快速伸缩复合训练对改善大学生健康体适能的研究

探讨快速伸缩复合训练对大学生健康体适能的影响,为促进大学生健康提供合适的锻炼方法.方法选取常州工学院136名男生为研究对象,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组进行2次/周,30 min/次的快速伸缩复合训练,为期15周;对照组仅进行常规的体育课教学.实验前后测试学生的体质健康指标.结果 经过15周干预后,对照组体重、肺活量、50 m跑、立定跳远、1000m跑5项指标实验前后无明显变化,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);引体向上、坐位体前屈成绩略有提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).实验组体重明显下降,肺活量、50 m跑、1000m跑、立定跳远和引体向上均有明显的提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);坐位体前屈无明显提高,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 15周快速伸缩复合训练是提高大学生身体素质和健康水平的重要手段,可作为体育课的教学内容.     

功能性体能训练对大学男生体质健康水平的影响

探讨功能性体能训练对大学生体质健康的影响,为切实提高大学生体质健康水平提供锻炼方案.方法 将常州工学院土木建筑工程学院2016级全部90名男大学生为研究对象,随机均分为对照组和实验组,在2次/周的90 min体育课上,实验组接受45 min的功能性体能训练,共进行6周;实验前后,对照组和实验组进行肺活量、坐位体前屈、立定跳远、50 m跑、引体向上、1000m测试.结果 经过6周的训练,对照组学生体重、体质量指数(BMI)、50 m跑、立定跳远、肺活量和引体向上6项指标与实验前相比,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);实验组体重、BMI 2项指标明显下降,肺活量、50 m跑、立定跳远、1000m跑和引体向上5项指标均有明显的提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01),坐位体前屈差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).实验后,实验组各项测试指标除坐位体前屈外均大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 6周功能性体能训练可以提高大学生体质健康水平,是常规体育课的重要补充手段.     

西藏高校藏汉族学生体质健康现况比较

了解西藏高校藏、汉族学生体质健康现状,为西藏高校学生体质健康干预及体育教学改革提供依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样法,从西藏7所高校体质测试数据库中随机抽取2018年5 819名学生的体质健康测试数据作为研究资料.结果 藏族男生身高、体重均值均低于汉族,体重正常率、低体重率高于汉族,超重率、肥胖率、立定跳远低于汉族,坐位体前屈、引体向上高于汉族,差异均有统计学意义(x2/t值分别为-3.38,-7.07,20.90,10.04,21.82,12.87,-3.05,3.95,8.47,P值均<0.05);藏族女生身高、低体重率均低于汉族,50 m跑、立定跳远、坐位体前屈、耐力跑均差于汉族,差异均有统计学意义(x2/t值分别为-5.16,7.59,9.32,-13.81,-3.14,7.66,P值均<0.05).结论 西藏高校藏、汉男学生超重、肥胖状况不容忽视.应根据藏、汉大学生身体特征的差异,加强学生体质健康促进的干预力度,引导学生养成健康的生活方式.     

宁夏地区2000-2014年大学生下肢力量与柔韧性变化趋势

分析宁夏地区大学生2000-2014年来下肢力量与柔韧性的变化趋势,为指导大学生提高下肢力量与柔韧性提供参考.方法 从2000-2014年全国学生体质健康调研数据中选取宁夏地区19 ~ 22岁年龄段的大学生体质健康数据,采用均值±标准差及指标达标情况进行描述,分析下肢力量与柔韧性指标的发展趋势.结果 2000-2014年,宁夏地区大学生男、女生下肢力量变化趋势均呈先降后升再降(P值均<0.05).男、女生柔韧性变化趋势均先升后降(P值均<0.05).男生坐位体前屈和2010年立定跳远均值均表现为农村高于城市,女生2000年坐位体前屈农村高于城市,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.96,-4.51,P值均<0.05).2014年不同年龄段女生立定跳远均值差异有统计学意义,其余各年份男、女生立定跳远及坐位体前屈的年龄差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 2000-2014年宁夏地区大学生男、女生下肢力量与柔韧性水平均有下降趋势,需及时采取有效干预措施.     

