阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征上气道CT扫描临床应用

目的通过CT扫描确定阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syn-drome,OSAHS)病人上气道阻塞部位,指导临床制订治疗方案,判断治疗效果。方法对30例OSAHS病人进行上气道CT扫描,分别测量鼻咽、口咽及喉咽腔横截面积。与30名正常成人进行比较。结果OSAHS病人咽腔3个部分的横截面积自小至大顺序排列为口咽<鼻咽<喉咽;OSAHS病人鼻咽及口咽横截面积与正常成年人相比有统计学意义(P<0.01)。18例OSAHS病人在接受了悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)手术术后进行上气道CT扫描,口咽部平均横截面积由(67.5±16.78)mm2扩大至(156.63±28.62)mm2(P<0.001)。结论正常成人口咽部是咽腔最狭窄的部位;OSAHS病人口咽部横截面积小于100 mm2时,建议手术治疗。UPPP术后上气道CT扫描可客观判定手术效果。     

CT测量对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者舌咽区气道阻塞诊断意义的再评估

目的 以置入鼻咽通气管后的多导睡眠呼吸监测(NPT-PSG)结果判定中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)患者舌咽区气道阻塞情况,并与螺旋CT的判定结果对比,评估CT扫描测量在舌咽区上气道阻塞判定中的作用。方法 经PSG检查确诊的中重度OSAHS患者65例,在鼻咽通气管置入后再次进行NPT-PSG,同时采用螺旋CT对上呼吸道进行连续扫描。就NPT-PSG 结果与CT扫描测量所得的舌咽区气道截面积进行相关性分析,并以睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)≥15次/h和舌咽区气道截面积＜181mm2为参考标准判定舌咽区气道是否存在狭窄或阻塞,比较两种判定方法结果的异同。结果 NPT-PSG所得AHI和最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)与舌咽区气道截面积无明显相关性,相关系数分别为0.02和0.085,P均＞0.05。舌咽区气道截面积＜181mm2提示舌咽狭窄者7例,无明显狭窄的例数为58例;NPT-PSG所得AHI≥15次/h提示舌咽区气道阻塞者37例,无明显阻塞者28例。以统计量kappa系数评价两种测量结果的一致性,Kappa系数为0.055,P>0.05,两者一致性较差。结论 螺旋CT测量和NPT-PSG判定舌咽区气道狭窄或阻塞一致性较差,临床判定舌咽区气道阻塞与否应结合多种方法综合判定。     

OSAHS患者清醒和睡眠状态下的咽腔CT测量

目的 研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）患者咽腔狭窄部位及程度。方法 50例OSAHS患者分为2组,1组行清醒状态下单层螺旋CT扫描,2组行睡眠状态下单层和16层螺旋CT扫描,了解软腭水平咽腔的最小径和截面积。对照组为225例健康成人资料。结果 1组患者咽腔平均最小径5．85mm,平均最小截面积50．3mm^2;2组患者单层及16层螺旋CT测量咽腔平均最小径分别为2．88mm和1．62mm,平均最小截面积分别为31．5mm^2和6．3mm^2。结论 OSAHS患者清醒状态下CT咽腔测量可作为评价患者咽腔狭窄程度的手段之一,而睡眠状态下的CT咽腔测量更有助于了解患者的气道塌陷情况,其中16层螺旋CT能够更为准确地反映患者睡眠状态下咽腔的真实情况。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者舌后区呼吸道狭窄的CT研究

目的：研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸低通气暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者舌后区上呼吸道的CT影像,探讨舌后区呼吸道狭窄的原因。方法：对经多导睡眠监测系统(polysomnography, PSG)确诊的100例OSAHS患者,采用螺旋CT行上呼吸道连续扫描,测量舌后区呼吸道横截面积,对存在舌后区呼吸道狭窄（24例）和无舌后区呼吸道狭窄（76例）的两组患者进行对比研究。结果：两组患者的一般临床资料无明显差别,舌后区狭窄组的舌后区呼吸道左右径、前后径明显小于非狭窄组,狭窄组的咽后壁、咽侧壁软组织厚度、舌体宽度、舌体长度和舌体截面积等CT测量数据明显大于非狭窄组。结论：24%的OSAHS患者存在舌后区上呼吸道狭窄,除舌体肥厚外,咽侧壁和咽后壁的软组织增厚也是导致舌后区呼吸道狭窄的重要原因。     

