腕部复合组织损伤的急诊显微外科修复

目的 观察腕部肌腱、神经及血管复合组织损伤的急诊显微外科修复的临床疗效。方法 1997年～2001年对32例腕部复合组织损伤进行急诊显微外科手术修复，其中肌腱142条，周围神经29条，动脉血管24条，并回顾性分析手术疗效。结果 本组病例术后创面均一期愈合，28例获7—24月随访，肌腱功能恢复优良率达91．3％，神经功能恢复优良率达86．2％。结论 对腕部的复合组织损伤急诊采用显微手术修复，有利于神经的再生，减少肌腱粘连，能最大限度地恢复伤手功能。     

颈部及四肢血管损伤的急救与显微外科修复

通过对颈部及四肢主干血管损伤共５６例７８条血管的急救止血和应用显微外科技术对５４条血管的修复，同时一期修复上肢神经损伤２０条，肌腱损伤２４条。体会到对颈部和四肢主于血管损伤现场急救止血的重要性；在修复血管损伤时应遵循显微外科的技术操作原则，若血管损伤清创后缺损超过２ｃｍ，应取自体静脉移植修复；对桡动脉或尺动脉损伤，即使掌弓完好也应争取修复。     

周围血管损伤的急救与显微外科治疗

目的 报道周围血管损伤急救及用显微外科技术修复的临床效果。方法 收治周围血管损伤96例，共146条血管，其中行血管结扎术20例30条血管，应用显微外科技术修复76例116条血管。结果 96例患中68例肢体功能恢复良好，15例因神经功能恢复不全而残留肢体功能障碍，6例出现缺血性肌挛缩，6例截肢，1例死亡。结论 缺血是血管外伤的重要表现，早期诊断、及时血管探查修复是治疗四肢血管损伤的关键；采用显微外科技术修复损伤血管及肢体远端筋膜室切开减压有助于提高疗效。     

四肢血管损伤显微外科治疗体会

四肢血管损伤显微外科治疗体会欧书锦，王安业我院自１９８５年～１９９２年共收治四肢动脉、静脉损伤１４例，１６条血管，早期彻底清创后应用显微外科作血管吻合修复，获得较好效果。临床资料本组１４例，均为男性，年龄２０～３０岁１１例，３１岁以上３例。损伤血管：...     

四肢主干动脉损伤早期诊断与修复

目的 总结四肢主干动脉损伤应用显微外科技术修复的经验。方法 1997年8月～2006年8月，对200例（316条）四肢主干动脉损伤患者，采用显微镜下血管吻合、修补、自体静脉移植或人工血管移植，并同时对缺损皮肤和肌腱进行一期修复或二期功能重建。血管损伤类型：开放性损伤161例，闭合性损伤39例。完全断裂189条，不完全断裂127条。血管缺损2～8cm。结果 术中输血量800～4000ml。手术成功（一次修复）169例，血栓形成二次修复19例，术后死亡3例，截肢9例。126例获随访3个月～4年，120例肢体血液循环恢复正常，6例肢体存在不同程度功能障碍，可能与合并神经损伤有关。结论 对于四肢主干动脉损伤，采用显微外科技术修复，能获得良好效果，明显提高患肢存活率。     

四肢血管损伤的急救与修复

自１９８６年７月至１９９５年１２月，共收治四肢主要血管损伤６７例（８１条血管），除１例Ｇｕｏ动脉损伤截肢外，余均获成功。作者提出：四肢血管损伤的急救止血，倡导敷料压迫法；显微外科手术在临床的应用，血管重建术成功率明显增高，因而，对于单一的尺或桡动脉、胫前或胫后动脉损伤亦应力救修复，以防寒冷季节肢端出现供血不足等不良表现。     

动脉损伤的显微外科修复

目的：报道应用显微外科技术修复动脉损伤的临床疗效。方法：应用显微外科技术修复７１例动脉损伤（痉挛４例；栓塞２５例；断裂４２例）。采用肱骨缩短（１３例）和静脉移植（２１例）方法克服动脉缺损。结果：６２例损伤肢体存活并恢复功能；９例截肢。结论：严密观察损伤肢体缺血现象对动脉损伤的早期诊断至关重要；应用显微外科技术早期修复损伤动脉有助于降低截肢率；钳夹与结扎止血是动脉缺损原因之一     

