Evaluation of aspirin hypersensitivity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Conclusion The recurrence rates of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were higher in the aspirin nasal provocation test (ANPT)-positive group, regardless of the presence of nasal polyps. Thus, a careful endoscopic examination is required during follow-up in ANPT-positive patients with CRS. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and prognosis after surgical treatment in patients with CRS and aspirin hypersensitivity. Methods In a prospective study, 100 patients were analyzed with CRS who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery at the hospital from October 2012 to March 2013. This study measured changes in nasal volume and symptoms before and after the ANPT and examined patient’s asthma history, allergy, Lund–Mackay score (LMS), total immunoglobulin E, percentage of peripheral eosinophils, and objectively measured relapse at 6 months. Results Patients wwith CRS and nasal polyps (CRSwNP) were more likely to have a positive ANPT test result compared to those without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (21.4% vs 5.5%). The ANPT-positive group had a higher LMS and required more revision endoscopic sinus surgery than those in the ANPT-negative group. The results were that similar results were observed in CRSwNP and CRSsNP.     

嗜酸性粒细胞与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉的相关性研究进展

慢性鼻窦炎（chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS）是鼻腔黏膜和鼻窦黏膜的慢性炎性疾病,根据有无鼻息肉可分为慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉（chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps,CRSwNP）和慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps,CRSsNP）。鼻息肉组织常见有嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophils,EOS) 浸润增多,根据嗜酸性粒细胞的浸润程度可将CRSwNP分为两个亚型：嗜酸粒细胞型慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, ECRSwNP)和非嗜酸粒细胞型慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉 (nonesinophilc chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps,nonECRSwNP);将慢性鼻窦炎分为：嗜酸粒细胞型慢性鼻窦炎（eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis, ECRS)和非嗜酸粒细胞型慢性鼻窦炎(non eosinophilic,NECRS)。嗜酸性粒细胞在鼻息肉形成、发展机制中的作用多年来一直备受学者们关注。随着研究的不断深入,嗜酸性粒细胞在鼻窦炎鼻息肉炎症趋化、息肉形成、分型和预后中的作用得到越来越多的重视。     

Effect of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With or Without Nasal Polyp on Quality of Life in South Korea: 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Korean

ObjectivesThis is the first study of its kind to investigate the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps (NP) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general adult Korean population. We sought to evaluate the association after adjustment for confounding factors. We also evaluated HRQoL according to presence of NP in CRS patients.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study we used nationally representative samples from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012). A total of 17,490 participants were included in the study, of which 613 were diagnosed with CRS. Univariate analysis was conducted on healthy versus CRS groups, segregated by gender with weighted prevalence of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and comorbid diseases. Subanalysis was carried out to evaluate the relationship between CRS with or without NP and HRQoL using EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) and visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). The odds ratios for EQ-5D were estimated by multiple logistic regression analyses with confounder adjustment.ResultsWeighted prevalence of CRS of adult male was found to be 3.7% and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) 0.5%, while female CRS was 3.3% and CRSwNP 0.3%. There was no significant difference between the groups (P#x0003d;0.332). The scores for female, EQ-5D index (P for trend<0.001) and EQ-VAS (P for trend=0.002) showed decreasing trend from healthy participants to CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and from CRSsNp to CRSwNP. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and comorbid diseases, EQ-5D scores; EQ-5D index (P<0.001) and EQ-VAS (P<0.001) exhibited poorer HRQoL compared to healthy participants, exclusively within the female group.ConclusionThese data suggest that female patients with CRS are at higher risk of poor HRQoL. In addition, HRQoL of female CRSwNP was lower compared to those of CRSsNP and healthy participants.     

慢性鼻窦炎伴或不伴鼻息肉患者血清嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白水平的比较

目的 比较慢性鼻窦炎伴有鼻息肉（CRSwNP）和不伴鼻息肉（CRSsNP）患者中血清嗜酸粒细胞阳离子蛋白（ECP）水平的差异。方法 采用ImmunoCAP100E系统,检测99例CRSwNP患者和59例CRSsNP患者的血清ECP水平,并与健康对照组84例比较。结果 三组间血清ECP水平的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中CRSwNP组明显高于健康对照组（P＜0.01）,尤其是中-重度患者与健康对照组比较血清ECP水平显著升高（P＜0.01）。但CRSwNP组与CRSsNP组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组轻度与中-重度患者之间分别进行比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 嗜酸粒细胞性炎症反应在慢性鼻窦炎伴或不伴鼻息肉的发病中可能均发挥了作用,但疾病的严重程度与炎性指标ECP的血清浓度之间未见明显相关性,有待进一步探讨。     