螺旋CT在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者咽壁顺应性中的应用

目的：了解阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者口咽部不同平面咽壁顺应性。方法：对确诊OSAHS患者24例和健康对照组10例,应用螺旋CT（MSCT）在平静呼吸和Muller法检查的2种状态下对上呼吸道进行连续扫描,测量软腭游离缘平面、舌后区平面和会厌游离缘平面的咽腔横截面积和咽后壁软组织厚度,根据2种状态下咽腔截面积计算咽壁顺应性。结果：OSAHS组咽壁顺应性较对照组大,OSAHS组在软腭平面和舌后区平面咽壁顺应性与对照组比较差异有统计学意义;OSAHS组咽后壁软组织厚度在软腭游离缘平面、舌后区平面和会厌游离缘平面分别为（7．5±2．2）mm、（4．8±1.3）mm、（2．3±0．2）mm,与对照组比较,软腭游离缘平面明显增厚（P〈0．01）;咽后壁软组织厚度与咽壁顺应性Pearson相关性分析,2组在咽壁从上至下3个平面上的相关系数依次减小,但只有OSAHS组在软腭游离缘平面的相关系数有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：利用MSCT扫描测量可以实现口咽部各平面咽壁顺应性的定量评估,为临床提供客观定量的指标;OSAHS患者口咽部咽壁顺应性在软腭平面最大,咽后壁软组织厚度与咽壁顺应性有一定的相关性,并且在软腭平面表现最为密切。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者CT测量上呼吸道狭窄定位诊断的观察

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者CT测量上呼吸道狭窄定位诊断的临床意义。方法采用螺旋CT自鼻咽顶部到声门之间的区域进行连续扫描,应用图像工作站测量软腭后区、悬雍垂区、舌后区和会厌后区的气道横截面积和各径线长度以及咽侧壁和咽后壁软组织厚度等指标,选取88例健康人测量数值确立正常值范围。测量82例OSAHS患者上呼吸道cT扫描的结果并与相应解剖区的正常值比较。结果82例OSAHS患者中,仅有1个平面狭窄者17例,其中为软腭后区狭窄者5例,悬雍垂区狭窄者4例,舌后区狭窄者6例,会厌后区狭窄者2例。相邻的两个解剖区域共同狭窄45例,其中为软腭后区及悬雍垂区者26例,悬雍垂区及舌后区者15例,舌后区及会厌后区者4例。软腭后区、悬雍垂区和舌后区3个解剖区域共同狭窄20例。同时对88例健康人清醒状态下上气道4个平面截面积做测量分析,结果显示截面积软腭后区最为狭小,其次为舌后区,而会厌后区截面积最大。OSAHS组软腭长度及厚度均大于正常组,提示软腭增长、增厚是咽腔狭窄的原因之一。结论大部分OSAHS患者存在上呼吸道的解剖性狭窄,上呼吸道的CT扫描测量可以较好的确定具体狭窄部位,针对性手术治疗便于提高临床疗效。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者上气道极速CT测量