上肢神经损伤的急诊显微外科修复

目的：报道１９８１～１９９５年，显微外科急诊择期修复上肢神经损伤１７２例２２２条神经的临床效果。方法：对其中７５例１０４条神经开放性损伤进行急诊清创及显微外科修复。结果：术后有５３例７２条神经得到３个月～８年的随访，按ＢＭＲＣ提出的综合评价肢体神经运动和感觉功能来评定疗效，优良率达８６．１％。结论：应用显微外科技术对上肢神经开放性损伤进行急诊一期修复是提高周围神经损伤修复优良率的有效方法。     

四肢动脉损伤的早期诊断及处理

通过对四肢主干动脉损伤共26例28条血管的急救止血和应用显微外科技术对血管的修复,采取静脉移植(12)例的方法克服动脉缺损,结果22例肢体成活,4例截肢。对这类损伤的早期诊断、及时修复损伤的血管,早期骨筋膜室切开减压,是提高成功率,降低截肢率的关键。     

四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 通过对四肢主要血管损伤158例的诊治分析，探讨四肢主要血管损伤的早期诊断，提高疗效，降低截肢率。方法 应用显微外科技术修复四肢主要血管损伤158例，其中直接血管吻合88例，自体静脉移植修复32例，单纯修复38例。术后按显微外科方法监测治疗。结果 治愈145例，截肢13例，死亡1例。结论 严密观察伤肢缺血现象和综合分析临床表现对血管损伤的早期诊断至关重要，应用显微外科技术早期修复损伤血管有助于降低截肢率；缺损大于3cm应作静脉移植；术后注意骨筋膜室综合征的发生并及早切开减压是提高治愈率和功能恢复的关键。     

四肢主要血管闭合或隐匿损伤的诊断与显微外科修复

目的探讨四肢主要血管闭合或隐匿损伤诊断与修复方法及其临床效果。方法对11例闭合创伤合并动脉损伤或微小伤口合并动脉损伤的患者行血管成像技术（CTA）检查,诊断明确后行手术探查及显微外科修复。结果11例患者经CTA检查均清晰显示血管损伤,行显微外科血管重建后肢体恢复血循环。结论对怀疑肢体有闭合或隐匿主要动脉损伤行CTA检查,有助于早期诊断,明确损伤部位;及时手术探查、采用显微外科修复损伤血管是保全肢体成活起关键。     

下肢血管开放性损伤的诊治(附25例报告)

目的 总结下肢血管开放性损伤的临床特点，以提高其诊断和治疗水平。方法 回顾性分析我院1999—2001年收治的25例下肢血管开放性损伤患者的临床表现、辅助检查以及手术处理等特点，讨论下肢血管开放性损伤的诊治。结果 25例患者经急诊手术修补或重建血管，其中动脉损伤18例，动、静脉联合伤7例；修复动脉缺损时5例使用大隐静脉，5例使用人造血管。24例痊愈(96％)，l例术后40天血管闭塞并失去随访。结论 下肢血管开放性损伤应尽早明确诊断并行手术修补或重建血管，以降低死亡率及致残率。     

Causes of limb loss in civilian arterial injuries

Progress in the management of complex vascular injuries of the extremities has not eliminated the necessity for amputation. An analysis of 100 consecutive patients treated at the Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center during 1974-1980 disclosed that five amputations followed 24 instances of blunt trauma, but only one minor amputation of toes was required in 76 patients after repair of arterial injuries associated with penetrating wounds. Extensive skeletal, muscular and skin loss at the sites of blunt trauma precluded salvage of two limbs. Physicians' failure to suspect arterial injury on admission in three patients with blunt trauma caused delay in the diagnosis and management of occlusive arterial injury that ultimately led to three amputations. In contrast, limited soft tissue damage accompanying penetrating wounds and high index of suspicion resulted in expeditious repair, accounting for the minimal risk of limb loss. Amputation may be obligatory in the presence of extensive skeletal and soft tissue destruction. However, limb loss due to delay in diagnosis is preventable. In every instance of blunt trauma to extremities, we advocate the same suspicion of vascular injuries as in penetrating trauma, with early liberal use of angiography whenever pulses are not absolutely normal, and prompt revascularization of ischemic limbs.     

