TYMP基因新突变型线粒体神经胃肠脑肌病1例报告及文献回顾

目的探讨线粒体神经胃肠脑肌病患者的临床表现及基因突变情况。方法分析1例线粒体神经胃肠脑肌病患者的临床资料。提取外周血单核细胞DNA进行基因测序。结果该患者表现为进行性加重的胃肠道症状、脑白质病、恶液质、周围神经病及眼外肌无力。基因检测发现TYMP基因c.417+1GA纯合变异为该患者的致病突变,该突变为新发突变。结论经基因检测确诊TYMP基因新发突变致线粒体神经胃肠脑肌病。     

线粒体脑肌病患者的基因突变研究

目的 探讨线粒体脑肌病患者骨骼肌细胞线粒体DNA基因突变情况及发病机制。方法 观察总结5例线粒体脑肌病患者的临床表现,影像学变化特点,并应用PCR、限制性内切酶BglⅠ、ApaⅠ酶切,PAGE电泳鉴定DNA片段长度的方法,检测5例患者骨骼肌细胞中mtDNA是否发生nt3243和8344位点A→G突变。结果 5例患者（3例MELAS和2例MERRF）在临床表现和影像学改变等方面均与国外学者的研究结果相符。1例MELAS患者仅存在3243A→G点突变,1例MERRF患者存在8344A→G点突变,1例MERRF上述2个位点均存在突变。另2例呈家系起病的MELAS患者这2个位点都无突变。结论 3243及8344位点突变分别与MELAS和MERRF的发病有关,MERRF患者可以同时存在上述2个位点的突变。临床表现仍是确诊和分类的主要依据。Ⅰ     

线粒体肌病和脑肌病患者骨骼肌细胞线粒体DNA缺失分析

目的为了检测线粒体肌病和脑肌病患者的骨骼肌细胞的线粒体ＤＮＡ的缺失情况。方法从６例原发性线粒体肌病和１例脑肌病患者的骨骼肌活检标本中，提取总ＤＮＡ，以线粒体ＤＮＡ全长为探针进行分子杂交。结果发现１例ＭＥＲＲＦ患者有５ｋｂ的线粒体ＤＮＡ基因缺失，另１例线粒体肌病患者有１５ｋｂ的线粒体ＤＮＡ基因缺失，剂量分析表明缺失型线粒体ＤＮＡ分别占总线粒体ＤＮＡ的１９．３％和１０．７％。结论线粒体ＤＮＡ基因缺失是线粒体疾病的重要病因之一     

尿液线粒体基因检测诊断线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸酸中毒和卒中样发作1例报告

正线粒体脑肌病伴乳酸酸中毒和卒中样发作(MELAS)是由于线粒体DNA突变导致的最常见的线粒体病,文献报道多由外周血、肌肉检测到致病突变,本文报道1例经尿液线粒体基因检测确诊的MELAS患儿临床及实验室资料,提高对儿童MELAS临床及基因检测手段的认识。1病例患儿,男,5岁4个月,因"运动障碍3年,左上眼睑下垂2.5年,间断抽搐6个月,频繁抽搐5 h"于2016年2月     

单纤维PCR技术检测线粒体DNA的突变

单纤维PCR技术在单细胞水平研究线粒体DNA(mitochondrialDNA,mtDNA)的突变,不仅能确定线粒体肌病与脑肌病患者骨骼肌是否存在线粒体DNA突变及其类型,还能研究线粒体DNA突变类型和突变比例与骨骼肌病理改变的相互关系,认识线粒体基因型与表型的对应关系。线粒体是细胞的“能     

8例肢带型线粒体肌病患者的临床、病理特点和线粒体基因突变分析

目的分析肢带型线粒体肌病患者的临床、病理特点及线粒体基因突变情况。方法回顾分析8例肢带型线粒体肌病患者的临床特征及肌肉病理改变,并进行线粒体DNA(mtDNA)突变分析。结果 8例患者发病年龄为5～30岁,病程2～36年,主要表现为四肢近端肌无力和运动耐力下降,仅1例有双下肢肌痛。血肌酸激酶水平呈轻中度升高。电生理检查结果最示骨骼肌呈肌源性或神经源性损害。骨骼肌病理检查结果显示所有患者存在破碎红纤维(RRF),细胞色素C氧化酶染色可见深染的RRF,也可见阴性的RRF。4例患者存在tRNAleu~(UUR)A3243G突变,1例为tRNAlys A8344G突变,1例同时存在tRNAleu~(UUR)A3276G和ATP酶6编码基因G9196A(D224N)突变,1例为细胞色素b编码基因G15221A(D159N)突变,1例则为细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位Ⅲ的编码基因A9567G(I121V)突变。结论肢带型线粒体肌病主要表现为四肢肌无力和运动耐力下降。骨骼肌病理改变存在一定的异质性。mtDNA的tRNA基因可能是家族性肢带型线粒体肌病的热点突变区。     