目的：通过极速CT测量阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（0SAHS）患者上气道,利用上气道各分区的测量值及顺应性来评估OSAHS患者气道阻塞平面,以期为临床诊治提供帮助。方法：随机选取82例OSAHS患者（OSAHS组）,无打鼾的健康人45例作为正常对照组,应用PHILIPS256层螺旋CT（极速CT）对其进行平静呼吸状态（吸气末）测量,及Mailer动作下鼻咽区、腭后区、舌后区、会厌后区各区最窄平面各径线及各区气道容积的测量。结果：①OSAHS组行平静呼吸与MUller动作时CT扫描,2种状态下鼻咽区左右径、会厌后区前后径及横截面积差异无统计学意义,其余各组参数间有差异,其中腭后区体积、舌后区前后径、舌后区体积有显著性差异。②Mailer动作时,2组会厌后区体积比较差异无统计学意义,鼻咽区左右径、鼻咽区体积、腭后区横截面积、舌后区前后径有差异,其余各组参数间有显著性差异。③2组的气道顺应性（Mailer相）比较,各组参数间均有差异,其中鼻咽区前后径、腭后区体积有显著性差异。同时,同一平面内,OSAHS组与正常对照组的左右径均大于前后径。④对阻塞平面的预测,咽腔容积测量与纤维内镜检查结果基本相符。结论：用极速CT测量OSAHS患者上气道,阻塞平面多位于腭后区及舌后区。上气道容积的CT测量可用于OSAHS患者上气道阻塞平面的评估。     

鼻咽和口咽通气道在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征多平面手术围手术期中的应用研究

目的:对比研究鼻咽及口咽通气道对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者多平面术后缓解上气道阻塞的作用,观察患者的生命指征,探讨鼻咽及口咽通气道的临床应用价值及可靠性。方法:鼻咽通气道组为56例经PSG确诊为重度OSAHS的患者,术后置鼻咽通气道。口咽通气道组为45例经PSG确诊为重度的OSAHS患者,术后置口咽通气道,其余治疗2组相同。2组患者术后行心电、血氧饱和度和血流动力学监测。比较2组患者术后24h内的呼吸困难、最低血氧饱和度、血流动力学、咽部疼痛不适情况。结果:多平面术后24h内,鼻咽通气道组患者血流动力学指标HR(82.3±2.65)次/min、SBP(124.5±13.95)mmHg、DBP(76.2±8.1)mmHg、RPP(10 282.0±1 481.7),口咽通气道组患者血流动力学指标HR(93.4±2.89)次/min、SBP(135.1±16.5)mmHg、DBP(92.25±11.25)mmHg、RPP(12 664.4±1 936.3),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);咽部疼痛鼻咽通气道组(1.71±0.45)分,口咽通气道组(3±0)分,两者差异有统计学意义(P<...     

药物诱导睡眠下纤维鼻咽喉镜和多导睡眠仪的同步检查

目的　改进既往Muller动作的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和常规的多导睡眠描记( polysomnography ,PSG)监测 ,观察药物诱导睡眠下纤维鼻咽喉镜和PSG监测的所见 ,探讨同步检查的可行性。方法　前瞻性自身对比研究。药物诱导睡眠下的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和PSG监测 ,之前或之后予常规的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和PSG监测 ,观察两者检测结果的差别。结果　 32例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrom ,OSAHS)患者中 ,鼻咽狭窄 17例 ,均伴有口咽狭窄 ;鼻咽、口咽伴有喉咽狭窄 8例 ;2例为口咽狭窄 ,伴扁桃体肥大 ,5例为喉咽狭窄。其中悬雍垂腭咽成形术后 3例中 ,2例为喉咽狭窄 ,1例为鼻咽狭窄。药物诱导睡眠下的PSG监测与常规PSG监测结果明显相关。但异常程度高于常规的检查。药物睡眠呼吸暂停指数的下降同步于咽部的阻塞 ,但恢复迟于咽部的阻塞。三部位均狭窄的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数 (apnea hypopneaindex ,AHI)改变最为严重 ,鼻咽并口咽次之 ,再次为单独的喉咽或口咽狭窄。结论　药物诱导睡眠下的纤维喉镜和PSG监测可以清楚的显示鼻咽、软腭、舌根在鼾声和OSAHS中的动态变化 ,在观察鼻咽、口咽阻塞的同时 ,同步记录到OSAHS的存在及程度 ,为从形态学和机能学的角度深入分析鼾声和OSAHS提供了可     

