颅内动脉瘤破裂危险因素调查分析

目的调查分析导致颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素。方法颅内动脉瘤患者200例,共检出颅内动脉瘤260个,根据动脉瘤的破裂与否分为破裂组200例和未破裂组60例,对比分析2组临床资料及动脉瘤相关特征,进行单因素分析筛选,然后采用进行Logistic回归分析。结果危险因素有动脉瘤家族史(OR=14.335,95%CI=3.172~64.785)、吸烟史(OR=18.225,95%CI=4.428~75.034)、后交通动脉瘤(OR=4.264,95%CI=1.642~11.071)、中等动脉瘤(OR=5.640,95%CI=2.331~213.640)。结论导致颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素包括动脉瘤家族史、中等动脉瘤、后交通动脉瘤和吸烟史。     

散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤的流行病学研究

目的探讨散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤的流行病学特点。方法应用病例对照研究,对100例散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤病人及116例非颅内动脉瘤病人进行流行病学调查,采用卡方检验及多元Logistic多因素回归分析对各相关危险因素进行统计学分析。结果单因素分析结果表明:63%的散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤病人在40～59岁之间;颅内动脉瘤组与非颅内动脉瘤组在性别(P=0.036,OR=1.794)、吸烟(P=0.005,OR=2.327)、血压(P=0.005,OR=2.161)和空腹血糖(P<0.001,OR=4.114)等方面的差异具有统计学意义。以年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、冠心病史、血压和空腹血糖等因素为自变量,Logistic多因素回归加权分析表明:性别(P<0.001,OR=9.435)、吸烟(P<0.001,OR=0.098)、高血压(P=0.016,OR=2.195)和空腹血糖(P<0.001,OR=4.019)仍与颅内动脉瘤的发生明显相关。结论散发性颅内破裂动脉瘤好发于40～59岁之间;女性、吸烟、高血压及空腹血糖增高是颅内动脉瘤的危险因素。     

前交通动脉动脉瘤发生的相关危险因素分析

目的探讨前交通动脉动脉瘤发生的相关危险因素。方法选取2015年3月至2016年3月收治的120例前交通动脉动脉瘤作为观察组,另选取同期收治的100例无颅内动脉瘤病人作为对照组。采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验危险因素。结果年龄≥55岁(OR=2.074,95%CI:1.193~3.513;P=0.009)、高血压病史(OR=2.1736,95%CI:1.261~3.744;P=0.005)、优势型A1解剖构象(OR=3.441,95%CI:1.881~6.297;P0.001)、缺如型A1解剖构象(OR=6.882,95%CI:1.970~24.040;P=0.003)是前交通动脉动脉瘤发生的独立危险因素。结论前交通动脉动脉瘤发生与病人年龄、高血压病史、前交通动脉解剖结构异常有关;具有上述危险因素的病人建议定期进行无创血管检查。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤夹闭术后并发急性缺血性卒中危险因素分析

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤夹闭术后并发急性缺血性卒中的相关危险因素。方法以2013年1月至2018年1月施行颅内动脉瘤夹闭术辅助脑室外引流术或去骨瓣减压术的颅内破裂动脉瘤患者为观察对象,单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析筛查术后并发急性缺血性卒中的相关危险因素。结果共267例患者中62例(23.22%)颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后并发急性缺血性卒中;单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析一致提示,合并高血压(OR=1.695,95%CI:1.247～2.631;P=0.006)、入院时血糖升高(OR=4.206,95%CI:2.771～6.284;P=0.000)、术前Hunt-Hess分级≥Ⅲ级(OR=1.443,95%CI:1.205～1.872;P=0.017)、合并脑室出血(OR=1.947,95%CI:1.465～2.973;P=0.001)和急性脑积水(OR=3.221,95%CI:2.218～4.960;P=0.000)是颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后并发急性缺血性卒中的危险因素。结论合并高血压、入院时血糖升高、术前Hunt-Hess分级≥Ⅲ级、合并脑室出血和急性脑积水的颅内破裂动脉瘤患者夹闭术后易发生急性缺血性卒中。     

基于倾向性匹配法分析颅内动脉瘤介入术后缺血并发症的危险因素

目的 利用倾向性匹配法分析颅内动脉瘤介入术后缺血并发症的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析本院2018年12月～2021年12月收治的245例颅内动脉瘤介入术患者的临床资料，其中术后缺血并发症54例。以1:1比例基于倾向性匹配法对混杂因素进行均衡处理，匹配后缺血并发症发生组和未发生组各52例。比较匹配前后缺血并发症发生与未发生患者的一般资料，对匹配后的数据进行Logistic回归分析探讨缺血并发症的危险因素。结果 缺血并发症发生率为22.04%(54/245);年龄(OR=2.959,95%CI:2.009～3.910)、有吸烟史(OR=3.196,95%CI:2.095～4.298)、有饮酒史(OR=3.572,95%CI:2.252～4.891)、合并糖尿病(OR=3.873,95%CI:2.568～5.178)、合并高血压(OR=4.255,95%CI:3.041～5.468)、合并高脂血症(OR=4.802,95%CI:3.428～6.176)、动脉瘤直径(OR=6.848,95%CI:5.233～8.463)、术前动脉瘤破裂(OR=7.501,95%CI:6.066～8.935)、H...     

颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术中破裂的危险因素及处理

目的动脉瘤术中破裂为颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞治疗的严重并发症,一旦发生具有较高的致残和致死率,本研究的目的是分析其危险因素,总结术中动脉瘤破裂的治疗策略。方法回顾性分析532例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的资料,采用单因素结合多因素方法分析颅内破裂动脉瘤发生术中破裂的危险因素,总结动脉瘤术中破裂的治疗策略。结果本组病人532例伴532枚破裂动脉瘤,发生术中动脉瘤破裂20例(3.8%)。单因素分析显示颅内动脉粥样硬化(P=0.010)、动脉瘤大小(2=16.464,P=0.000)、血管痉挛(P=0.004)是动脉瘤术中破裂的影响因素;多因素Logistic回归分析显示微小动脉瘤(OR,10.416;95%CI,1.797~32.212;P=0.013)、血管痉挛(OR,4.842;95%CI,1.633~14.354;P=0.004)、和颅内动脉粥样硬化(OR,3.652;95%CI,1.352~10.166;P=0.001)是颅内破裂动脉瘤栓塞术中动脉瘤破裂的独立危险因素。结论颅内动脉粥样硬化、微小动脉瘤、脑血管痉挛是血管内治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤发生术中破裂的独立危险因素;发生动脉瘤术中破裂后应立即静脉注射鱼精蛋白中和肝素并快速完成动脉瘤栓塞。     

横窦引流优势与颅内动脉瘤形成及破裂相关性临床分析

目的探讨颅内静脉窦中横窦分型与颅内动脉瘤形成及破裂的临床相关性,并预测颅内动脉瘤破裂可能的新易感因素。方法根据纳入及排除标准,回顾性分析我院2018年1月至12月345例颅内动脉瘤患者,根据是否破裂分两组,即破裂动脉瘤(ruptured aneurysm group,RAG)组(230例)和未破裂动脉瘤(unruptured aneurysm group,URAG)组(115例),分析RAG组和URAG组的静脉窦解剖结构及横窦引流情况,比较两组患者年龄、性别、既往史,动脉瘤的部位、大小、动脉瘤是否破裂及多发性等临床特征,明确颅内动脉瘤破裂发生的易感因素。结果颅内动脉瘤破裂与患者的饮酒史、吸烟史、高血压、糖尿病、动脉瘤部位、大小及动脉瘤同侧的优势横窦有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析提示:前交通动脉瘤(OR=2.214)、后交通动脉瘤(OR=2.932)、小动脉瘤(OR=3.841)、与动脉瘤同侧的优势横窦(OR=1.736)为未破裂动脉瘤发生破裂的独立危险因素。此外,横窦优势侧更易形成颅内动脉瘤(P0.001)。结论颅内动脉瘤破裂的易感因素为前交通动脉瘤、后交通动脉瘤、小动脉瘤及与动脉瘤同侧的优势横窦;合并优势横窦患者的同侧颅内动脉系统更易形成动脉瘤,并可据此特征较准确的预测动脉瘤破裂。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响因素分析

目的研究颅内动脉瘤(intracranial aneurysm,IA)破裂的影响因素,为临床治疗方案的制定提供参考。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2017年12月期间湖南省长沙市湘雅医院收治的474名颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,使用单因素、多因素分析等方法对性别、年龄、多发性动脉瘤、既往患病史、吸烟、饮酒、形态学特征等颅内动脉瘤破裂的可能影响因素进行了分析。结果多因素回归分析结果提示:单发动脉瘤以及既不吸烟也不饮酒人群常见于女性(OR=2.16,95%CI:1.40,3.34)、多发性动脉瘤(OR=2.18,95%CI:1.34,3.56)以及既往既吸烟又饮酒(OR=5.01,95%CI:1.96,12.83)人群是动脉瘤破裂的危险因素。动脉瘤形态学特征自身对照配对t检验分析:动脉瘤高度、动脉瘤横径、动脉瘤高度/横径、最大瘤颈、最小瘤颈、最小瘤颈/载瘤动脉直径、动脉瘤角度、存在子囊或分叶是动脉瘤破裂的危险因素。结论综合各类可能影响动脉瘤破裂的因素,制定最佳治疗方案以保证患者的生命安全。     

颅内破裂动脉瘤术前再破裂的危险因素

目的探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤术前再次破裂出血的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2017年1月1日至2020年12月31日收治的873例颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床资料。采用多因素logistic回归分析方法分析术前再次破裂的危险因素。结果 873例中,术前动脉瘤再次破裂出血72例(8.25%),术前未破裂出血801例(91.75%)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:发病到入院时间>6 h(OR=7.338;95%CI 4.356～13.320;P<0.001)、动脉瘤最大径>10 mm(OR=2.476;95%CI 1.211～5.060;P=0.013)、入院收缩压≥160 mmHg(OR=3.058;95%CI 1.781～5.249;P<0.001)是颅内破裂动脉瘤术前再次破裂的独立危险因素。结论对于颅内破裂动脉瘤病人,如果发病至入院时间长、动脉瘤较大、术前血压控制不理想,应尽早治疗动脉瘤,可减少再破裂率。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂的危险因素探讨

目的颅内动脉瘤破裂临床危险因素探讨。方法对照分组法进行探究,将颅内动脉瘤组患者分为破裂组和未破裂组,通过研究其动脉瘤的特征来做出多因素和单因素分析。为了有效的筛选出动脉瘤破裂的临床危险因素,需要分别采用χ2值检验与Logistic回归分析法来研究导致动脉瘤破裂的单因素和多因素。结果通过单因素χ2检验,得出破裂组和未破裂组患者动脉瘤的大小、位置分布等比较结果具有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素回归分析表明,动脉瘤的位置[(前交通动脉瘤的P0.05,OR=0.096,95%CI(0.012,0.770)]、大小[(瘤径≥7 mm,P=0.001,OR=0.055,95%CI(0.011,0.285)]等跟颅内动脉瘤的破裂有很大关系。结论颅内动脉瘤破裂的独立危险因素是前交通动脉瘤和瘤径径≤7mm。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.