(1.45±0.24)ng/ml和(1.26±0.27)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(F=47.940,P<0.01).MRI显示大梗死、中梗死及小梗死组患者的血清Ang-1水平分别为(1.38±0.23)ng/ml,(1.49±0.30)ng/ml和(1.71±0.23)ng/ml,差异有统计学意义(F=40.911,P<0.01).Spearman相关性分析显示急性脑梗死患者入院时NIHSS评分及MRI梗死最大直径与血清Ang-1水平均呈负相关(r=-0.498,-0.459;P<0.01).结论 脑梗死患者的血清Ang-1水平下降,并与脑梗死的严重程度密切相关.     

急性脑干梗死患者预后不良的预测因子

目的探讨急性脑干梗死患者预后不良的预测因子。方法收集并记录133例急性脑干梗死患者的临床资料。根据患者发病30 d时改良的Rankin量表(mRS)评分及是否死亡判断预后。采用多因素Logistic回归分析法分析急性脑干梗死患者预后不良的预测因子。结果本组患者发病30 d时预后不良31例(23.3%),其中死亡5例,严重残障26例。与预后良好患者比较,预后不良患者入院时有意识障碍和脑部多发梗死灶的比例以及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分明显增高(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示:脑部多发梗死灶(OR=6.819,95%CI:1.615~28.797,P0.01)和入院时NIHSS评分(OR=1.242,95%CI:1.068~1.443,P0.01)是急性脑干梗死患者预后不良的独立预测因子。结论脑部多发梗死灶和入院时NIHSS评分是急性脑干梗死患者预后不良的独立预测因子。     

急性脑梗死患者血清护骨素水平的动态变化及意义

目的研究急性脑梗死患者血清护骨素水平的动态变化及与脑梗死体积及预后的关系。方法选择发病24 h内入院的急性脑梗死患者86例为研究对象,测定入院时,1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d及1 w、2 w后血清护骨素水平。血清护骨素采用ELISA法测定,脑梗死体积由CT于发病第7天用Simes Somatom提供的软件测得,3 m后神经功能恢复情况根据修正的Rankin等级评分判定。结果急性脑梗死患者入院时血清护骨素水平即明显升高(3.56±0.54)ng/L,显著高于正常对照组(2.31±0.29)ng/L,P<0.01,3 d达高峰(4.59±0.62)ng/L,随后有所下降,2 w时(3.25±0.46)ng/L仍明显高于对照水平。大梗死灶组各个时间段的血清护骨素水平均明显高于中梗死灶组和小梗死灶组。各个时间段的血清护骨素水平均与梗死体积及Rankin等级评分呈明显正相关,其中第3天时最为显著。结论急性脑梗死患者的血清护骨素水平显著升高,且呈动态变化,血清护骨素水平能够反映脑梗死的体积,预测预后。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者血清Pannexin1水平变化及其与病情严重程度和预后的关系

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)血清泛连接蛋白1(Pannexin1)的表达水平及其与病情严重性及预后的关系。方法选取2017年1月至2020年1月我院收治的113例AIS患者为病例组,根据神经功能缺损程度分为轻度缺损组(NIHSS 4分,n=42)、中度缺损组(NIHSS 4~15分,n=45)、重度缺损组(NIHSS 15分,n=26),根据脑梗死体积分为小梗死组(梗死体积5 cm3,n=37)、中度梗死组(梗死体积5~10 cm3,n=51)、大梗死组(梗死体积 10cm~3,n=25)。治疗后90 d根据改良Rankin量表(m RS)评分分为预后良好组(m RS评分≤2分,n=81)、预后不良组(m RS评分3~5分,n=32)。并于同期随机选取58例健康体检者为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测各组血清Pannexin1水平。结果病例组血清Pannexin1水平高于对照组(P 0.05)。随着神经功能缺损程度加重和脑梗死体积增大,AIS患者血清Pannexin1水平逐渐升高(P 0.05)。预后良好组血清Pannexin1水平低于预后不良组(P 0.05)。经Pearson积矩相关分析,AIS患者血清Pannexin1与NIHSS评分、脑梗死体积、m RS评分呈正相关性(r=0.632、0.598、0.671,P 0.05)。血清Pannexin1预测AIS患者预后不良的AUC为0.865,灵敏度、特异性分别为87.50%、86.42%。结论血清Pannexin1在AIS患者中呈高表达水平,并与病情严重性及预后密切相关,早期检测可作为临床辅助判断病情严重性、预测预后不良的生化指标。     

急性脑梗死患者血清胰岛素生长因子-1水平的改变及其临床意义

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者血清胰岛素生长因子-1(IGF-1)水平的改变及其临床意义。方法采用化学发光法检测56例急性脑梗死患者和32名正常对照者的血清IGF-1水平。用MRI检测脑梗死患者的梗死面积;于发病48 h及14 d时进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,评判预后。发病3个月后行改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分,并与血清IGF-1水平进行相关性分析。结果急性脑梗死组的血清IGF-1水平明显低于正常对照组(P0.001)。大面积梗死亚组血清IGF-1水平显著低于中、小面积梗死亚组(均P0.05),中、小面积梗死亚组之间的差异无统计学意义。病情恶化亚组的血清IGF-1水平显著低于显著进步亚组(P0.05)。相关分析显示,脑梗死患者的血清IGF-1水平与mRS评分呈正相关(r=0.579,P0.05)。结论急性脑梗死患者的血清IGF-1水平显著降低,梗死面积大、预后差的患者降低更明显。血清IGF-1水平对评估脑梗死的病情及预后有一定的价值。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.