药物诱导睡眠下纤维鼻咽喉镜和多导睡眠仪的同步检查

目的 改进既往Muller动作的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和常规的多导睡眠描记(polysomnography，PSG)监测，观察药物诱导睡眠下纤维鼻咽喉镜和PSG监测的所见，探讨同步检查的可行性。方法 前瞻性自身对比研究。药物诱导睡眠下的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和PSG监测，之前或之后予常规的纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和PSG监测，观察两者检测结果的差别。结果 32例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom，OSAHS)患者中，鼻咽狭窄17例，均伴有口咽狭窄；鼻咽、口咽伴有喉咽狭窄8例；2例为口咽狭窄，伴扁桃体肥大，5例为喉咽狭窄。其中悬雍垂腭咽成形术后3例中，2例为喉咽狭窄，1例为鼻咽狭窄。药物诱导睡眠下的PSG监测与常规PSG监测结果明显相关。但异常程度高于常规的检查。药物睡眠呼吸暂停指数的下降同步于咽部的阻塞，但恢复迟于咽部的阻塞。三部位均狭窄的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index，AHI)改变最为严重，鼻咽并口咽次之，再次为单独的喉咽或口咽狭窄。结论 药物诱导睡眠下的纤维喉镜和PSG监测可以清楚的显示鼻咽、软腭、舌根在鼾声和OSAHS中的动态变化，在观察鼻咽、口咽阻塞的同时，同步记录到OSAHS的存在及程度，为从形态学和机能学的角度深入分析鼾声和OSAHS提供了可能。     

The effect of obstructive sleep apnea surgery on laryngopharyngeal reflux with obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may play a role in the occurrence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). OSA surgery also may have a significant curative effect on LPR with OSA.

Objectives: To analyze the role of OSA in LPR and the effect of OSA surgery on LPR with OSA.

Methods: Forty-five OSA patients with LPR symptoms were enrolled and were divided into the LPR positive group (RSI > 13) and the LPR suspicious group (1?≤?RSI ≤ 13) based on reflux symptom index (RSI). All the patients underwent OSA surgery. The RSI scores at three different time points postoperatively were compared with that preoperatively.

Results: In the LPR positive and LPR suspicious group, the result revealed that there were significant differences in RSI score between one month, three months, six months after surgery and before surgery (p?<?.001 for all). Moreover, in the LPR positive group, there was a significant difference in RSI score among one month, three months and six months after surgery (p?=?.01).

Conclusions and significance: The effect of OSA on LPR exists and OSA surgery can improve the symptoms of LPR with OSA obviously. For some LPR patients with OSA, the combination therapy of OSA and LPR is needed.     

Pharyngometric correlations with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Objective—The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and pharyngometric dimensions as clinical predictors of OSAS.

Material and Methods—Pharyngometry included tonsil size, the breadth of the uvula (UB), the distance between the uvula and the posterior pharyngeal wall and open mouth standardized photographic measurement of the dimension of the free oropharynx (FOP). We also assessed modified Mallampati grade (MMP). In addition, clinical data on body weight, height, nasal obstruction and cardiovascular disease were included in our analysis.

Results—A total of 96 consecutive patients of both sexes with sleep disorders were investigated with somnography. Of these, 35 were considered to have OSAS, with an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥10. Body mass index (BMI), FOP, UB, the use of cardiovascular medication and hypertension were significantly related to AHI, and tonsil size showed borderline significance. Regression models were used to determine an OSAS index using the parameters BMI and FOP. The index had a positive predictive value of 82% and a negative predictive value of 77%.

Conclusions—We showed that a photographic assessment of pharyngeal dimensions was significantly associated with OSAS. We also confirmed previous findings of associations between OSAS, BMI and cardiovascular morbidity.     

Supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia with obstructive sleep apnea

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine if supraglottoplasty (SGP) is effective in reversing abnormal respiratory parameters in children with laryngomalacia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Study Design: Retrospective case series at a tertiary referral children's hospital. Methods: Ten patients with laryngomalacia and OSA as documented by polysomnography underwent SGP between 2005 and 2007. Data collected included age, findings on flexible and rigid endoscopy, type of procedure performed, and postoperative course. The postoperative polysomnographies were reviewed to identify changes in obstructive apnea index, obstructive apnea/hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index, and low arterial oxygen saturation (O₂ nadir) after SGP. Results: All 10 patients were successfully extubated after SGP. There were no peri‐ or postoperative complications, and no patient required a subsequent airway procedure. Each patient had a postoperative nocturnal polysomnography performed after SGP at 11 weeks (range 2–29 weeks). Caregivers reported mild improvement (10%), significant improvement (70%), and complete resolution (20%) of stridor and nocturnal snoring at a follow‐up visit 4 weeks after discharge. Marked improvements were observed in obstructive apnea index, obstructive apnea/hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index and O₂ nadir, all of which were statistically significant (P < .05). Conclusions: Polysomnography should be considered in the initial evaluation of infants with moderate laryngomalacia to rule out OSA. SGP is an effective treatment for infants with laryngomalacia and OSA. The significant benefits of the procedure outweigh thelow morbidity. Improvement after surgery was reliably confirmed by polysomnography in this study.     

Pharyngometric correlations with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and pharyngometric dimensions as clinical predictors of OSAS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pharyngometry included tonsil size, the breadth of the uvula (UB), the distance between the uvula and the posterior pharyngeal wall and open mouth standardized photographic measurement of the dimension of the free oropharynx (FOP). We also assessed modified Mallampati grade (MMP). In addition, clinical data on body weight, height, nasal obstruction and cardiovascular disease were included in our analysis. RESULTS: A total of 96 consecutive patients of both sexes with sleep disorders were investigated with somnography. Of these, 35 were considered to have OSAS, with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of > or = 10. Body mass index (BMI), FOP, UB, the use of cardiovascular medication and hypertension were significantly related to AHI, and tonsil size showed borderline significance. Regression models were used to determine an OSAS index using the parameters BMI and FOP. The index had a positive predictive value of 82% and a negative predictive value of 77%. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that a photographic assessment of pharyngeal dimensions was significantly associated with OSAS. We also confirmed previous findings of associations between OSAS, BMI and cardiovascular morbidity.     

Partial tonsillectomy with scalpel in children with obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy

OBJECTIVE: To compare postoperative pain of partial tonsillectomy (PT) with scalpel and total classical tonsillectomy (TT). METHODS: Prospective, randomized study at a tertiary care institution. Ninety-six children who were diagnosed with obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy were included to the study. Children's tonsils were removed totally (Group TT) by classical dissection tonsillectomy or partially (Group PT) using scalpel and tissue scissors. The parents were instructed to fill out a form daily for nine postoperative days; recording total amount of analgesics administered that day and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) each day assessing child's life quality and daily activities. RESULTS: Eighty-one children (2-14 years old) who completed the study were included in the analysis. Total tonsillectomy group (Group TT) consisted of 41 patients and partial tonsillectomy group (Group PT) consisted of 40 patients. There was no difference between two groups' operative parameters such as operation time [21.3 min (PT) and 22.3 min (TT)] and blood loss [44.2 ml (PT) and 46.0 ml (TT)] (p>0.05). PT group received significantly less dosage of analgesics per day; 1.18+/-1.27 vs. 2.00+/-1.45 (p<0.005). Total used analgesic dose in PT group were also lower than TT group (10.7+/-7.13 vs. 18.02+/-6.99 doses). When each day's analgesic use was compared separately a significant difference was found (p<0.05) in all days except 9th postoperative day (p>0.05). There was no difference in the pain scores between two techniques (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Unlike tonsillectomy, PT aims to remove the tonsilla palatina subtotally. It is especially performed in children with obstructive tonsils. PT with scalpel is an inexpensive and safe method necessitating only standard surgical instruments. It causes less postoperative pain than classical dissection tonsillectomy.     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征脑电醒觉反应的临床研究

