Acidaemia is less severe following reperfusion via the hepatic artery compared with the portal vein during liver transplantation

Reperfusion of the liver during transplantation can cause cardiovascularchanges such as systemic vasodilatation, pulmonary hypertensionand cardiac dysfunction. We have previously demonstrated a slowerincrease in oxygen consumption when the hepatic artery was usedfor reperfusion rather than the portal vein, and had the clinicalimpression that overall patient stability was greater with theformer technique.¹ We therefore compared the acid–basechanges which occur following reperfusion with each of thesetechniques. Twenty patients undergoing liver transplantation were studied.In all cases the piggyback technique was used, and anaestheticmanagement was similar. In 10 patients liver reperfusion wasfirst via the portal vein followed by the hepatic artery; inthe other 10 patients the hepatic artery was anastomosed firstfollowed by the portal vein. Ventilation remained constant duringthe study period. Arterial blood was drawn for acid–baseand whole blood lactate measurement at three time points: (1)immediately prior to reperfusion, (2) 30 min after reperfusion,(3) 60 min after reperfusion. Changes in variables were comparedbetween the groups by Mann–Whitney U test corrected formultiple tests using the Bonferroni method. Data are shown in Table 18. All acid–base variables weresimilar between the groups prior to reperfusion. Following reperfusionacidaemia (H⁺ concentration) was more marked in the portal veingroup and was accompanied by a larger increase in Pa_CO2. Changesin blood lactate and acidosis (Standard Bicarbonate Concentration)were similar between the groups. Our data indicate that a smaller acid load is released intothe systemic circulation immediately after reperfusion whenthe hepatic artery is anastomosed first rather than the portalvein, as is conventional. This may be because the release ofischaemic metabolites from the splanchnic circulation is delayed,or because the rate of flushing of acid from the donor liveris slower via the hepatic artery which has a lower overall flowand is a higher resistance circulation. Less marked acidosisand hypercapnia are potentially beneficial particularly in highrisk patients, such as those with fulminant hepatic failurewho are at risk of intracranial hypertension following reperfusion.     

肝移植术中再灌注前经门静脉放血对内环境和心肺功能的影响

目的 研究肝移植术中再灌注前放血的临床意义.方法 32例肝病患者在静脉及吸入复合全麻下行无转流原位肝移植术,分为再灌注前放血组(经门静脉放血200 ml,21例)和对照组(11例).常规麻醉监测,并放置Swan-Ganz导管监测心输出量,无肝前期、无肝期给予抑肽酶、去甲肾上腺素及多巴胺,维持无肝期平均动脉压＞70 mm Hg,心输出量指数＞2.5 L·min-1·m-2.分别于门静脉阻断即刻(T1)、门静脉开放即刻(T2)、新肝期10min(T3)、新肝期30min(T4)采集桡动脉血液测定电解质、血气及炎性细胞因子浓度(肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor alpha-alpha,TNF-α;白介素6,Interleukin-6,IL-6).各时间点分别记录心肺功能参数.结果 两组患者心律失常发生率(X2=1.73,P＞0.05)和死亡率(X2=1.12,P＞0.05)没有显著差别;各时间点血钙、血镁浓度均明显低于正常值;两组患者桡动脉血钾、TNF-α、IL-6均无显著变化,再灌注前放血对乳酸的增长没有影响;各时间点肺氧合功能、心功能参数无显著变化,组间无明显差异.新肝期30 min,两组患者均表现为乳酸、炎性因子呈增高趋势,外周血管阻力指数(systemic vascular resistance index,SVRI)显著下降.结论 再灌注前放血似乎对内环境、心肺功能影响较小.     

Simultaneous hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis after living donor liver transplantation

Simultaneous hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis rarely occurs after liver transplantation. The etiology is unknown. Of 213 patients (72 children and 141 adults) that underwent living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) from January 1996 to March 2003, 4 (2%) developed simultaneous thrombosis at 3 hours to 7 days (median, 4 days) after the operation. Emergent thrombectomy was performed in three patients; the remaining patient was registered in the Japan organ transplant network. All of the patients died due to hepatic failure (range, 18 hours to 6 days after the diagnosis; median, 2 days). Portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic vein velocity in the liver graft were measured every 12 hours by Doppler ultrasonography for 2 weeks after liver transplantation. These parameters were stable until just before the simultaneous thrombosis. These findings indicate that protocol Doppler ultrasonography can diagnose, but not predict, this fatal complication.     