金黄色葡萄球菌超抗原与慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉发生相关性的研究

目的:探讨金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)超抗原在鼻息肉发生中的作用。方法:对42例双侧鼻息肉患者(鼻息肉组)、27例单纯慢性鼻窦炎患者(鼻窦炎组)和12例无鼻窦疾病史的鼻外伤患者(对照组)的鼻腔分泌物进行细菌培养;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测各组患者的鼻黏膜或息肉组织中的金葡菌超抗原;在组织学上,对苏木精-伊红染色切片进行嗜酸粒细胞计数。结果:鼻腔分泌物中金葡菌阳性率鼻息肉组为7.1%,鼻窦炎组为3.7%,对照组为0,各组间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。ELISA结果显示:鼻息肉组金葡菌超抗原阳性率为54.76%,鼻窦炎组和对照组阳性率均为0。嗜酸粒细胞计数平均值:鼻息肉组23.94±13.88,鼻窦炎组0.29±0.51,对照组0.08±0.28,3组间均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。鼻息肉组中ELISA结果阳性者嗜酸粒细胞水平比阴性者高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:金葡菌超抗原与鼻息肉的发生存在相关性,有可能在鼻息肉的致病机制中起重要作用。     

The expression of cancerous inhibitor protein phosphatase 2A in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Conclusion: The study suggests that cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) expression and eosinophilia associate with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps with aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (CRSwNP?+?AERD). Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to evaluate further the role of CIP2A and related pathways in CRSwNP?+?AERD.

Objectives: Low prostaglandin E2 levels putatively associate with CRSwNP?+?AERD and decreased c-Myc levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and revision-predictive role of oncoprotein CIP2A, another c-Myc modulator, in CRSwNP with/without AERD, and in antrochoanal polyps.

Method: Ninety retrospective archival objective glasses of nasal polyp tissue from CRSwNP or ACP patients were used for assessing mucosal eosinophilia. Of this population, 90 archival nasal polyp specimens were available for immunohistochemical staining with a polyclonal anti-CIP2A antibody, together with 19 control nasal mucosa specimens. CIP2A staining intensity and tissue eosinophilia were assessed by two blinded observers with a light microscope. Subject characteristics from 90 patients and 19 controls were obtained from patient records and additionally by a questionnaire from controls. The follow-up data was available from patient records of 84 patients and 16 controls.

Results: The expression of epithelial CIP2A was detected both in control inferior turbinate mucosa and nasal polyps. The expression was significantly lower in the CRSwNP?+?AERD group compared to controls and CRSwNP without AERD (p?p?p?>?0.05), whereas previous surgery, allergic rhinitis, and use of corticosteroids did predict the need for revision surgery (p?相似文献   

缺氧诱导因子1α与黏蛋白5在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎组织中的表达与意义

目的：探讨缺氧诱导因子1α（hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α）与黏蛋白5AC（MUC5AC）、黏蛋白5B （MUC5B）mRNA在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（CRS）中的表达水平及其相关性。方法选82例CRS伴鼻息肉（CRS with nasal polyps,CRSwNP）组、88例CRS不伴鼻息肉（CRS without nasal polyps,CRSsNP）组以及15例正常上颌窦口黏膜作为对照组。收集3组鼻窦黏膜,采用免疫组织化学法和逆转录定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测HIF-1α与MUC5AC、MUC5B的表达并分析相关性。结果①免疫组化结果：光镜下, CRSsNP或CRSwNP组中黏膜上皮MUC5AC的染色更多,主要位于胞浆内,呈浅黄色或棕黄色颗粒;MUC5B主要在黏膜下腺腺体的黏液细胞中表达;HIF-1α主要定位在黏膜上皮细胞核,在胞浆内也有表达,呈浅黄色或棕黄色颗粒,较对照组明显增多。②qRT-PCR结果：CRSwNP组中HIF-1α、MUC5AC、MUC5B mRNA的相对表达量分别为1.565±0.145、0.980±0.215、1.432±0.263;CRSsNP组中相对表达量分别为1.612±0.253、0.901±0.279、1.509±0.289;对照组中相对表达量分别为0.381±0.162、0.357±0.164、0.400±0.218;CRSsNP组、CRSwNP组与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。CRSsNP组、CRSwNP组中HIF-1α与MUC5AC、MUC5B mRNA的表达均呈正相关（CRSwNP组：r=0.501、0.676,CRSsNP组：r=0.527、0.601,P均<0.05）。结论 HIF-1α与MUC5AC、MUC5B mRNA在CRS中表达水平明显升高,且HIF-1α与MUC5AC、MUC5B mRNA表达存在密切联系。     