课外锻炼对大学生体质健康的影响

了解使用校园跑APP进行课外锻炼的方式对增强大学生体质健康和课外锻炼习惯养成的影响,为提高学生体质健康水平和培养运动习惯提供参考.方法 通过实验法和问卷调查法,用整群抽样法,选择上海财经大学浙江学院2016级1 327名学生,使用跑步APP利用7周课余时间完成56 km的课外锻炼行为,进行跑后与跑前对比研究.结果 56km课外跑步对男生的1000m跑指标影响有统计学意义(P<0.05),平均用时减少3.69 s.女生在50m跑、坐位体前屈、立定跳远、仰卧起坐的测试值分别提高了0.12 s,1.83 cm,2.12 cm和2.28个,与跑前比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).男生体质测试总评得分跑后与跑前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);女生体测总评成绩与跑前比较显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 使用校园跑APP进行课外锻炼方式对于增强学生在校期间体质健康有积极促进作用.     

拉祜族中学生2014与2019年体质状况比较

了解拉祜族中学生体质发展现状,为制定拉祜族中学生体质健康干预措施提供依据.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样法,于2019年9月对云南省普洱市澜沧拉祜族自治县3所中学的拉祜族学生进行体质测试,比较分析2019年与2014年拉祜族中学生体质调研的数据.结果 与2014年相比,2019年拉祜族男生BMI除13岁外,其余年龄段差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).拉祜族女生BMI与2014年相比,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).与2014年相比,拉祜族男生肺活量/体重指数13,15岁分别增长3.74及3.99 mL/kg,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.36,2.05,P值均<0.05).拉祜族女生肺活量/体重指数14~15岁分别增长3.18,3.64 mI/kg,16岁下降2.50 mL/kg,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).拉祜族男生50 m跑(除15岁外),坐位体前屈13~18岁与2014年相比,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);1 000 m跑14岁快了20.52 s,17~18岁慢了21.04,19.10 s,引体向上13岁增长1.32个,17~ 18岁下降0.96,1.32个,立定跳远13~16,18岁分别增长18.90,16.36,36.27,13.32,8.55 cm,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).与2014年相比,2019年拉祜族女生50 m跑13~18岁差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);坐位体前屈14~ 15岁分别增长2.38,2.96cm,800 m跑13~15岁分别快了15.15,14.48,15.65 s,16~17岁分别慢了18.16,10.74 s,仰卧起坐13 ~ 15,17~18岁分别增长5.58,6.97,5.34,2.04,2.64个,立定跳远13~18岁分别增长14.75,17.10,14.76,8.22,10.47,8.36 cm,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 拉祜族中学生身体形态发育水平总体呈缓慢增长趋势,身体功能发育水平呈稳中向好趋势,身体素质水平总体呈良好发展态势,但表现出发展不平衡的特征.应针对拉祜族中学生体质发展中存在的问题,采取有效干预措施,提升拉祜族中学生的体质健康水平.     

某学院不同心理健康水平维吾尔族大学生体质状况比较

了解喀什师范学院维吾尔族大学生心理健康水平与体质状况的关系,为师范类大学生心理及体质健康教育提供理论依据.方法 对随机整群抽取的1 005名喀什师范学院维吾尔族大学生进行《国家学生体质健康标准》及SCL-90测试,对心理状态正常和障碍学生进行体质健康状况比较.结果 新疆喀什师范学院维吾尔族大学生心理障碍人数比例为13.43%(135/1 005),女生比例(16.41%)高于男生(10.34%).男生与女生肺活量、坐位体前屈和耐力跑成绩正常组与障碍组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);女生立定跳远成绩正常组与障碍组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 心理健康状况会不同程度影响到维吾尔族大学生身体功能和素质方面的各项成绩,对体质健康造成一定的影响.     

