雷公藤多甙对致痫大鼠学习记忆及海马Ng和PKC表达的影响

目的研究雷公藤多甙(TWP)在戊四氮(PTZ)所致癫痫大鼠学习记忆障碍中的干预作用及可能机制,探讨神经颗粒素(Ng)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)在癫痫大鼠海马组织中的表达的影响。方法通过水迷宫及Y迷宫筛选方式挑选学习记忆功能正常的SD大鼠90只,随机分为PTZ致痫组、TWP低剂量组(TWP1)、TWP高剂量组(TWP2)、正常对照组,采用戊四氮(PTZ)腹腔注射慢性点燃癫痫。用水迷宫和Y迷宫对4组大鼠进行学习记忆能力检测,运用实时荧光定量PCR及酶联免疫吸附法分别检测其海马组织Ng和PKC基因mRNA及相应蛋白的表达水平。结果与PTZ组相比,TWP干预组大鼠在水迷宫中提高,其学习记忆能力接近NC组(P0.05);而4组逃避潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在Y迷宫TWP干预组错误反应次数比PTZ组明显减少(P0.05),其行为能力接近NC组(P0.05);但4组在全天总反应时间上的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经TWP干预后大鼠海马Ng和PKC基因mRNA及相应蛋白的表达上调,与PTZ组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),上调水平与NC组接近(P0.05);而TWP1和TWP2两组之间的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TWP可有效改善PTZ所致癫痫大鼠的学习记忆能力,这与上调大鼠海马组织Ng及PKC表达水平密切相关。     

戊四氮致痫大鼠学习记忆改变及海马CA_1和CA_3区神经颗粒素的表达变化

目的 探讨戊四氮慢性点燃癫痫对大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及海马CA_1、CA_3区神经颗粒素(neu-rogranin,Ng)的表达变化.方法 采用戊四氮(pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)腹腔注射慢性点燃癫痫(chronic epileptic,CEP)模型,用Morris水迷宫和Y迷宫对大鼠进行学习记忆能力检测,运用免疫组织化学方法测定大鼠海马CA_1、CA_3区Ng的表达变化.结果 与对照组比较,慢性癫痫发作组大鼠在水迷宫中的逃避潜伏期延长(P<0.01),穿越平台次数减少(P<0.01),在Y迷宫中的错误反应次数增多(P<0.05).在海马CA_1区Ng的免疫反应强度减弱(P<0.05),CA_3区两组比较差异无统计学意义.结论 戊四氮慢性点燃癫痫大鼠学习记忆能力受损,海马CA_1区Ng表达减少可能参与了这一过程.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effect of Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled epilepsy on rats' learning and memory and the expression of neurogranin(Ng) in hippocampal CA_1 and CA_3. Methods Use chronic model of epilepsy induced by PTZ intraperitoneal injection. The ability of learning and memory were assessed by the Morris water maze and Y maze. The expression of Ng in hippocampal CA_1 and CA_3 was determined by immunocytochemical method respectively. Resuits The learning and memory ability of the epilepsy rats was impaired. Meanwhile,The immunological reaction of Ng for CEP group at CA_1 was weaker than NC group, but it made no difference at CA_3. Conclusion The impairment of learning and memory ability of the epilepsy rats might be related with the changes of Ng in hippocampal CA_1.     

丙戊酸钠对慢性酒中毒模型大鼠学习记忆损害的影响

目的探讨慢性酒中毒对大鼠学习记忆的影响及丙戊酸钠(VPA)的干预效应及其可能机制。方法将56只SD大鼠随机分为酒中毒模型组、VPA干预组、VPA对照组和正常对照组。以乙醇浓度梯度递增式的方式灌胃8周制作慢性酒中毒模型,而第5周始酒中毒模型组腹腔注射生理盐水,VPA干预组于第5～8周腹腔注射VPA,VPA对照组灌注等体积的生理盐水4周后第5～8周给予VPA。8周后每组随机选取7只采用Morris水迷宫和Y迷宫检测大鼠的学习记忆功能,其余7只用Westernblot检测海马脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)蛋白的表达含量。结果与正常对照组相比,酒中毒模型组大鼠水迷宫的逃避潜伏期显著延长(P0.05),空间探索次数显著减少(P0.05);Y迷宫中2d的错误次数显著增加(P0.01);海马BDNF含量下降(P0.05)。与酒中毒模型组相比,VPA干预组大鼠的行为学成绩均得到改善(P0.01),海马BDNF含量显著增加(P0.01),与正常对照组的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。VPA对照组与正常对照组各项指标的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论慢性酒中毒可以导致大鼠学习记忆障碍,而VPA对酒精诱导的学习记忆损害有干预作用,海马BDNF表达增加可能是其作用机制之一。     

戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠空间学习记忆障碍及海马突触素表达减少的研究

目的:探讨戊四氮点燃癫痫对大鼠空间学习记忆的影响及可能的分子机制。方法:戊四氮(pentylenetet-razol,PTZ)点燃建立慢性癫痫(chronic epileptic,CEP)模型,Morris水迷宫进行行为学检测,western blot方法观察大鼠海马突触素(synaptophysin,P38)蛋白的表达变化。结果:水迷宫试验检测癫痫组大鼠空间学习记忆能力受损(P<0.05,P<0.01);western blot结果表明海马P38蛋白表达较对照组明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:戊四氮点燃癫痫大鼠伴有学习记忆功能减退,其海马P38蛋白的表达减少可能参与了空间学习记忆受损。     

神经颗粒素在海人酸诱发癫(疒间)大鼠皮质及海马中表达的研究

目的探讨海人酸(KA)诱发癫疒间后不同时间大鼠皮质及海马各区神经颗粒素的表达及意义。方法将52只SD大鼠随机分为癫疒间诱发组(KA组)和正常对照组。运用免疫荧光染色共聚焦显微镜观察大鼠制模成功后6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h、48 h 5个时点皮质及海马各区神经颗粒素表达的变化;蛋白质免疫印记(W estern B lot)技术对皮质及海马神经颗粒素作选择性半定量分析,并进行比较。结果与正常对照组相比,KA组制模18 h大鼠皮质神经颗粒素表达开始减少(P<0.05),24 h为最低(P<0.01),48 h恢复正常;制模12 h海马齿状回神经颗粒素明显下降(P<0.05),18 h最低(P<0.01),48 h恢复正常;海马CA1区制模后神经颗粒素持续下降,48 h时与正常对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);CA3区未见显著变化。W estern B lot实验印证了这一结果。结论KA诱发的复杂部分性癫疒间发作急性期能引起大鼠皮质及海马神经颗粒素表达减少,在各脑区的变化不同,且有可恢复的趋势,可能与癫疒间发作后引起大脑神经元突触可塑性改变有关。     

单一连续应激对大鼠行为学和海马Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响

目的 检测单一连续应激(single prolonged stress,SPS)对大鼠行为学和海马神经细胞Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响.方法 将Wistar大鼠分为对照组和应激组.应激组给予SPS应激,采用旷场实验、拒俘反应实验、Morries水迷宫实验等观察大鼠情感行为改变,采用化学发光法测定血清皮质醇浓度,应用免疫组织化学方法检测海马神经元Bcl-2、Bax的表达.结果 对照组水迷宫实验逃避潜伏期为5.632s±1.065s,应激组为20.762s±3.236s(t=9.932,P＜0.01);对照组血清皮质醇浓度为1.25 μg/dl ±0.12μg/dl,应激组为0.58μg/dl±0.09μg/dl(t=7.340,P＜0.01).应激组海马Bcl-2、Bax表达升高,Bcl-2/Bax上调.结论 SPS应激能使大鼠表现出创伤后应激障碍行为,使海马神经细胞Bcl-2/Bax上凋,这可能与创伤后应激障碍发病机制有关.     

慢性应激刺激成年小鼠对其老年期认知功能的影响

目的:观察慢性应激刺激成年小鼠对其老年期认知功能及海马区神经结构的影响。方法:将8周龄成年雄性小鼠予以慢性束缚性刺激6周(Stress,S组),束缚结束后成年S组小鼠即刻进行水迷宫行为学测试并断头以免疫组化学及硫堇染色方法观察海马区突触素及尼氏小体的变化,并利用医学图像分析系统计算突触素免疫组化反应阳性产物数量;而老年S组小鼠于慢性束缚6周后普通环境下继续饲养11周至老年期(25周龄)再进行上述行为学及病理学检测。对照组小鼠正常环境下饲养并分别于14周龄、25周龄进行上述行为学及病理学检测。结果:成年及老年S组小鼠学习记忆能力明显受损(P<0.05);海马区脑组织突触素免疫反应阳性产物和尼氏小体数量较同龄对照组小鼠明显减少(P<0.01)。结论:给予成年期小鼠慢性应激刺激可导致老年期小鼠认知功能损害,其记忆的损害与年龄老化之间可能具有协同作用。     