糖皮质激素受体α和β在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉中的表达

目的 探讨糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptor,GR)α和β在鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉发生发展中的表达情况.方法 采用免疫组化SP法和计算机图像分析系统,观察17例复发性鼻息肉和术后随访无鼻息肉复发的18例Ⅱ型、12例Ⅰ型慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者鼻息肉或鼻窦黏膜组织中GRα和GR β的表达情况.结果 GRα阳性细胞数(-x±s)在复发组(20.2±6.9)、鼻息肉组(20.7±7.2)、鼻窦炎组(16.9±7.2)和对照组(16.1±5.3)中差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).GR β在复发组(34.2±7.4)和鼻息肉组(31.5±5.9)中高表达,与鼻窦炎组(19.8±7.8)和对照组(10.1±6.7)比较差异有统计学意义(P值均＜O.05);复发组GR β阳性细胞数较鼻息肉组有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.558).GR β/GR α比值(-x±s)复发组(1.80±0.47)和鼻息肉组(1.65±0.49)与对照组(0.77±0.66)间差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),与鼻窦炎组(1.23±0.27)差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 GR β在鼻息肉组织中高表达,可能是促进鼻息肉发生发展的一个重要因素.     

Metallothionein-3 is a clinical biomarker for tissue zinc levels in nasal mucosa

ObjectiveRecently, depleted tissue zinc levels were found in nasal mucosa from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in correlation with tissue eosinophilia, however, no clinical biomarkers for tissue zinc levels have been identified. Metallothionein-3 (MT3) is an intracellular zinc chelator and previous data showed MT3 mRNA levels to be reduced in CRS patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). In this study, we examined the correlation between MT3 expression and zinc levels in nasal mucosa and primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) to investigate whether MT3 could be a clinical biomarker for tissue zinc levels.MethodTissue was harvested from 36 patients and mounted on tissue micro-array (TMA) slides. MT3 expression and tissue zinc fluorescence intensity were measured at different areas within the mucosa (surface epithelium and lamina propria) and compared between controls, CRSwNP and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) patients. MT3 mRNA and protein expression were examined in zinc-depleted HNECs by qPCR and immunofluorescence microscopy.ResultsMT3 expression in CRSwNP was significantly decreased in both surface epithelium (p<0.001 to controls) and lamina propria (p = 0.0491 to controls). There was a significant positive correlation between tissue zinc levels and MT3 expression in nasal mucosa (r = 0.45, p = 0.007). In zinc-deplete HNECs, MT3 expression was significantly decreased at mRNA (p = 0.02) and protein level (p<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between tissue zinc levels and MT3 expression within individual HNECs (r = 0.59, p<0.001).ConclusionsMT3 expression reflects intramucosal zinc levels in both nasal mucosa and HNECs indicating MT3 could be used as a clinical biomarker for monitoring intracellular zinc levels in the nasal mucosa.     

Impact of endoscopic sinus surgery on otologic symptoms associated with chronic rhinosinusitis

ObjectiveTo evaluate improvements in otologic symptoms after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and identify differences in symptoms, if any, between CRS patients with (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP) nasal polyposis.Material and methodsThis is a prospective multi-center observational cohort study. Adults with medically recalcitrant CRS who elected ESS were enrolled in a prospective, multi-center, observational cohort study between March, 2011 and October, 2014. Preoperative evaluation of subjects included assessment of clinical characteristics, measures of disease severity, and quality of life evaluation using the 22-item SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22). Postoperative improvement in otologic symptoms (ear fullness, dizziness, ear pain) scores were evaluated and compared between CRSwNP and CRSsNP subgroups.ResultsThree hundred and ninety-five study patients completed both preoperative and postoperative evaluations, with an average follow-up of 13.9 months after ESS. The prevalence of patients reporting at least one otologic symptom preoperatively (87%) significantly decreased after ESS (63%, P < 0.001). Significant postoperative improvement across all otologic scores was also reported (P < 0.001). Relative mean improvement in otologic symptom severity was similar for both CRSwNP and CRSsNP, except patients with CRSwNP reported significantly greater postoperative improvement in ear fullness compared to CRSsNP (54% vs. 41%, P = 0.039). A total of 61%, 44%, and 43% of patients reported experiencing improvement in “ear fullness”, “dizziness” and “ear pain”, respectively.ConclusionSinus surgery significantly improves otologic symptoms associated with CRS. CRSwNP patients reported slightly greater relief of ear fullness than CRSsNP patients following ESS.     