安徽省高职高专与公安职业学院学生体质健康状况比较

了解安徽省高职高专院校和公安学院学生的体质健康状况,为公安院校选材和推进高职高专学生素质教育提供参考.方法 对2017级安徽公安职业学院1 098名全体学生与随机抽选的10所高职高专学校10 231名学生的《国家学生体质健康标准》测试数据进行比较,分析身体形态、生理功能和运动素质等方面的差异.结果 公安学院男、女生身高比普通高专男、女生分别高2.97,2.80 cm,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);公安学院男生身体质量指数(BMI)比普通高专男生低2.96 kg/m2,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);男、女生肺活量体质量指数差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);公安学院男、女生50 m跑成绩比普通高专男、女生分别快0.21,0.39 8,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);公安学院男生立定跳远成绩比普通高专男生多11.46 cm,公安学院女生比普通高专女生少8.43 cm,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);公安学院男生引体向上比普通高专男生多2.41个,女生1min仰卧起坐比普通高专女生多5.11个,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);公安学院男、女生1 000/800 m成绩比普通高专男女生分别快28.86,33.09 s,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 公安学院与高职高专学生相比体质健康指标明显占优,但两者整体水平均偏低.应进行体育教学改革,强化学生体能训练,进一步提高学生整体体质健康水平.     

内地藏族大学生体质动态研究

了解内地藏族大学生4a生活中的体质状况及变化规律,为制定有针对性的措施及预防体质下降提供依据.方法 用中体同方CSTF-5000型测试仪,对931名内地藏族本科生4a共4次身高、体重、肺活量、立定跳远、坐位体前屈、握力、台阶试验等7项跟踪测试,并用SPSS 19.0软件包进行统计、分析.结果 内地藏族大学生体质测试平均得分50%以上处于及格水平,不及格和良好各占20%左右.男生大一与大二、大四;大二与大三、大四;大三与大四得分差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);女生4a间得分差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).与全国汉族大学生相比,男生在身高、立定跳远、坐位体前屈、握力方面差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);女生在身高、肺活量、立定跳远方面差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).与高原藏族大学生相比,男生在体重方面,女生在体重、肺活量、立定跳远、握力等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).结论 加强对藏族大学生的管理和教育,促其调整生活习惯和膳食结构,培养体育锻炼的兴趣和习惯,形成终身体育意识.     

体育舞蹈对女大学生体质健康的影响

探讨体育舞蹈练习对于女大学生体质的影响,为促进大学生体质发展提供参考.方法 对黑河某高校女生进行整群抽样调查,共筛选有效研究对象81人,按自愿原则分为对照组(n=43)与体育舞蹈组(n=38),其中体育舞蹈组进行14周练习.测试包括心肺指标(安静脉率、收缩压、舒张压、肺活量)、体脂指标(腰围、体质量指数)和身体素质(100 m跑、1 min仰卧起坐、立定跳远、8×50 m折返跑、4× 10 m、坐位体前屈、闭眼单脚跳站立)指标.结果 实验后,实验组、对照组之间安静脉率、肺活量、腰围、体质量指数、1 min仰卧起坐、8×50 m折返跑、4×10 m折返跑、坐位体前屈、闭眼单脚站立等测试成绩的差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.124,2.276,-2.473,3.145,2.117,-2.132,-2.133,3.124,2.956,P值均<0.05).与实验前相比,实验后体育舞蹈组安静脉率明显下降,肺活量明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.124,2.276,P值均<0.05);腰围、体质量指数均明显减小,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.473,3.145,P值均<0.05);1 min仰卧起坐、8×50 m折返跑、4×10 m折返跑、坐位体前屈、闭眼单脚站立等测试成绩均明显提高,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.117,-2.132,-2.133,3.124,2.956,P值均<0.05).结论 体育舞蹈练习可降低女大学生安静脉率,增加肺活量,降低体脂,提高灵敏、协调、平衡、柔韧、力量等素质.     

