颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的了解颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药状况，为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供参考。方法对2004-012006-03颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道分离的73株细菌用梅里埃BacT／ALERT全自动微生物鉴定仪鉴定，采用纸片琼脂扩散法，按2000年美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会药物敏感试验标准判断结果。结果73例颅脑损伤并发院内下呼吸道感染患者的痰液及经气管切开取得的痰液标本培养分离所得病原株，其中革兰（氏）阴性菌（G^-）占52．05％（38株），G^＋菌占47．95％（35株）；G^-菌中以克雷伯菌属、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠杆菌属、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌为主，5种细菌占G^-菌总数的84．2％；其中克雷伯菌属第1位。其在G菌中占31．58％；克雷伯菌属与大肠埃希菌的超广谱B内酰胺酶（extended spectrum β lactamases，ESBLs）的检出率分别为41．67％、50．00％；亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属、单胞菌、不动杆菌属等具高度敏感性。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率达100％。G^＋菌中以葡萄球菌属与肠球菌属为主，共占G^＋菌的91，43％；金黄色葡萄球菌居首位，其在G^＋菌中占42．86％；耐苯唑西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MR—SA）占G^＋菌的93．33％。对万古霉素敏感性为100％。结论颅脑损伤并发下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌常为多重耐药菌和条件致病菌，亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦对G^-致病菌具良好敏感性。万古霉素对G^＋致病菌具高度敏感性。     

神经外科重症监护室病原菌临床分析

目的：研究神经外科重症监护病房（NSICU）中常见的致病菌及其对抗生素的敏感性，以指导临床用药。方法：采用Vitek-Ams System及微量稀释法对临床标本进行培养，检测菌株对常用抗生素的敏感性。结果：常见感染部位是呼吸道、手术创面、中枢神经系统。常见病原菌分别是：铜绿色假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产气肠杆菌、嗜麦芽假单胞菌和表皮葡萄球菌。敏感性较高的抗生素有：亚胺培南、万古霉素和头孢他啶。结论：合理使用抗生素是控制医源性感染的关键。     

神经外科重症监护病房感染患者病原菌分析

目的了解神经外科重症监护病房感染患者致病菌流行病学特征,为预防和治疗神经外科感染提供依据。方法选择神经外科重症监护病房合并感染患者85例,采集痰、脑脊液、血、静脉插管及插管周围皮肤和手术切口分泌物,按常规方法进行细菌培养、鉴定。药敏试验采用微量稀释法,以 VITEK32药物敏感分析卡获得最低抑菌浓度,以标准菌大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、金黄色葡萄球菌 ATCC29213和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853菌株进行质量控制。结果判断参照美国国立临床实验室标准委员会标准。结果 85例患者共收集致病菌256株,其中革兰阳性菌80株(31．25％);革兰阴性菌176株 (68．75％),非发酵菌93株(52．84％),肠杆菌科83株(47．16％)。药敏试验结果显示,主要的革兰阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼醋酸钙不动杆菌对碳氢酶烯类抗生素敏感;革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感率为100％。结论神经外科重症监护病房的主要致病菌以革兰阴性细菌为主,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼醋酸钙不动杆菌常见;而革兰阳性致病菌则以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主。选择抗生素应首选能覆盖主要致病菌的广谱抗生素。     

重症脑血管病患者院内获得性肺炎临床观察

目的探讨重症脑血管病患者院内获得性肺炎（NP）的病原菌分布及抗生素应用。方法选取我院36例重症脑血管病患者,分别于入院第3d、4d、5d、9d及16d取呼吸道分泌物进行培养及药敏试验,对NP的病原学资料进行分析。结果36例重症脑血管病患者呼吸道分泌物共培养出病原菌9种、139株,出现频率位居前4位的菌株依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌。药敏试验结果表明革兰阴性（G^-）菌对亚胺培南最敏感,而革兰阳性（G^＋）菌普遍对万古霉素敏感。结论重症脑血管病患者NP的主要病原菌是金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌,金黄色葡萄球菌普遍对万古霉素敏感,故可作为治疗首选药物,而铜绿假单胞菌对丁胺卡那及环丙氟哌酸较敏感,亚胺培南次之,对头胞菌素类则耐药率较高,故前两类药物可作为铜绿假单胞菌感染的经验性用药。     

急性脑卒中并发院内获得性肺炎192例临床分析

目的 探讨急性脑卒中患者并发院内获得性肺炎的致病菌构成及防治措施.方法 回顾性分析我院192例急性脑卒中并发院内获得性肺炎患者的临床资料.结果 192例患者呼吸道分泌物培养出13种、116株致病菌,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌居前4位.其中革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南敏感,革兰阳性菌则对万古霉素敏感.结论 急性脑卒中并发院内获得性肺炎的主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌和制绿假单胞菌.对患者加强医疗护理措施.加强医院感染的管理,提高急性脑卒中并发肺炎的预见性.积极控制肺炎有利于降低其死亡率.     