A technique for hepatic artery anastomosis during orthotopic liver transplantation

Hepatic artery thrombosis remains the most common technical complication that causes graft failure following orthotopic liver transplantation. The Hepatic artery anastomosis should be performed using meticulous technique and adequate magnification. We report a very low incidence of Hepatic artery thrombosis (1.3%) utilising a modified microvascular 120° triangulating technique in 150 adult liver transplants.     

移植肝门脉血流恢复后肝静脉血成分变化及其对内环境的影响

目的 观察非转流经典原位肝移植术门静脉和下腔静脉的完全阻断和开放导致的内环境紊乱。方法 非转流经典原位肝移植患者70例，于麻醉前、门静脉阻断前、门静脉开放前和门静脉开放后5min采集患者的动脉血，并于门静脉开放后采集肝静脉血，监测Hb、pH、PaCO2、BE、PaO2、血钠、血钾、血钙、血乳酸(LA)、血糖(BG)以及MAP、HR的变化。结果 手术期间循环系统变化明显，表现为腔静脉阻断期间和开放后MAP下降、HR增快和Hb降低。门静脉开放前PaCO2升高，LA升高，pH和BE下降；开放后5min PaCO2进一步升高，BE个体间差值明显加大，在一11～9mmol／L之间；开放后5min时血钾个体间波动也在2．6～6．1mmol／L；同时，BG升高近一倍，LA也大幅升高。肝静脉血严重高钾、高CO2和钠、钙、pH和BE显著降低，血钾水平最低为10mmol／L，最高达到72mmol／L。结论 非转流原位肝移植术中，门静脉和下腔静脉开放后，受肝静脉血成分的影响，出现明显内环境紊乱，显著低钙、高CO2、高血糖和乳酸蓄积，而血钾和酸碱平衡变化的个体差异极大，需适时监测并纠正。     

肝内移植微囊对肝纤维化的影响:经门静脉及肝动脉途径对比

目的通过比较经门静脉及肝动脉两种途径肝内移植海藻酸钠微囊对肝纤维化影响的差别,探求安全、简便的肝内胰岛移植途径。方法实验犬30只随机分为V、A两组,每组15只,分别作为经门静脉移植组及经肝动脉移植组,V、A两组分别随机分为三个小组,每小组5只,分别移植海藻酸钠微囊8000个/kg、16000个/kg、32000个/kg,观察移植前、后血清肝纤维化标志物透明质酸(HA)的变化,并对肝脏进行病理组织学检查。结果血清纤维化指标:V组:血清HA值在移植后逐渐升高,移植前、后有明显差别(P<0.01);且各移植量组间存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。A组:血清HA值在移植后轻度升高,但移植前后无显著差异(P>0.05),且各移植量组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。相同移植量Vn及An组间血清HA值的比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。肝脏病理组织学检查:移植术后12周时,V3组肝脏组织学检查发现汇管区少量胶原纤维沉积,肝细胞浊肿,间质见炎性细胞浸润;而A组肝脏组织学检查未见明显异常。结论经肝动脉移植微囊对肝脏损伤小,有望成为一种相对简单、安全的肝内胰岛移植途径。     

肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓的处理

目的 探讨肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓（PVT）的处理。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院1995年5月至2008年6月实施的194例肝移植病人临床资料,术前存在PVT 24例,其中Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。术中采取不同门静脉重建方式,结扎术前存在的门腔分流和粗大的侧支循环。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT）,应用普通肝素或低分子质量肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测门静脉血供。结果 术后PVT发生率2.58%（5/194）。1例PVT经外科门静脉取栓、重新吻合治愈,3例置管溶栓、支架植入治愈,另1例仅表现肝功能轻度异常,未特殊处理。与PVT相关病死率为0。其余病例随访6~ 104个月,未见PVT。结论 理想的门静脉重建方式、结扎门腔存在的分流和术后有效的抗凝可以减少PVT的发生,多普勒超声监测能早期发现PVT,挽救移植物,避免再移植。     

Hemodynamic profile and tissular oxygenation in orthotopic liver transplantation: Influence of hepatic artery or portal vein revascularization of the graft.