Mucosal expression of aquaporin 5 and epithelial barrier proteins in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to characterize the association between altered epithelial barrier function, represented by changes in histology and differential expression of the mucosal water membrane permeability protein aquaporin 5 (AQP5), and the pathophysiology of chronic refractory sinusitis (CRS) in patients with and without nasal polyposis.

Study design

Prospective clinical study.

Setting

Tertiary rhinology referral center.

Participants

Sinonasal samples were obtained from seven CRS subjects with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), seven CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP), and five control healthy patients.

Methods

Mucosal membrane changes were evaluated through hematoxylin and eosin staining of the membrane barrier and immunohistochemical staining of AQP5 expression, a membrane channel protein that affects trans-epithelial water permeability and tissue edema. AQP5 expression was confirmed by real-time PCR (rt-PCR) and western blot. Levels of other membrane proteins, including E-cadherin and Septin-2, were also assessed.

Results

CRSwNP patients showed substantial histologic evidence of membrane remodeling with increased edema and glandular hyperplasia. The epithelial expression of AQP5 was significantly lower in CRSwNP as compared to CRSsNP or control. There was no significant difference in the expression of E-cadherin and Septin-2.

Conclusions

Collectively, these data suggest that the mucosal epithelial barrier is compromised in the context of CRS (predominantly in CRSwNP) when compared to control and that AQP5 acts as a key tight junction protein in the maintenance of mucosal water homeostasis. We hypothesize that AQP5 plays a possible role in the pathophysiology of mucosal edema and polyp formation.     

The role of ADAM-like decysin 1 in non-eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is classified into two subtypes: eosinophilic (ECRSwNP) and non-eosinophilic (NECRSwNP). Although the inflammatory patterns of ECRSwNP have been elucidated, NECRSwNP is poorly understood.

Aims/objectives: The metalloproteinase ADAM-like decysin 1 (ADAMDEC1) has been reported to play a role in the early stages of the inflammatory response. We investigated the role of ADAMDEC1 in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.

Material and methods: We compared ADAMDEC1 expression in nasal polyp tissue from CRS patients using immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. Macrophages were cultured and ADAMDEC1 expression was determined at baseline and after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Results: ADAMDEC1 was virtually undetectable in tissues from control patients but was highly expressed in the NECRSwNP group compared with the ECRSwNP group. In nasal polyp tissues, ADAMDEC1 was expressed by CD68-positive cells, with a positive correlation between ADAMDEC1-positive and CD68-positive cells, and also between ADAMDEC1 and CD68 mRNA levels. Furthermore, stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages with LPS induced ADAMDEC1 expression.

Conclusions and significance: This study demonstrates that ADAMDEC1 is involved in the pathogenesis of NECRSwNP, and also bacterial endotoxin signalling in macrophages; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus aureus</Emphasis> from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis show minimal genetic association between polyp and non-polyp phenotypes

Background

Staphylococcus aureus has a high prevalence in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients and is suggested to play a more etiopathogenic role in CRS patients with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), a severe form of the CRS spectrum with poorer surgical outcomes. We performed a microbial genome-wide association study (mGWAS) to investigate whether S. aureus isolates from CRS patients have particular genetic markers associated with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) or CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP).

Methods

Whole genome sequencing was performed on S. aureus isolates collected from 28 CRSsNP and 30 CRSwNP patients. A mGWAS approach was employed using large-scale comparative genomics to identify genetic variation within our dataset.

Results

Considerable genetic variation was observed, with >?90,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) sites identified. There was little correlation with CRS subtype based on SNPs and Insertion/Delection (Indels). One indel was found to significantly correlate with CRSwNP and occurred in the promoter region of a bacitracin transport system ATP-binding protein. Additionally, two variants of the highly variable superantigen-like (SSL) proteins were found to significantly correlate with each CRS phenotype. No significant association with other virulence or antibiotic resistance genes were observed, consistent with previous studies.

