经泪前隐窝入路至翼腭窝和颞下窝的内镜解剖学研究

目的探讨经泪前隐窝入路至翼腭窝、颞下窝的方法及相关解剖结构,为临床手术提供解剖学数据。方法采用8具成人头颅标本,通过神经内镜下模拟经泪前隐窝入路至翼腭窝、颞下窝进行逐层解剖,并测量和采集相关数据或图片,对神经内镜解剖过程中的不确定结构和数据,通过显微镜下模拟耳前颞下-颞下窝开放入路证实。结果8具尸头标本(16侧)的膜性鼻泪管位于上颌窦内壁的骨性鼻泪管内,开口于下鼻道,其长度为(14.3±3.6)mm,直径为(5.3±1.8)mm。眶下神经和眶下动脉在眶下裂处形成神经血管束,走行于上颌窦顶壁的眶下管内;颊神经自下颌神经分出后从翼外肌上、下头之间穿出,在颞肌与翼外肌之间向前走行并支配颊肌。结论经泪前隐窝入路至翼腭窝、颞下窝的关键为膜性鼻泪管的显露和保护;进行神经内镜手术时,眶下神经血管束可作为识别翼腭窝内结构的标志,颊神经可作为识别颞下窝内各肌肉的标志。     

翼腭窝显微解剖及临床意义

目的研究翼腭窝的显微解剖,为颅底外科手术治疗翼腭窝区病变提供解剖学依据。方法用10例颅骨干标本对翼腭窝区的结构及孔道交通等进行观察,对10例(20侧)成人头颅湿标本的翼腭窝进行显微解剖。结果翼腭窝呈一狭长的漏斗型间隙,经八个自然管道与鼻腔、口腔、咽、眶、颞下窝、颅中窝相交通。其主要内容物包括上颌动脉翼腭段及其分支、上颌神经和蝶腭神经节等。结论翼腭窝解剖结构复杂,血管神经丰富,毗邻结构重要,熟知此区的显微解剖,对手术治疗翼腭窝区病变具有重要意义。     

额颞-颞下窝入路翼腭窝的显微解剖学研究

目的为经外侧入路处理翼腭窝及中颅底病变提供解剖学依据.方法观察15例干性头颅标本的翼腭窝骨性标志,并对12具成人湿颅标本行额颞-颞下窝入路显微解剖,观察翼腭窝内的血管、神经结构及其毗邻关系.结果上颌动脉翼肌段位于神经成分前方,其末端外径平均为(2.46±0.58)mm,眶下裂孔至圆孔和翼管外口间平均距离分别为(13.34±3.03)mm、(17.33±4.05)mm;翼管长(14.65±1.76)mm,走行与垂体窝外侧颈动脉沟平行,翼管中点距颈动脉沟(12.72±1.38)mm.结论行经外侧翼腭窝入路时,以眶下裂孔作为辨认翼腭窝深部结构的解剖标志,有利于提高手术的安全性.     

翼腭窝的显微和断层解剖研究及应用

目的 研究翼腭窝区解剖特点,为经上颌颅底手术入路提供解剖资料.方法 在10个甲醛固定成人头颅标本上,显微镜下观察翼腭窝内神经血管的解剖毗邻关系.利用冷冻铣切技术,获得横断、冠状及矢状位0.1 mm层面,在断面上连续追踪、观察翼腭窝的解剖结构.结果 翼腭窝内有上颌神经、翼管神经、蝶腭神经节及上颌动脉等重要结构,其内容物分为血管层和神经层.翼腭窝的解剖标志有圆孔、蝶腭孔及翼突,圆孔至翼管前口的距离为(0.872±0.242) cm,翼管至蝶腭孔的距离为(0.946±0.262) cm.圆孔位于眶上裂的外下方,圆孔至眶上裂距离为(0.846±0.264) cm.结论 冷冻铣切技术获得的断面清晰地显示了翼腭窝的解剖关系;显微和断层解剖方法相结合,阐明了翼腭窝区神经与血管分层的解剖特点,圆孔、蝶腭孔、翼突及翼管外孔可作为该区域的定位解剖标志.     