We performed a prospective, randomized study of adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation, comparing hemodynamic and tissular oxygenation during reperfusion of the graft. In 30 patients, revascularization was started through the hepatic artery (i.e., initial arterial revascularization) and 10 minutes later the portal vein was unclamped; in 30 others, revascularization was started through the portal vein (i.e., initial portal revascularization) and 10 minutes later the hepatic artery was unclamped. The primary endpoints of the study were mean systemic arterial pressure and the gastric-end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO(2)) difference. The secondary endpoints were other hemodynamic and metabolic data. The pattern of the hemodynamic parameters and tissue oxygenation values during the dissection and anhepatic stages were similar in both groups At the first unclamping, initial portal revascularization produced higher values of mean pulmonary pressure (25 +/- 7 mm of Hg vs. 17 +/- 4 mm of Hg; P < 0.05) and wedge and central venous pressures. At the second unclamping, initial portal revascularization produced higher values of cardiac output and mean arterial pressure (87 +/- 15 mm of Hg vs. 79 +/- 15 mm of Hg; P < 0.05) and pulmonary blood pressure. Postreperfusion syndrome was present in 13 patients (42.5%) in the arterial group and in 11 patients (36%) in the portal group. During revascularization, the values of gastric and arterial pH decreased in both groups and recovered at the end of the procedure, but were more accentuated in the initial arterial revascularization group. In conclusion, we found that initial arterial revascularization of the graft increases pulmonary pressure less markedly, so it may be indicated for those patients with poor pulmonary and cardiac reserve. Nevertheless, for the remaining patients, initial portal revascularization offers more favorable hemodynamic and metabolic behavior, less inotropic drug use, and earlier normalization of lactate and pH values.     

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目的　探讨肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓的处理。方法　回顾性分析 2 0 0 3年 10月至 2 0 0 4年 6月 14 0例原位肝移植病人的临床资料。结果　通过彩色多普勒、螺旋CT加三维血管成像和间接门脉造影共确诊肝移植术前门静脉血栓 5例。其中螺旋CT加三维血管成像 (CTA)对门静脉血栓的诊断特异性为 10 0 % ,彩色多普勒的诊断特异性为 80 % ,间接门脉造影的诊断特异性为 2 0 %。肝移植术中采用门静脉血栓切除术治疗成功率为10 0 %。结论　肝移植术中门静脉血栓切除术是治疗门静脉血栓的有效方法。CTA检查能准确判断门静脉血栓的程度。肝移植术后预防性抗凝能有效预防门静脉血栓复发。     

同种异体原位肝移植的肝动脉重建

目的 总结同种异体原位肝移植术中肝动脉吻合的经验。方法 回顾悸分析20例原位肝移植术中影响肝动脉吻合的因素和处理技巧。结果 16例行供、受者肝固有动脉端端吻合，3例供者肝总动脉与受者肝固有动脉吻合，1例供者肝总动脉与受者脾动脉吻合；术后彩色多普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅，均未发现有血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄，全部病例未发生胆道并发症，现存活15例。结论 合理选择吻合用血管是避免术后发生血栓形成和动脉狭窄的关键。     

肝移植术后门静脉系统血栓形成的诊治

目的 总结肝移植术后门静脉系统血栓形成的临床特点及诊疗体会.方法 回顾2003年1月至2007年2月期间402例接受肝移植患者的临床资料,对其中9例肝移植术后门静脉系统血栓形成的原因、预后及诊治方案进行回顾性分析.结果 9例患者均接受全身抗凝、祛聚治疗,其中1例行经皮腔内血管成形术并血管内支架置入术、1例行经皮门静脉置管溶栓并再次肝移植、1例行外科手术取栓治疗.有6例患者分别于术后9、30、34、40、48、62d死于多器官功能衰竭,3例长期存活.结论 门静脉病变、血流状态改变、高凝状态及手术操作不当是造成术后门静脉血栓形成的主要原因,对高危患者进行预防性治疗,对已形成的病变早期诊断,积极的综合性干预是提高预后的关键.     

肝移植门静脉血栓形成的预防和治疗

目的总结原位肝移植门静脉血栓形成（PVT）的预防和治疗经验，提高肝移植疗效和受者存活率。方法分析1995年5月至2005年9月实施的137例肝移植临床资料，肝移植术前存在门静脉血栓10例，其中Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级4例，Ⅲ级1例，肝移植术中均行门静脉血栓切除术，结扎术前存在的门腔分流和粗大的侧支循环。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT），应用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测门静脉血供。结果137例患者肝移植术后PVT发生率为2．92％（4／137）。1例PVT经外科门静脉取栓、重新吻合治愈，2例经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影置管溶栓、支架植人治愈，另1例仅表现肝功能轻度异常，未经特殊处理。与PVT相关的死亡率为0。其余患者随访2～66个月，未发生PVT。结论肝移植术中完整地切除门静脉存在的血栓、结扎门腔存在的分流以及术后有效的抗凝治疗可以减少PVT的发生；多普勒超声监测能早期发现PVT，挽救移植物的功能，避免再次移植。     