齐拉西酮对慢性不可预见应激大鼠抑郁行为与海马神经发生的作用

目的:研究齐拉西酮对慢性不可预见应激(chronic unpredictable stress,CUS)大鼠抑郁样行为的改善作用以及对海马神经发生的作用. 方法:将24只大鼠分为对照组(n=8),慢性不可预见应激组(n=8)和齐拉西酮组(n=8),建立CUS大鼠模型,连续7d给予齐拉西酮[2.5 mg/(kg·d)],通过旷场及糖水摄取实验观察各组动物行为学变化、溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(BrdU)掺入实验观察海马增殖情况,蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测海马B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)、脑源性神经营养因子(BD-NF)和磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(pERK1/2)的表达水平的变化. 结果:持续21 d的慢性不可预见应激抑制了动物对糖水的偏好及单位时间内运动距离(与对照组相比较,P均＜0.05),而给予齐拉西酮可以改善这种现象(与慢性不可预见应激组比较,P均＜0.05);BrdU染色结果显示,齐拉西酮可以显著增加海马的增殖细胞数,而且增加了增殖细胞中的神经元比率(与慢性不可预见应激组比较,P均＜0.05);进一步通过Western blot发现,CUS应激抑制了大鼠海马Bcl-2、BDNF及pERK1/2的表达(与对照组相比较,P均＜0.05),而给予齐拉西酮则缓解了这一下降现象(与慢性不可预见应激组比较,P均＜0.05). 结论:齐拉西酮能够改善动物模型的抑郁行为,而这一作用可能与其促进海马Bcl-2、BDNF及pERK1/2的表达,进而促进海马神经发生来实现的.     

促红细胞生成素对血管性痴呆模型大鼠认知功能、脑保护作用及海马α-微管蛋白表达的影响

目的 研究促红细胞生成素(Epo)对血管性痴呆(VD)模型大鼠认知功能、脑保护作用和海马α-微管蛋白(tubulin)表达的影响.方法 用"两血管阻断 硝普钠降压"法建立大鼠VD模型,并给予Epo腹腔注射治疗,采用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠的认知功能,Nissle染色、α-tubulin免疫组化染色观察细胞形态和Western blot法检测海马α-tubulin表达水平.并与VD大鼠及假手术组大鼠比较.结果 与VD组比较,Epo组大鼠水迷宫试验逃避潜伏期明显缩短(除试验第1 d)(均P＜0.05);海马神经元形态规则,尼氏小体数量多,α-tubulin阳性轴突数多,α-tubulin含量显著升高(P＜0.05).而Epo组与假手术组水迷宫试验逃避潜伏期及海马α-tubulin含量差异无统计学意义.结论 Epo可改善VD大鼠的认知功能,减轻缺血性脑损害,促进海马α-tubulin的表达.     

血管性痴呆大鼠海马突触素、发动蛋白Ⅰ的mRNA及蛋白表达变化

目的探讨血管性痴呆(VaD)大鼠海马突触素、发动蛋白Ⅰ的mRNA及蛋白表达变化。方法利用改良四血管法制备血管性痴呆大鼠模型。通过Morris水迷宫观察大鼠空间探索及学习记忆情况,采用Real-time及Western-blot法分别检测大鼠海马突触素、发动蛋白Ⅰ的mRNA与蛋白水平,并与假手术组进行比较。结果 VaD组大鼠各时间点平均逃避潜伏期及第1次穿越平台所用时间均显著长于假手术组(均P0.01),平台穿越次数明显减少(P0.05)。VaD组海马突触素及发动蛋白Ⅰ蛋白表达及mRNA表达显著低于假手术组(P0.05~0.01)。结论脑缺血引起大鼠海马组织突触素、发动蛋白Ⅰ表达降低,可能与VaD发病中学习记忆能力减退有关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。