Conclusion

To our knowledge this study is the first to use mGWAS to investigate the contribution of microbial genetic variation to CRS presentations. Utilising the most comprehensive genome-wide analysis methods available, our results suggest that CRS phenotype may be influenced by genetic factors other than specific virulence mechanisms within the S. aureus genome.

     

Causes of higher symptomatic airway load in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis display a variety of different phenotypes. The symptoms of disease are characterised by various signs and symptoms such as nasal congestion, nasal discharge, pressure sensation in the face and reduced or complete loss of smell.In a patient population undergoing functional endoscopic sinonasal surgery (FESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis, we wanted to investigate the clinical features and explore if the presence of biofilm, nasal polyps or other disease characteristic could serve as predictor for the symptomatic load. A patient group undergoing septoplasty without disease of the sinuses was included as control.

Methods

The Sinonasal outcome test (SNOT-20), EPOS visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Lund-Mackey CT score (LM CT score) were used to examine 23 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), 30 patient with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and 22 patients with septal deviation. Tissue samples were collected prospectively during surgery. The cohort has previously been examined for the presence of biofilm.

Results

Patients with CRSsNP and CRSwNP had significantly higher degree of symptoms compared to the septoplasty group (SNOT-20 scores of 39.8, 43.6 and 29.9, respectively, p?=?0.034). There were no significant differences in the total SNOT-20 or VAS symptoms scores between the CRSsNP and CRSwNP subgroups. However patients with nasal polyps showed significantly higher scores of symptoms related to sinonasal discomfort such as cough, runny nose and need to blow nose (p?=?0.011, p?=?0.046, p?=?0.001 respectively). Patients with nasal polyps showed a significantly higher LM CT score compared to patients without polyps (12.06 versus 8.00, p?=?0.001). The presence of biofilm did not impact the degree of symptoms.

Conclusion

The presence of nasal polyp formations in CRS patients was associated with a higher symptomatic airway load as compared to patients without polyps. These findings suggest that nasal polyps could be an indicator of more substantial sinonasal disease. The presence of biofilm did not impact the degree of symptoms, however, as biofilm seem to be a common feature of chronic rhinosinusitis (89% in this cohort), it is more likely to be involved in the development of the CRS, rather than being a surrogate marker for increased symptomatic load.

     

鼻呼出一氧化氮对慢性鼻窦炎诊断的临床应用价值

目的 探讨鼻呼出一氧化氮(nNO)在慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)临床诊断中的应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析135例CRS患者及40例非CRS患者的临床资料,包括患者nNO水平的差异,nNO水平与年龄、BMI、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数及百分比、CT Lund-Mackay评分及E/M比值的相关性,通过Logistic回归及ROC曲线分析nNO在CRS中的诊断应用价值。 结果 CRS组、CRSsNP组及CRSwNP组的nNO水平显著低于非CRS组(P<0.001),CRSwNP组的nNO水平显著低于CRSsNP组(P<0.001);eCRSwNP组及non-eCRSwNP组患者的nNO水平显著低于非CRS组患者(P<0.001),eCRSwNP组的nNO水平显著低于non-eCRSwNP组患者(P<0.05)。CRS组和CRSwNP组nNO水平均与E/M比值及Lund-Mackay评分呈显著负相关性(r=-0.423, P<0.001;r=-0.650, P<0.001;r=-0.434, P<0.001;r=-0.608, P<0.001)。Logistic回归分析发现nNO水平与CRS分型显著相关(P<0.01)。nNO对鉴别非CRS与CRS、CRSsNP及CRSwNP具有中度预测价值(AUC=0.849,P<0.001;AUC=0.771,P<0.001;AUC=0.894,P<0.001),对鉴别CRSsNP与CRSwNP具有中度预测价值(AUC=0.776,P<0.01)。对鉴别非CRS与non-eCRSwNP具有中度预测价值(AUC=0.861,P<0.001),eCRSwNP具有高度预测价值(AUC=0.910,P<0.001)。 结论 nNO水平对CRS、CRSsNP和CRSwNP、eCRSwNP和non-eCRSwNP的初步诊断以及鼻息肉病变范围的预测具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Bacterial biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis; distribution and prevalence

Conclusion: Biofilms were more prevalent in patients with CRSwNP compared to both CRSsNP and controls, and also on the ethmoid bulla compared to the middle turbinate, supporting a biofilm-related pathogenesis of CRSwNP.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of biofilms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) compared to patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and controls. To examine the prevalence of biofilms in different anatomical localizations.