颞浅动脉引导的筋膜间隙翼点入路面神经分支保护研究

目的 通过尸头显微解剖探讨经筋膜间隙翼点入路手术过程中面神经分支的保护方法.方法 于手术显微镜下解剖15例尸头共30侧面神经颞支和颞浅动脉分支,观察颞浅动脉、颧弓与面神经颞支之间的相互关系,以及面神经分支在颞肌筋膜间隙的走行方式;验证以颞浅动脉额颢支为解剖标志经筋膜间隙翼点入路手术的安全性,以及保护面神经颞支及其分支的可行性与注意事项.选择50例患者以颞浅动脉额颞支为解剖标志,经筋膜间隙翼点入路施行神经外科手术,观察手术后患者面神经颞支的损伤情况.结果 30侧面神经颞支及其分支均位于颢浅动脉额颞支与颧弓上缘之间的颞肌筋膜间隙脂肪层内(即第1层和第2层脂肪垫内).面神经颢支分支数为(4.00±1.80)支,面神经额支上缘距颢浅动脉额颢支下缘(4.70±2.60)mm;所有面神经颢支主干均与颞浅动脉主干相伴行,8侧位于颞浅动脉分支前方5 mm之内,22侧位于颢浅动脉分支前方5～10 am;颞浅动脉额颠支29侧为单发,余1侧为双干.50例患者以颞浅动脉额颢支为解剖标志经筋膜间隙翼点入路施行手术,手术中均可显露颞浅动脉及其额颢支,无一例发生面神经分支损伤.结论 以颞浅动脉及其分支作为翼点入路手术中的解剖标志,可及时地切开筋膜间隙,保护面神经颞支及其分支,达到提高手术效率、减少并发症之目的;并可保护颞浅动脉及其分支,减少手术创伤和保护局部血液循环.     

翼管区显微镜及内镜解剖研究进展

翼管位于蝶骨大翼根部内侧,向前开口与翼腭窝后内侧壁,圆孔内下方,周围蝶腭孔、翼腭窝及圆孔等解剖结构复杂。蝶腭孔是内镜下从鼻腔进入翼腭窝的首个骨性标志;翼腭窝内有上颌动脉、翼腭神经节及其分支等重要结构;圆孔是上颌神经及圆孔动脉出入颅内外的管道。翼管内有翼管神经及翼管动脉穿行。翼管神经止于翼腭神经节,发出分支支配泪腺及鼻咽部腺体的分泌。翼管动脉由上颌动脉发出,向后穿过翼管进入破裂孔与颈内动脉相交通。颈内动脉前膝状节"恒定"位于翼管上内侧,故翼管可作为手术中寻找颈内动脉前膝状节的有效标志。     

神镜内镜下基底动脉分叉部手术入路的解剖学研究

目的 探讨神经内镜下经眶上入路、翼点入路到达基底动脉分叉部的可行性及优缺点,提供神经内镜下的解剖学基础.方法 选用福尔马林固定汉族成人尸体头颅标本9例,未分男女,在神经内镜下模拟眶上入路、翼点入路经各正常解剖间隙到达基底动脉分叉部区域,观察神经内镜下各手术通道的解剖结构及相互关系,并测量手术入路相关重要解剖结构数据.结果 发现模拟眶上入路手术,选择经第2间隙可观察到基底动脉分叉部,但小穿支血管影响手术操作;选择经第3间隙需磨除后床突.模拟翼点入路手术中,经第2间隙观察到的解剖结构与经眶上入路所见相同,而从第3间隙进行观察及操作受后床突的影响小.结论 神经内镜下基底动脉分叉部手术经翼点入路较眶上入路受后床突的影响较小,有利于手术操作,第2间隙可作为观察间隙,而第3间隙可作为手术操作间隙.     

