强直性肌营养不良的肌肉病理特点

目的:总结强直性肌营养不良(DM)的肌肉病理特点。方法:分析8例强直性肌营养不良患者肌肉活检标本的光镜和电镜检查结果。结果:光镜下病理改变,8例标本示肌纤维萎缩,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维均受累,以Ⅰ型肌纤维萎缩为主,且均有核内移,核链形成。电镜下病理改变:4例为肌节不清晰,4例肌丝排列紊乱,3例肌丝溶解、肌纤维坏死,3例肌膜下肌浆块。结论:DM的病理特征为核内移,核链形成,以Ⅰ型纤维为主的肌萎缩,伴有Z带破坏,肌纤维坏死,肌浆块和肌膜微小缺损等。     

强直性肌营养不良症的临床与肌肉病理学特点

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良症(DM)的临床及肌肉病理学的特点。方法对6例DM患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果6例患者均呈慢性病程,以肌无力、肌强直和肌肉萎缩为主要表现,多伴有脱发、白内障、心脏传导阻滞等多系统损害。肌电图检查结果为肌源性损害,6例均可见肌强直电位发放。病理学检查见肌纤维核内移、核袋及核链现象,部分患者可见肌质块及肌纤维分布异常。结论DM是一种以肌无力和肌强直为主要表现的多系统损害的遗传性疾病;特征性病理改变为肌纤维核内移、核链以及肌质块、肌纤维分布异常。     

强直性肌营养不良临床、电生理和肌肉病理研究

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良(DM)的临床、电生理和肌肉病理表现,提高对该病的认识。方法 4例患者结合家族史、临床表现、电生理和肌肉病理检查确诊为DM。并分析DM的特点。结果 4例患者均有颞肌萎缩和四肢肌无力、肌萎缩、肌强直;同时4例患者均有脱发;2例患有白内障;3例有Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞。肌肉病理检查主要表现为:Ⅰ型纤维萎缩、大量肌核内移和核链形成,肌膜下肌浆块和环形纤维的形成。结论临床以肌无力、肌萎缩、肌强直为主要表现的多系统损害的遗传性疾病要及时考虑到强直性肌营养不良的可能,肌电图和肌肉病理是诊断该病的关键,必要时可行基因检测以明确诊断。     

强直性肌营养不良Ⅰ型临床、病理、骨骼肌磁共振特点

目的总结11例强直性肌营养不良Ⅰ型(DM1)患者的临床、病理和双下肢肌肉受累的特点。方法回顾性分析2012年01月至2020年10月就诊于南京鼓楼医院神经内科的11例DM1患者的临床、骨骼肌活检病理及5例双下肢骨骼肌磁共振的特点。结果11例患者均有不同程度的肌强直、伴有肌无力/肌萎缩症状,肌无力/肌萎缩远端重于近端。骨骼肌病理特点:10/11例患者可见Ⅰ型肌纤维轻度萎缩,部分患者可见核内移、核聚集、肌浆块现象。双下肢肌肉磁共振:5例患者双下肢远端脂肪浸润重于近端,双侧肌肉受累程度不对称,大腿肌肉脂肪浸润以股中间肌最严重,小腿肌肉以腓肠肌、比目鱼肌、腓骨长肌最严重。结论骨骼肌磁共振对诊断强直性肌营养不良Ⅰ型有重要的提示意义。     

强直性肌营养不良症的临床、电生理学和病理学特点

目的 探讨强直性肌营养不良症(DM)的临床、电生理学和病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析12例DM的临床资料.结果 12例患者均为慢性起病,10例有家族遗传史(为两个家系),临床表现12例均有肌强直、肌萎缩和视力障碍,肌无力10例,秃顶8例,性功能障碍7例.肌电图均示肌源性损害和肌强直电位,神经传导速度基本正常.1例肌肉病理检查示肌纤维的核内移及肌纤维萎缩、脂肪增生.结论 DM的临床特点为肌强直、肌无力、肌萎缩以及合并多系统损害.电生理学与病理学检查出现肌源性损害,肌电图出现肌强直电位有重要临床意义.     