Study design: Cross-sectional.

Methods: This study comprised 27 patients with CRSsNP, 34 patients with CRSwNP, and 25 controls. Biopsies from the middle turbinate, the uncinate process, and the ethmoid bulla were harvested pre-operatively, snap frozen in isopentane, cooled, and stored at??80°C. Prepared with Invitrogens’ Baclight LiveDead kit and investigated with confocal scanning laser microscopy.

Results: Biofilms were studied in 33/34 (97%) CRSwNP, 22/27 (82%) CRSsNP, and 14/25 (56%) controls. The difference in point prevalence between patients with CRSwNP vs CRSsNP (p?=?0.042, χ²?=?4.12), CRSwNP vs Controls (p?χ²?=?15.0), and CRSsNP vs controls (p?=?0.047, χ²?=?3.96) were all significant. Biofilms were found in 43/54 (80%) ethmoid bulla, 39/55 (71%) uncinate process, and 31/50 (62%) middle turbinate. The difference between the ethmoid bulla and the middle turbinate locations (p?=?0.047, χ²?=?3.93) was significant.     

淋巴细胞在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨B淋巴细胞（CD20）和T淋巴细胞亚群（CD4、CD8）在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎（CRs）中的表达及在炎症反应中的作用。方法：采用免疫组织化学技术检测B淋巴细胞（CD20）和辅助性T细胞（CD4）、细胞毒性T细胞（CD8）在实验组[分为15例CRS不伴鼻息肉（CRSsNP）组、12例CRS伴鼻息肉（CRSwNP）组、7例复发性CRSwNP组]和对照组（13例下鼻甲黏膜对照）中的表达。采用Mann-WhitneyU检验分析实验组和对照组B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞亚群的表达情况,实验组组间淋巴细胞浸润比较用单因素方差分析One—WayANOVA。结果：与对照组相比,实验组有明届的13淋巴细胞（CD20）和T淋巴细胞亚群（CD4、CD8）浸润（P〈0．05）：T淋巴细胞、亚群（CD4、CD8）在CRSwNP组和复发性CRSwNP组病变中的表达明显高于CRSsNP组（P〈0．05）;CD4在复发性CRSwNP组中的表达明显高于CRSwNP和CRSsNP组（P〈0．01）。结论：实验组鼻腔黏膜中B淋巴细胞、辅助性T细胞和细胞毒性T细胞高表达,均参与炎症的形成,其炎症匣应与T淋巴细胞浸润密切相关。     

Efficacy of lianhuaqingwen granules in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps

ObjectivesChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complicated disease with clinical symptoms that are impacted by the absence or presence of nasal polyps (CRSsNP or CRSwNP). Understanding of the different treatments of CRS is very significant in selecting appropriate therapies and preventing exacerbation relevant to this chronic inflammation. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Chinese traditional medicine lianhuaqingwen granules on CRSsNP.Materials and methodsCRSsNP patients were enrolled and randomized into placebo or lianhuaqingwen (LHQW) granules treatment group (placebo or LHQW group). Their clinical symptoms were scored using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22. Nitric oxide (NO) from nasal cavity and sinus and nasal resistance were also examined. Then, nasal biopsy samples and nasal lavage fluid (NLF) were obtained from these patients, and histologic characteristics of nasal mucosa and T cell subpopulations patterns in the NLF were evaluated. Finally, inflammatory mediators in the NLF were assessed in both groups.ResultsOne hundred and forty patients with CRSsNP finished this one-month study. VAS and SNOT-22 scores and nasal resistance were all decreased distinctly after the treatment of LHQW, but not after placebo. However, the nasal NO concentration was increased in LHQW administration group in comparison with placebo group. There were significant differences in above parameters between these two treatments. Histologic changes in nasal mucosa were improved only in LHQW group. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were all downregulated in the LHQW treatment group, but not in placebo group. Inflammatory mediators from the NLF were decreased in LHQW treatment group compared to placebo group. Furthermore, there were significant changes between these two groups in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell subpopulations and concentrations of inflammatory substances.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that LHQW granules treatment may control the inflammation in nasal mucosa and result in the improvement of CRSsNP. This Chinese medicine might become a promising therapy in the management of this disease.