线粒体肌病患者的线粒体功能缺陷起源的研究

目的 研究线粒体肌病患者的线粒体功能缺陷的起源。方法 运用含溴化乙锭的培养液培养食管癌细胞，在体外建立性质稳定，长期存活的无线粒体DNA的细胞系，与线粒体肌病患者及正常对照者的血小板进行细胞融合，测定其融合细胞的线粒体功能。结果 使用含溴化乙锭的培养液培养食管癌细胞12天后，细胞完全脱失线粒体DNA，并可稳定培养传代。此细胞与线粒体肌病患者的血小板所形成的融合细胞的线为闰体功能明显较对照组为低。结论 线粒体肌病患者的线粒体功能缺陷可能主要由线粒体DNA突变引起。     

线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作患者头皮不同区域毛囊m.3243A>G突变率分析

目的比较线粒体脑肌病伴高乳酸血症和卒中样发作(MELAS)患者头皮不同区域毛囊线粒体DNA(mt DNA)突变率的差异,并探讨其与脑卒中样发作累及皮质病灶的关系。方法采集7例MELAS患者8个头皮区域(双侧额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶)毛囊DNA,聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性检测m.3243AG突变率。结果 7例患者8个头皮区域毛囊m.3243AG突变率为(60.57±7.71)%,左侧额叶、右侧额叶、左侧颞叶、右侧颞叶、左侧顶叶、右侧顶叶、左侧枕叶、右侧枕叶分别为(61.30±7.32)%、(65.41±5.85)%、(59.80±5.58)%、(57.59±14.47)%、(62.46±5.02)%、(60.11±7.11)%、(59.70±8.68)%、(59.42±6.28)%,各区域差异无统计学意义(F=0.537,P=0.802)。脑卒中样发作病灶对应头皮区域与非病灶对应头皮区域毛囊m.3243AG突变率差异亦无统计学意义[(60.33±8.70)%对(61.02±6.52)%;t=0.319,P=0.751]。结论头皮毛囊是方便易取、无创性组织标本,可用于mt DNA突变检测。MELAS患者不同头皮区域毛囊mt DNA突变率无差异,脑卒中样发作病灶对应头皮区域与非病灶对应头皮区域毛囊mt DNA突变率亦无差异。     

线粒体肌病与线粒体脑肌病的临床分析

目的探讨神经肌肉系统线粒体病的发病机制、临床与病理特征及诊断。方法对7例确诊为线粒体病患者的临床表现、病理检查、实验室与影像学资料进行了回顾性分析。结果该组患者诊断为线粒体肌病3例,线粒体脑肌病4例;其中2例患者血乳酸水平升高;7例患者肌电图均有异常发现,肌肉活检均有特征性的改变;4例线粒体脑肌病患者头部影像学均有异常改变。结论线粒体病主要累及肌肉及中枢神经系统,诊断要求多种手段结合,以临床和病理表现为主,近年来基因方面的研究及影像学诊断发展迅速,目前对本病主要采取对症治疗。     

早发性帕金森病患者线粒体DNA部分点突变的研究

目的　验证线粒体DNA点突变与早发性帕金森病 (PPD)的相关性 ,并了解中国人线粒体DNA点突变特点。方法　用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)、斑点杂交、放射显影定性方法对 4 0例PPD患者及 4 8名健康对照组A4 336C、G5 4 6 0A、A10 398G、A13780G突变点进行检测 ,对 2 0例PPD组和 2 0例对照组碱基位点 10 2 5 6～ 10 5 77线粒体DNA片段测序。结果　PPD组A10 398G、G5 4 6 0A、A4 336C、A13780G ,4个位点的突变率均高于对照组 ,而且PPD组A10 398G突变率 (5 0 0 % )显著高于对照组 (14 6 % ) (P =0 0 0 0 1) ;其他 3个突变点PPD组的突变率与对照组比较差异无显著意义 ;新发现碱基位点 10 4 0 0C/T多态性。结论　线粒体DNA突变与PPD的发病存在相关性 ,A10 398G突变很可能是PPD发病的一个重要原因 ;中国人线粒体DNA存在 10 4 0 0C/T多态性和PPD患者A10 398G高突变率 (5 0 0 % )特点     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。