海绵窦-眶尖区的显微外科解剖研究

目的提供海绵窦-眶尖区手术的显微解剖学基础。方法观测20例（40侧）成人干性头颅标本眶尖区骨性结构。在显微镜下对15例（30侧）成人尸头标本暴露眶尖区及海绵窦，观察并测量其内容及毗邻关系。结果①30侧（75％）标本可见中床突，8侧（20％）标本前、中床突尖端在海绵窦上壁前部形成颈动脉床突孔？②总腱环附着于视神经管上、内和下壁，以及眶上裂外缘中点骨突．包绕视神经孔颅口和穿行眶上裂的结构．并将眶上裂分隔为三部分。③眼上静脉于上直肌和外直肌起点间经总腱环外面穿眶上裂外侧区注入海绵窦前下间隙．且与总腱环粘连紧密．磨除前床突，横行切开上、下硬膜环，则可显露床突间隙、海绵窦前下间隙、颈动脉穴和颈内动脉床突段，结论海绵窦-眶尖区内容物相对集中、关系复杂，熟知此区骨硬膜结构及血管神经关系有利于安全有效的处理此区的病变．     

内镜经鼻颅底手术中骨性解剖标志的临床意义

目的探讨内镜经鼻颅底手术中骨性解剖标志的临床意义。方法测量100例干性颅底骨性标本的相关解剖数据;并分析2000年9月～2007年3月进行的172例内镜经鼻颅底手术录像,评价中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶窦腔内骨性隆起、蝶骨翼突等作为骨性解剖标志的临床意义。结果骨性解剖数据:两侧翼突内侧板、枕髁前缘和破裂孔间距分别为26.47mm、16.92mm和19.98mm;视神经管与破裂孔、卵圆孔和下颌关节窝内缘距离约26mm、30mm和44mm。在172例内镜经鼻颅底手术中,与手术入路相关的并发症包括颈内动脉损伤1例,视神经损伤1例,其他并发症包括脑脊液鼻漏14例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,脑膜炎致死1例;中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶窦腔内骨性隆起及蝶骨翼突是内镜经鼻前颅底、鞍区、斜坡、海绵窦、颞下窝和翼腭窝手术中指导手术的重要解剖标志。结论颅底骨性解剖标志对于内镜经鼻颅底手术有指导作用,正确认识这些解剖标志有助于提高手术安全性。     

多排螺旋CT对肾后筋膜内侧附着的解剖学评估

背景：在解剖学上，腹膜后间隙区域的筋膜解剖及其界限一直存有争议。正确理解腹膜后间隙的解剖，有助于准确评估病变的病因、性质，预测其蔓延的范围，以及指导该区域积液引流及肾移植等外科治疗。目前关于肾筋膜的解剖和内侧附着尚存争议，而多排螺旋CT可良好显示腹部的解剖结构。 目的：采用多排螺旋CT观察肾后筋膜内侧附着点的解剖情况。 设计、时间及地点：回顾性病例分析，于2003-06/2007-11在潍坊医学院附属医院影像中心完成。 对象：回顾性分析累及腹膜后间隙炎性病变病例52例的CT资料。 方法：应用Toshiba Akuilion16排螺旋CT进行扫描。52例病例中37例经手术/病理证实，15例经临床和实验室检查证实；其中阑尾炎17例，输尿管炎症1例，肾周间隙脓肿2例，肾旁后间隙脓肿3例，胰腺炎29例。 主要观察指标：观察双侧肾后筋膜的内侧附着点的解剖。 结果：在肾上极水平，双侧肾后筋膜内侧均附着于腰方肌筋膜。46例显示左侧肾后筋膜内侧在肾下极水平或锥下间隙水平附着于腰大肌筋膜外后方；50例显示右侧肾后筋膜内侧在肾下极水平或锥下间隙水平附着于腰大肌筋膜外后方。 结论：肾后筋膜的内侧附着点并不是固定不变的，在不同层面，肾后筋膜的附着点不同。     

颞下窝的冠状断层解剖学研究

目的 研究颞下窝的局部解剖特点,为临床医生提供立体、形象的解剖学资料.方法 应用冷冻铣切技术,完成一成人头颅断层标本的制作,通过计算机对头颅冠状薄层连续切片进行信号标定、提取和三维重建,获得颞下窝内有关结构的三维图像.结果 共获得396张颞下窝区的0.1 mm厚冠状断层,选取6个典型断层,描述了颞下窝的解剖特点.颞下窝的三维图像形态逼真,可以任意旋转、缩放、任意拆分和合并.结论 冠状断层解剖和三维重建相结合形象显示颞下窝的立体解剖关系,翼外肌和翼内肌是该区域的标志性解剖结构;三维重建图像可增加临床医生对颞下窝解剖关系的理解,可以作为手术入路选择的依据和模拟手术过程的工具.