Vascular injuries in everyday practice

BACKGROUND: It was the objective of this retrospective study to analyse the causes of injury, surgical approaches, outcome, and complications in patients with vascular trauma and to report our experience with vein homografts for arterial reconstruction in the upper and lower limbs and cervicothoracic region in patients operated on over a period between 1981-2001. PATIENTS: In 128 patients with peripheral arterial injuries the mechanism was direct penetration in 90 cases and blunt injury in 20 cases. In 4 cases a chronic damage (false aneurysm, AV fistula) was observed. Isolated vascular trauma was present in 97 patients (75.8%), 31 cases (24.2%) were aggravated by concomitant bone fractures, and nerve or soft tissue damage. Most frequently injured vessels were the superficial femoral (22.6%), crural (22.6%), and ulnar and radial (13.2%) arteries. 16 patients with penetrating cervicothoracic arterial injuries were registered during this period. 8 patients underwent emergency exploration and 8 patients angiography prior urgent exploration. RESULTS: Saphenous vein interposition grafting was applied with good results in 34 patients, polytetrafluoroethylene and Dacron grafts were used in eight cases, end to end anastomosis in 12 cases, venous bypasses in 5 cases, venous patches in 7 cases. 17 patients underwent arterial repair and 9 venous repair. Vein homografts as an arterial substitute were implanted in 8 patients. Five secondary amputations were performed and five patients died. The limb salvage rate was 95% and the primary patency rate of vein homografts was 75% (excluded primary amputations). The penetrating cervicothoracic injuries were all repaired with improvement in level of consciousness and neurological deficit when present. CONCLUSIONS: Most vascular injuries of the extremities can be managed successfully unless associated with severe concomitant damage of the bones, nerves and soft tissues. In the absence of suitable autologous vein grafts, homografts appear to be an interesting alternative for arterial repair. In penetrating cervicothoracic vascular injuries immediate operative repair offers the best chance of recovery.     

Vascular trauma of the lower limbs

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the results of treatment of vascular trauma of the lower extremities and those factors associated with limb loss. Design: a retrospective evaluation of a series with lower extremities vascular trauma. Setting: University Hospital. METHODS: Thirty-one patients accounting for 45 vascular lesions of the lower extremities (27 arterial and 18 venous injuries), over a 15 years period ending December 1998. Age, sex, modality of the trauma, site of the lesion and associated skeletal injuries, diagnostic procedures, ischemic time, arterial and venous repair performed were analyzed. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality was 7.4%. For arterial injuries, limb salvage was obtained in 22 patients (81.5%). Five amputations (18.5%), 1 primary and 4 secondary have been performed. Amputation rate was 26.7% for popliteal lesions versus 8.3% for other locations, 40% when a skeletal lesion was associated versus 5.9% for those without such injuries, 37.5% for reverse saphenous vein interpositions versus 5.6% for arterial repair without interposition. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the factors influencing limb loss in vascular trauma of the lower extremities are popliteal location, the association with skeletal injuries, the need of saphenous vein interposition for arterial repair.     

Lower extremity vascular trauma: a comprehensive, aggressive approach

During this study, 25 patients (26 limbs) incurred 37 vascular injuries to the lower extremity. The majority were young males injured by penetrating trauma (84%). There were 25 arterial and 12 venous injuries (two isolated). Sixteen patients had soft-tissue injuries, 12 had fractures, and six had peroneal nerve damage. Twenty-two arterial injuries were repaired, the majority (17) by saphenous vein bypass. Three tibial vessels were ligated. All major venous injuries were repaired. No synthetic material was used. Vascular repair took precedence in all but two cases. After repair, the vascular surgeon assisted with stabilization. Thirteen limbs required fasciotomy; nine required subsequent debridements and later plastic reconstruction. Limb salvage was 96%. More important, 21 patients can ambulate independently on the injured extremity (84%). These results support an aggressive approach to lower extremity vascular trauma with repair of all major arterial and venous injuries in conjunction with aggressive debridement and soft-tissue repair.     