Improving health-enhancing physical activity in girls' physical education

This study examined the effectiveness of an intervention to increase levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) during girls' physical education lessons. Two Year 7 classes (age 11-12 years) were randomly appointed to control and experimental groups. Both followed the same six-lesson unit of gymnastics with identical lesson objectives. The experimental class teacher included the additional objective of increasing MVPA during each lesson. MVPA was assessed in all six lessons using heart rate (HR) monitoring and systematic observation. After each lesson, students' intrinsic motivation and perceived competence were assessed, and the teachers evaluated whether they had met planned objectives. The experimental group engaged in more MVPA [F(1, 21) = 8.49, P = 0.008 (HR), t8 = -2.35, P = 0.048 (observation)] than the control group and also had most opportunities for skill practice (t8 = -2.81, P = 0.023). Intrinsic motivation and perceived competence levels were similar between the groups for each lesson, and teachers reported that lesson objectives were satisfactorily achieved. This intervention succeeded in increasing MVPA without compromising intrinsic motivation, perceived competence or planned lesson objectives.     

Increased occupational physical activity does not improve physical fitness

Methods: The subjects (494 men) were tested by means of Baecke's questionnaire for evaluation of the Work Index, measuring occupational physical load. The EUROFIT battery of tests was used for testing the functional and motor abilities of the subjects.

Results: Subjects with a higher Work Index (n = 274) performed worse than the subjects with a lower Work Index (n = 220), indicating that high physical load in the workplace does not necessarily mean improvement in functional and motor abilities. The "heavy" workers were only found to have a stronger handgrip. This could be attributed to the fact that physical activity performed at the workplace did not have adequate intensity, volume, and duration to effect positive changes in other motor and functional capacities.

     

Developmental trajectories of physical activity during elementary school physical education

ObjectivePhysical education (PE) during school provides an opportunity for children to be physically active. Few empirical studies have investigated developmental trajectories and determinants of objective moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during PE classes. The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental trajectories and determinants of MVPA during PE lessons in young children (8–12 years of age) in primary schools.MethodsStudents in grades 5–7 (n = 1202; 51.2% girls) were recruited from 17 elementary schools from the Geneva canton in 2012–2013. The percentage of time spent in accelerometer-assessed MVPA during regular PE lessons was used as a dependent variable.ResultsLinear mixed-model analyses revealed (a) that boys had a higher percentage of MVPA than girls, but none of the children reached the recommended activity levels (i.e., 50% of the PE class time spent in MVPA), (b) a linear decrease in the percentage of MVPA with age, (c) that higher perceived competence predicted a higher percentage of MVPA, and (d) that higher perceived competence reduced the negative linear effect of age among boys, but not among girls.ConclusionThe percentage of PE time spent in MVPA did not reach recommendations made by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and decreased from 8 to 12 years old both for boys and girls. Perceived competence appears crucial to reduce MVPA decline for boys, but not for girls.     

Modeling individual and physical environmental factors with adolescent physical activity

BACKGROUND: Recent calls have been made to consider both environmental factors and individual-level factors in the explanation of physical activity (PA). The present study tested a conceptual model that integrated past PA, relevant environmental-level and individual-level factors and their associations with adolescent PA, using the tenets of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). METHODS: Data were gathered in an adolescent sample (n=221; 60% girls) using questionnaires. PA was assessed in May 2003 and November 2003. Theory of Planned Behavior cognitions regarding PA and the environmental factors under study were assessed in November 2003. Confirmatory factor analyses and path analyses were performed using AMOS software. RESULTS: The initial structural model did not provide an acceptable fit to the data. Including a direct path from past PA to current PA significantly improved model fit to an acceptable fit. Including a direct path from past PA to environmental perceptions did not significantly improve model fit. Including a direct path from the environmental variables to current PA did not significantly improve model fit. Current PA was most strongly influenced by past PA, while environmental aesthetics and distance to PA opportunities were indirectly related to adolescents' intention to be physically active. Significant standardized path coefficients ranged from 0.14 to 0.34 and explained 17% variance in current PA. CONCLUSIONS: Combining past PA, Theory of Planned Behavior cognitions, and environmental factors increased our understanding of their relative influences on adolescent PA. Implications for future research on physical activity are discussed.