Abstract：

Objective The study aims to provide three-dimensional anatomical data to physicians through studying the regional anatomy of infratemporal fossa.Methods Coronal sections of one cadaveric head were prepared with freezing milling technique.After labeling,extraction and reconstruction of the serial thin sections of the specimen,the three dimensional images of the infratemporal fossa and related structures were obtained.Methods Three hundred and ninety-six coronal sections with the thickness of 0.1 mm were obtained.Six typical sections were selected to depict the anatomical features of infratemporal fossa.The three-dimensional images of infratemporal fossa were vivid and could be rotated,zoomed out,divided and merged at will.Conclusion The combination of coronal sections and three-dimensional reconstruction could display the anatomical relationship of infratemporal fossa structures.Pterygoid muscles are landmarks of the region.Three -dimensional reconstructed images could help physicians in the understanding of anatomical relationship of infratemporal fossa structures and be the basis of surgical approach decision and useful tool in simulating the surgical procedures.     

Dostęp podskroniowy rozszerzony do dołu podskroniowego i jego otoczenia – analiza techniki operacyjnej na podstawie symulacji na zwłokach

The aim of the study was to present consecutive stages of the extended subtemporal approach (ESA).Seven simulations of ESA were performed on non-fixed human cadavers without any known pathologies in the head and neck. The consecutive stages of the procedure were documented with photographs and schemes.The starting point for ESA is osteotomy of the zygomatic arch and craniectomy including the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Dislocation or removal of subtemporal fossa contents allows one to penetrate its inside and related structures. Additional widening of inspection allows osteotomy of the condyloid process of the mandible.ESA is a reproducible technique which provides surgical penetration of the subtemporal fossa and related structures. This approach is particularly useful in the surgical treatment of tumours expanding in the orbit, maxillary sinus, pterygopalatine fossa, nasopharynx, sphenoid sinus, cavernous sinus, parapharyngeal space, retromandibular fossa and surroundings of the petrosal part of the internal carotid artery.     

颌内动脉翼腭段和翼腭窝的显微解剖研究

目的 为前方颅下病变处理提供颌内动脉翼腭段和翼腭窝的显微解剖参数。方法 对20具成人带颈头颅标本,仿Janecka的标准面部移位入路(左侧)行两侧颌内动脉翼腭段和翼腭窝显微解剖观察和测量。结果 颌内动脉翼腭段位于神经成分前方,变异常见,前颞深动脉可作为确定颌内动脉翼腭段的一个可靠标志。确认翼腭窝内的翼管神经和上颌神经,有助于周围重要神经血管结构的保护。结论 熟知颌内动脉翼腭段和翼腭窝的显微解剖,有助于前方颅下病变的处理。     

颈静脉孔区显微解剖

目的研究颈静脉孔区显微解剖。方法对30个头颅标本,60侧颈静脉孔进行显微解剖和观察,并记录数据和留取图像资料。结果颈静脉孔可划分为三部分:前内侧的岩下窦和舌咽神经,中间的迷走神经和副神经,后外侧的乙状窦。岩下窦以三种形式回流颈静脉球:穿舌咽神经和迷走神经之间,穿迷走神经和副神经下方,形成短静脉与颈内静脉伴行,三种形式可同时存在,也可单独出现。椎动脉可位于舌下神经的腹侧,穿舌下神经之间或位于舌下神经背侧。小脑后下动脉可勾绕副神经根丝,穿副神经根丝或副神经.迷走神经之间,穿迷走神经根丝或勾绕舌咽神经的上方。结论颈静脉孔结构复杂,详尽的解剖研究可提高本区域手术成功率。     

Combined endoscopic endonasal & transoral approach to transpatial lesion involving the infratemporal fossa and masticator space: A case study and literature review

Transpatial skull base lesions involving the infratemporal fossa (ITF) are challenging due to the complex neurovascular structures of the region. Open approaches have traditionally been utilized to access these spaces. We present a 55-year-old woman presented with a mesenchymal mass involving the left ITF and masticator space. A combined endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approach was performed followed by an endoscopic transoral-transmandibular corridor to access and resect the tumor. The post-operative course was unremarkable with no recurrence during her follow-up. Combined endoscopic approaches for transpatial tumor resection offered sufficient exposure to access safely each space.     