腘血管损伤的处理体会

目的探讨血管损伤的诊断、手术方法及肢体缺血时间等因素对挽救肢体的影响。方法在显微镜下行血管修复，术后行小腿筋膜室切开减压术。结果２１例中，１８例肢体血运良好，动脉搏动可扪及，功能恢复好，２例出现小腿缺血性肌挛缩，１例截肢。结论早期诊断并应用显微外科技术及时精确修复血管损伤，是提高肢体成活率、减少并发症和降低截肢率的关键     

An experience with upper-extremity vascular trauma

In this 6-year study of 101 limbs requiring surgical intervention for upper-extremity vascular trauma, most patients were male, young, and injured by penetrating objects. Injured vessels included 13 axillary/subclavian, 23 brachial, 40 radial, and 25 ulnar arteries. Concomitant injuries included nerve injury in 50 cases, tendon laceration in 29, and bony fracture in 11. Arterial repair was accomplished by primary repair in 54 limbs, vein graft in 26 limbs, and vein patch in 3 limbs. Seventeen arterial injuries were ligated. Ancillary procedures included 30 nerve or 27 tendon repairs. The limb salvage rate was 99%. No functional deficits were noted in those cases with only a vascular injury. In 64% and 25% of patients with nerve or musculoskeletal injury, respectively, the arm was functionally impaired. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention eliminate vascular injury as a factor in upper-extremity limb loss or disability. Functional deficits are the result of nerve or orthopedic injuries.     

Management of small artery vascular trauma.

This 11-year retrospective study reviewed 99 arterial injuries distal to the brachial bifurcation or popliteal trifurcation in 89 extremities in 88 patients. Associated injuries occurred in 78 of 88 (89%) patients, including 10 fractures or dislocations, 66 nerve injuries, and 59 single or multiple tendon injuries. Fasciotomy was performed in 9 upper extremities and 11 lower extremities (23% of patients). The selection of operative treatment by arterial repair or ligation was by surgeon choice (52% repair and 48% ligation). Postoperative patency was found in 45 of 47 (96%) repaired arteries. In cases of isolated single arterial injuries (10), there were excellent results, and there was no difference in the results between repair and ligation. In cases of nonisolated single arterial injuries (69), there were 46% and 36% nonvascular complications in the repaired and ligated groups, respectively. In 10 patients with nonisolated multiple arterial injuries in the same extremity, the results of repair of one artery with ligation of the other artery versus repair of both arteries were identical, and there were no vascular complications. Operative exploration was the key to complete evaluation of vascular and neuro/musculoskeletal injuries. The data suggest that one functional artery distal to the elbow or knee is sufficient for limb viability and vascular function (follow-up range: 0 to 110 months; mean: 12 months). Nerve injury was the single most important factor of extremity injury in terms of the degree of functional loss.     

Noniatrogenic pediatric vascular trauma

Twenty-four noniatrogenic pediatric vascular injuries in 20 patients (75% male; mean age, 14 years) were treated during a 3-year period. Of 18 arterial and six venous injuries, 65% were penetrating and 35% were blunt injuries. Eighty percent of all patients had significant associated injuries that required repair. Angiography was performed in 13 of 20 patients, with four performed during surgery. Repair methods were ligation in two of six venous injuries and three of 18 arterial injuries, primary repair in three of six venous injuries and six of 18 arterial injuries, and autogenous saphenous vein graft in seven of 18 arterial injuries. Exploration and debridement, thrombectomy, and nonoperative management were used in one arterial injury each. Fasciotomy was employed in six of 13 arterial injuries in the extremities. There was one operative death, no reoperations, and no early or late amputations. Mean follow-up of 27 months demonstrated normal palpable and Doppler pulses (by noninvasive testing) distal to all arterial repairs. This study supports an aggressive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of noniatrogenic pediatric vascular trauma, emphasizing the liberal use of fasciotomy and meticulous vascular repair for the successful management of these challenging injuries.