强直性肌营养不良临床特点分析

目的分析强直性肌营养不良(DM)的临床特点,以提高对DM疾病的认识及诊断水平。方法对21例DM患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结与分析。结果 21例患者均为慢性起病,以双手无力,活动不灵活起病多见,其中5例有家族史,部分病例伴有心脏、眼部、内分泌及中枢神经系统等其他多系统损害。19例行肌电图检查提示肌源性损害,其中16例发现有肌强直电位。10例行肌活检,主要表现为部分肌纤维萎缩,变性、坏死肌纤维,核内移及肌浆块形成,部分萎缩纤维内可见无结构胞浆体。1例强直性肌营养不良蛋白激酶(DMPK)基因CTG重复序列分析发现拷贝数超过正常范围。结论 DM是一种主要累及肌肉系统,以肌强直、肌无力和肌萎缩为主要临床表现并伴有多系统损害的疾病。综合评估多系统损害并结合肌肉的电生理学及病理学检查,有助于提高对DM的认识;在有条件的医疗机构可以开展DM基因诊断,对DM确诊很有意义。     

强直性肌营养不良临床表现、基因检测和骨骼肌活检特点分析

目的 探讨强直性肌营养不良临床表现、基因检测及骨骼肌活检特征。方法 回顾性分析我中心25例强直性肌营养不良（myotonic dystrophies,DMs）患者临床资料、分子检测及骨骼肌活检结果,为临床诊断提供科学依据。结果 25例患者经（CTG）n/（CCTG）n分子检测,22例诊断为强直性肌营养不良Ⅰ型（myotonic dystrophies1,DM1）,3例诊断为强直性肌营养不良Ⅱ型（myotonic dystrophiesⅡ,DM2）。25例DMs均呈典型肌强直电位,15例合并肌病电位。22例DM1四肢远端肌肌强直、肌萎缩、肌无力伴心脏、生殖等系统受累;3例DM2四肢近端肌伴心脏受累,余无异常。骨骼肌活检：25例DMs均可见典型中心核、核内移、核聚集,肌浆块;22例DM1 ATP酶染色呈典型Ⅰ型肌纤维萎缩为主,Ⅱ型肌纤维肌源性优势/群化,部分病例表现为部分肌纤维变性、坏死,偶见再生肌纤维,结缔组织中至重度增生,氧化酶活性局灶降低,可见虫噬、轴空样改变;3例DM2 ATP酶染色呈典型Ⅱ型肌纤维萎缩为主,Ⅰ型肌纤维优势,伴轻度肌纤维变性、坏死,结缔组织轻度增生。结论 分子生物学...     

强直性肌营养不良症的临床特点

目的总结强直性肌营养不良症(DM)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析24例DM患者的临床资料。结果本组中20例(83.3%)患者在青年期起病,进展缓慢;19例(79.2%)有家族史。临床表现以面部、颈部及肢体远端肌肉为主的无力、萎缩及强直,伸肌重于屈肌;可伴全身多系统受累;血清肌酶正常或轻度升高。肌电图具有特征性的肌强直放电和肌源性损害;8例肌肉病理检查显示核内移、核链形成,以Ⅰ型肌纤维萎缩为主,7例出现肌纤维坏死,4例肌纤维结构紊乱,3例肌浆块,2例肌膜呈锯齿状。结论DM的临床特征是肌无力、萎缩及强直;肌电图和肌活检对诊断具有重要意义。     

强直性肌营养不良的临床与肌肉病理研究

目的 研究强直性肌营养不良（ＤＭ）的临床与病理变化。方法 总结３例ＤＭ的临床特点，并对肌活检标本进行光镜和电镜检查。结果 ３例ＤＭ患者，年龄２５～４０岁，临床特点为缓慢进行的四肢无力，肌强直发作，腱反射迟钝对称，前额秃发。ＥＭＧ示肌源性损害，可见肌强直发放。肌活检光镜下可见肌纤维萎缩，肌核内移呈核链形成，肌纤维横纹尚存，晚期可见脂肪细胞浸润，电镜下可见肌纤维变性，溶解，Ｚ带破坏，线粒体肿胀、变性，     

强直性肌营养不良症19例骨骼肌病理分析

目的探讨强直性肌营养不良症(DM)骨骼肌病变的病理学特点。方法选择19例经临床和肌电图确诊的强直性肌营养不良症患者为研究对象,骨骼肌标本采用恒冷冰冻切片和酶组织化学染色方法,在光镜下观察骨骼肌组织的病理学变化特点。结果在HE染色,19例患者的骨骼肌标本均可见不同程度的肌纤维萎缩,但变性坏死肌纤维较少见,有7例患者在肌纤维中可见到肌质块。在组织化学MGT染色中,6例患者肌纤维中可见数量不等的破碎红边纤维(RRF),肌质块在MGT染色上呈深绿色,在NADH染色中肌质块呈深蓝色,较HE染色更易识别。在ATP酶染色中,19例患者有11例存在Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常现象,其中9例以Ⅰ型纤维明显占优势,2例以Ⅱ型纤维稍占优势,8例患者肌纤维分布基本正常。结论强直性肌营养不良症的骨骼肌病理改变,除常见的肌核增多内移,肌核聚集成核袋及核链现象以外,肌质块的出现和Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维分布异常应视为强直性肌营养不良症重要的特征性病理改变,肌肉活检对本病的诊断与鉴别诊断有一定的临床意义。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.