肝移植术中复杂的肝动脉重建

目的 探讨供肝肝动脉解剖变异的整形重建方式及对移植后肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）、胆道并发症及移植疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析1999年5月至2005年9月完成的330例原位肝移植临床资料。应用显微外科技术对变异肝动脉进行整形。供肝肝动脉整形、重建及供受者问动脉的吻合在2．5倍放大镜下以7-0、8-0 Prolene或Vascufil缝线完成。术后每日用多普勒超声检查肝动脉血流1周，其后定期监测。结果 67例供肝肝动脉存在解剖变异，占20．5%（67／327），实施血管重建性吻合79例次。存在动脉变异供肝附加血管整形重建组围手术期HAT发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组围手术期HAT发生率比较（1．5％7351．15％）；随访期内胆道并发症发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组发生率比较（9．0％vs7．7%），均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。两组受者比较，1、3年生存率无显著差异（91．3％vs90．7％，86．7％vs88．2％）（P〉0．05）。结论 应用存在肝动脉变异并血管整形的供肝，实施肝移植不增加HAT及胆道并发症发生率，并可取得与无变异肝动脉供肝相同的远期疗效。     

原位肝移植后门脉高压和脾功能亢进的恢复过程

采用全血细胞计数监测和彩色多普勒超声断层的方法对两例因肝硬化合并门脉高压脾功能亢进而行同种异体原位肝移植术的患者进行了临床观察。全血细胞计数监测显示；与术前相比，红细胞计数在术后一个月之内未见明显改善，一个月之后逐渐恢复近于正常。术后１３天白细胞计数和血小板计数恢复至正常范围。     

肝移植术中复杂的肝动脉重建

目的探讨供肝肝动脉解剖变异的整形重建方式及对移植后肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)、胆道并发症及移植疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析1999年5月至2005年9月完成的330例原位肝移植临床资料。应用显微外科技术对变异肝动脉进行整形。供肝肝动脉整形、重建及供受者间动脉的吻合在2.5倍放大镜下以7-0、8-0 Prolene或Vascufil缝线完成。术后每日用多普勒超声检查肝动脉血流1周,其后定期监测。结果67例供肝肝动脉存在解剖变异,占20.5%(67/327),实施血管重建性吻合79例次。存在动脉变异供肝附加血管整形重建组围手术期HAT发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组围手术期HAT发生率比较(1.5%vs1.15%);随访期内胆道并发症发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组发生率比较(9.0%vs7.7%),均无显著差异(P>0.05)。两组受者比较,1、3年生存率无显著差异(91.3%vs90.7%,86.7%vs88.2%)(P>0.05)。结论应用存在肝动脉变异并血管整形的供肝,实施肝移植不增加HAT及胆道并发症发生率,并可取得与无变异肝动脉供肝相同的远期疗效。     

Hemodynamic interaction between portal vein and hepatic artery flow in small-for-size split liver transplantation

In split-liver transplantation, the entire portal flow is redirected through relatively small-for-size grafts. It has been postulated that excessive portal blood flow leads to graft injury. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of this injury, we studied the hemodynamic interactions between portal vein- and hepatic artery flow in an experimental model in pigs. Six whole pig liver grafts were implanted in Group 1 ( n=6) and six whole liver grafts were split into right and left grafts and transplanted to Groups 2 ( n=6) and 3 ( n=6), respectively. The graft-to-recipient liver volume ratio was 1:1, 2:3 and 1:3 in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Portal vein- and hepatic artery flows were measured with an ultrasonic flow meter at 60,120 and 180 min after graft reperfusion. Portal vein pressure was also recorded at the same time intervals. Graft function was assessed at 3,6h and 12h, and morphological changes at 12h after reperfusion. Following reperfusion, portal vein flow showed an inverse relationship to graft size, while hepatic artery flow was reduced proportionately to graft size. The difference was significant among the three groups ( P<0.05). Portal vein pressure was significantly higher in group 3, compared to groups 1 and 2 ( P<0.05). Hepatic artery buffer response was significantly higher in Group 3, compared to Groups 1 and 2 in relation to pre-occlusion values ( P<0.05). Split-liver transplantation, when resulting in small-for-size grafts, is associated with portal hypertension, diminished arterial flow, and graft dysfunction. Arterial flow impairment appears to be related to increased portal vein flow.     

Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Comparison before and after orthotopic liver transplantation

Sixty-two patients were evaluated before and after liver transplantation on a battery of neuropsychologic tests measuring hepatic encephalopathy. Compared to controls, deficits were found on tasks measuring memory and visuospatial capacity prior to transplantation. Most of these deficits were ameliorated following the surgery. It is concluded that functional psychological capacity is restored to a large extent, but not completely, following orthotopic liver transplantation.