Approach to the jugular foramen and related structures - an analysis of the surgical technique based on cadaver simulation

This study presents consecutive stages of the approach to the jugular foramen and related structures. Eleven simulations of the approach were performed on non-fixed human cadavers without any known pathologies in the head and neck. The consecutive stages of the procedure were documented with photographs and schematic diagrams. The starting point for the discussed approach is removal of the mastoid and petrosal parts of the temporal bone, as well as the jugular process and the jugular tuberculum. It allows penetration of the jugular foramen from the back. Widening of the approach enables penetration of the jugular foramen from above and the front. Approach to the jugular foramen is a reproducible technique, which provides surgical penetration of this foramen and related structures. This approach is particularly useful in the surgical treatment of tumours expanding in the petrous pyramid, surroundings of the petrosal part of the internal carotid artery, cerebellopontine angle, subtemporal fossa and nervous-vascular bundle of the neck.     

远外侧经髁入路到颈静脉孔区的国人显微解剖

目的:探讨远外侧经髁入路到颈静脉孔区的显微解剖结构,为颈静脉孔区手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法:对10例经福尔马林固定的成人湿性头颅标本和10例成人头颅骨标本进行解剖学观察,通过模拟该手术入路对颈静脉孔区的重要解剖标志进行描述和测量。结果:颈静脉孔内口距内耳门为4.54±0.88mm;颈静脉孔内口距舌下神经管内口为9.06±1.24mm;舌下神经管内口到枕骨髁后缘的距离是10.08±0.76mm;舌下神经管内口到颈静脉结节的距离是7.22±1.44mm;该手术入路的关键是枕髁的正确磨除和椎动脉的安全显露,并且在手术过程中要注意小脑前下动脉的变异。结论:通过远外侧经髁入路可以较好地从后方暴露颈静脉孔区及其毗邻结构,避免了颞骨岩部的磨除,面神经的移位,减少了神经损伤等不利因素。     

Anatomic rationale for a transmaxillary access to the cavernous sinus

W. Couldwell et al. were the first to propose a transmaxillary access to the cavernous sinus in 1997. The authors showed that this approach was low-invasive and cosmetic and it ensured visualization of different nervous formations of the cavernous sinus and the intracavernous segment of the internal carotid artery. This study was undertaken to study microsurgical anatomy, to simulate a transmaxillary access, to demonstrate its expediency, and to assess the use of endoscopic techniques when this access was applied. The study was conducted in 3 steps: 1) a craniometric study on 33 skulls and 25 craniograms to examine the craniological and geometric parameters of the anatomy of the osseous structures included into the transmaxillary access; 2) simulation of the access on the osseous structures of the skull (2 sides); by including anterior and posterior maxillotomy and bone drilling-out around the round foramen; 3) microsurgical preparation--dissection was performed on 3 head samples (5 sides) at the Laboratory of Microneurosurgical Anatomy, Acad. N. N. Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Endoscopy was tested when the transmaxillary access was applied. The results were as follows: 1. The depth of the access failed to correlate with the shape of the skull. The operative observation angle averaged 18-23 degrees. 2. Simulation of the transmaxillary access on the dried skull made it possible to visualize the medial portion of the infratemporal fossa, by enlarging the pterygpid-maxillary fissure. The bone drilling-out boundaries for the skull base were defined. 3. Microsurgical dissection after removal of the posterior maxillary sinus wall and opening the pterygopalatine fossa. The topography of the maxillary artery and nerve was studied. After drilling out the bone of the skull base, the lower wall of the cavernous sinus was crescent. The cavernous sinus was opened as far as possible both above the maxillary nerve and between the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve. Conclusions: 1. The access is deep and narrow, yet low-traumatic. 2. It may be the access of choice in removing a small pathological focus in the pterygopalatine fossa, round foramen or lower portions of the cavernous fossa. 3. The access may be used to approach the medial portion of the infratemporal fossa. 4. The described stepwise microsurgical anatomy and internal guiding lines in the retromaxilllary space permit one to perform surgical operations with confidence. 5. With this access, there is no guidance over the great vessel (internal carotid artery). 6. The access passes through the vestibule of the mouth; in this connection its application is undesirable at surgery for intradural abnormalities.