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患儿和单纯鼾症儿童的脑电醒觉反应指数(arousal index,Ad)的特点,以及ArI与最低动脉血氧饱和度(lowest SaO2,LSaO2)、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)的关系.方法 2007年3月至2008年2月因疑似OSAHS而进行多道睡眠监测的102例儿童作为研究对象,OSAHS的诊断依据乌鲁木齐指南.符合OSAHS诊断的66例纳入OSAHS组,另外36例纳入单纯鼾症组.两组之间年龄、性别及体重指数均衡性检验差异无统计学意义.两组之间进行呼吸相关性、肢体运动相关性、自发性ArI和总ArI的比较,并进行OSAHS组ArI和LSaO2与AHI的相关性研究.将OSAHS患儿按照AHI分成3组(AHI≤10次/h为轻度组、10次/h＜AHI≤20次/h为中度组及AHI＞20次/h为重度组),探讨3组之间ArI的差异.结果 OSAHS组和单纯鼾症组比较(Mann-Whitney U法秩和检验),呼吸相关性ArI及总ArI显著高于单纯鼾症组(x值分别为-3.866、-3.148,P值均＜0.01),自发性ArI明显低于单纯鼾症组(z=-2.791,P=0.005),差异均有统计学意义.OSAHS患儿不同病情程度3组之间比较,可见随着OSAHS严重程度的增加,呼吸相关ArI也增加,且改变具有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).Spearman秩相关分析发现,呼吸相关性ArI与AHI呈正相关(r=0.734,P=0.000),ArI与LsaO2无相关关系.OSAHS组睡眠Ⅰ期比率较单纯鼾症组增多,REM期减少,且差异有统计学意义(x值分别为-2.423、-3.519,P值均＜0.01).结论 OSAHS患儿的自发性ArI减少,呼吸相关性ArI增高,在OSAHS患儿的睡眠质量评估中,呼吸相关性ArI更能反映睡眠片段化随病情变化的程度.     

Metabolic alterations in children with obstructive sleep apnea

Importance

The incidence of obesity is rising in the United States and has been linked to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) even in young children. Understanding the role that obesity and OSA play in alterations in metabolic variables that can lead to serious health issues is essential to the care and counseling of affected children.

Objectives

To evaluate the association of alterations in metabolic variables, including insulin resistance, to OSA in young, obese children.

Design

Retrospective, case-control series.

Setting

Tertiary care children's hospital.

Participants

Obese children aged 2-12 years who had undergone overnight polysomography and routine laboratory testing for lipid levels, fasting glucose, and insulin from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2012 were identified from a TransMed Bio-Integration Suite and Epic's clarity database search.

Results

A total of 76 patients were included for analysis. Forty-three (56.6%) were male, and the mean age was 8.3 ± 2.5 years (range, 2.4–11.9 years). The mean body mass index (BMI) z score was 2.8 ± 0.75 (range, 1.7–6.3), and all patients were obese (BMI z score > 95th percentile). Twenty two patients (28.9%) had an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) <1/h (no OSA), 27 (35.5%) an AHI≥1 < 5/h, 12 (15.8%) had an AHI ≥5 < 9.99/h, and 15 (19.7%) had an AHI≥10/h. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high and low density lipoprotein levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in those patients with or without OSA. Fasting insulin, blood glucose, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) were significantly higher in patients with OSA compared to those with no OSA (p < 0.01). AHI correlated to alterations in insulin as well as glucose homeostasis on multivariate analysis. Results from logistic regression analysis showed that fasting insulin (p < 0.01), and HOMA (p < 0.01) predicted severe OSA independent of age, gender, and BMI z score in these patients.

Conclusion

Metabolic alterations in glucose and insulin levels, known to be associated with obesity and increased risk for cardiovascular disease, appear to relate to the severity of OSA in young children.     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者并发肺动脉高压一例

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS)是一类发病率较高并具有一定潜在危害的疾患。患者由于睡眠中反复发生的呼吸暂停和低通气，导致胸腹矛盾呼吸运动增强，胸腔负压升高、回心血量增多、通气血流比例失调；同时，长期严重的低氧、高碳酸血症引起肺小动脉收缩，肺动脉阻力增加，形成肺动脉高压；长期右心负荷的增加，可造成右心室肥厚并扩大，成为引发肺源性心脏病的病理生理基础。现报告1例OSAHS并发肺心病的患儿。