神经外科重症监护室获得性感染15株假单胞菌培养及药敏研究

目的 研究神经外科重症监护室（ICU）获得性感染假单胞菌属杆菌的培养及其药敏情况。方法 回顾性分析2002年1月～2006年2月神经外科ICU512例患者的呼吸道分泌物、尿、血、脑脊液标本的细菌培养、药敏资料，从中分析检获的15株假单胞杆菌细菌培养及药敏资料。结果 在15株革兰氏阴性菌（G）假单胞杆菌中，铜绿假单胞杆菌7株、产碱假单胞杆菌6株、嗜麦芽假单胞杆菌2株。对19种常用抗生素药敏试验结果为铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、氨曲南敏感率分别为85．71％、71．43％；产碱假单胞杆菌对亚胺培南和氨曲南的敏感率均为66．67％：两者对三代头孢和喹诺酮类有较高耐药性。嗜麦芽假单胞杆菌对亚胺培南及氨曲南敏感率均为100％。对其余17种抗生素均耐药。结论 神经外科患者感染假单胞杆菌是临床面临的一个严重问题，合理使用预防性抗菌药物、及时进行细菌培养和药敏试验、避免交差感染等措施可有效降低假单胞杆菌感染的发生率。提高治愈率。     

重症脑血管病患者院内获得性肺炎的病原菌分布及对抗生素敏感性的研究

目的研究重症脑血管病患者院内获得性肺炎(NP)的病原菌分布及对抗生素的敏感性。方法选取我院神经重症监护病房(NICU)42例重症脑血管病患者,分别于入院第3d、4d、5d、9d及16d取呼吸道分泌物进行培养及药敏试验,对NP的病原学资料进行分析。结果42例重症脑血管病患者呼吸道分泌物共培养出病原菌15种、163株,出现频率位居前4位的菌株依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌。药敏试验结果表明革兰阴性(G-)菌对亚胺培南最敏感,而革兰阳性(G )菌普遍对万古霉素敏感。结论重症脑血管病患者NP的主要病原菌是金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌普遍对万古霉素敏感,故可作为治疗首选药物;而铜绿假单胞菌对丁胺卡那及环丙氟哌酸较敏感,亚胺培南次之,对头孢菌素类则耐药率较高,故前两类药物可作为铜绿假单胞菌感染的经验性用药。     

原发性帕金森病87例临床分析及文献复习

目的探讨帕金森病发病年龄对临床表现和预后的影响。方法选取2005年2月-2008年4月在南昌大学第一附属医院神经内科门珍和住院就诊的原发性PD患者共87例，分为早发组（≤50岁）20例和晚发组（〉50岁）67例。比较早发患者和晚发患者的性别构成、发病年龄、家族史、首发症状、非运动症状、辅助检查、药物治疗情况。结果早发组的明确阳性家族史比例显著高于晚发组，合并自主神经和感觉障碍的非运动症状的比例显著低于晚发组。2组在性别构成、首发症状、辅助检查、药物治疗情况的比较上无显著性差异。结论帕金森病的发病年龄和患者的临床表现异质性关系密切，遗传因素可能在早发帕金森病中起更重要的作用。     

神经外科重症监护病房细菌流行及耐药性的20年监测

目的探讨神经外科重症监护病房(NSICU)医院获得性细菌感染的病原菌及其耐药情况的流行病学特点,指导临床诊疗。方法收集1995年1月~2014年11月北京天坛医院NSICU所有细菌分离株及药敏结果,统计分析其流行病学特点及耐药性变迁。比较2014年1~11月病房总体分离细菌与颅内感染分离细菌的分布及耐药性。结果 NSICU病房分离细菌5409株,其中痰标本91.57%、脑脊液3.85%、其他4.58%;革兰氏阴性菌3987株,革兰氏阳性菌1422株;排前5位的分别是铜绿假单胞菌1340株、不动杆菌属1330株、金黄色葡萄球菌1122株、克雷伯菌属588株、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌209株。其中2007年1月~2014年11月颅内感染分离菌株革兰阴性菌66株,格兰阳性菌60株。革兰氏阴性菌感染中常见的不动杆菌属及铜绿假单胞菌大部分对常见的抗菌药包括碳青霉烯类抗生素广泛耐药,但颅内感染分离菌株对头孢唑肟及磺胺类敏感;革兰氏阳性菌感染中多见的葡萄球菌属对万古霉素依旧保持较高的敏感率。结论 NSICU的院内获得性感染中以肺部感染为主,致病菌主要为革兰氏阴性菌,广泛耐药的不动杆菌属及铜绿假单胞菌明显增多。而NSICU内的颅内感染的致病菌革兰阴性菌与阳性菌比例差别不大,且其耐药率与病房分离总体一致,但不动杆菌属对头孢唑肟及磺胺类敏感。     

神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学和耐药性监测研究

目的调查神经外科患者脑脊液细菌流行病学特征,对其耐药性进行监测,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。方法收集我院神经外科2001-01—2014-01送检的1 823份脑脊液标本的细菌鉴定及药敏试验结果,进行统计性和描述性研究。结果从1 823份脑脊液标本中分离致病菌株316株,分离率17.33%,革兰阳性菌204株(65%),革兰阴性菌105株(33%),最常见的病原菌有凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。革兰阳性菌敏感性较高的药物为万古霉素和利奈唑胺,革兰阴性菌敏感性较高的药物为亚胺培南和美罗培南。结论神经外科患者脑脊液感染以革兰阳性球菌为主,尤以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多见。这些院内感染菌株对常用抗菌药物耐药性较社区感染严重,临床用药应根据药敏试验结果进行选择,避免不合理用药延误患者病情,加剧细菌的耐药性。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.